Global Functions in Global Namespace C++
in Sourcefile socket.h
- osl_acceptConnectionOnSocket
- extern "C"
oslSocket osl_acceptConnectionOnSocket(
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- Summary
- Waits for an ingoing connection on the socket.
This call blocks if there is no incoming connection present.
- Parameters
pAddr |
if pAddr is != 0, the peers address is returned.
|
- Return
- 0 if the accept-call failed, otherwise you get a socket
representing the new connection.
- osl_acquireSocket
- extern "C"
void osl_acquireSocket(
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- Summary
- increases the refcount of the socket handle by one
- osl_addToSocketSet
- extern "C"
void osl_addToSocketSet(
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- Summary
- Adds a socket to the set.
- Parameters
Set |
the set were the socket is added.
|
Socket |
the socket to be added.
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- osl_bindAddrToSocket
- extern "C"
sal_Bool osl_bindAddrToSocket(
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- Summary
- Binds the given address to the socket.
- Parameters
-
- Return
sal_False
if the bind failed, sal_True
if successful.
- See Also
- osl_getLastSocketError()
- osl_clearSocketSet
- extern "C"
void osl_clearSocketSet(
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- Summary
- Clears the set from all previously added sockets.
- Parameters
Set |
the set to be cleared.
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- osl_closeSocket
- extern "C"
void osl_closeSocket(
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- Summary
- Closes the socket terminating any ongoing dataflow.
- osl_connectSocketTo
- extern "C"
oslSocketResult osl_connectSocketTo(
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- Summary
- Connects the socket to the given address.
- Parameters
Socket |
a bound socket.
|
Addr |
the peer address.
|
pTimeout |
Timeout value or NULL for blocking.
|
- Return
osl_Socket_Ok
on successful connection,
osl_Socket_TimedOut
if operation timed out,
osl_Socket_Interrupted
if operation was interrupted
osl_Socket_Error
if the connection failed.
- osl_copyHostAddr
- extern "C"
oslHostAddr osl_copyHostAddr(
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- Summary
- Create a copy of the given Addr.
- Return
- The copied address or 0 upon failure.
- osl_copySocketAddr
- extern "C"
oslSocketAddr osl_copySocketAddr(
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- Summary
- Creates a new SocketAddress and fills it from Addr.
- osl_createEmptySocketAddr
- extern "C"
oslSocketAddr osl_createEmptySocketAddr(
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- Summary
- Creates a socket-address for the given family.
- Parameters
family |
If family == osl_Socket_FamilyInet the address is
set to INADDR_ANY port 0.
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- Return
- 0 if address could not be created.
- osl_createHostAddr
- extern "C"
oslHostAddr osl_createHostAddr(
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- Summary
- Create an oslHostAddr from given hostname and socket address.
- Parameters
strHostname |
The hostname to be stored.
|
Addr |
The socket address to be stored.
|
- Return
- The created address or 0 upon failure.
- osl_createHostAddrByAddr
- extern "C"
oslHostAddr osl_createHostAddrByAddr(
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- Description
- Create an oslHostAddr by reverse resolution of the given Addr.
Successful name resolution should result in the fully qualified
domain name (FQDN) and it's address as hostname and socket address
members of the resulting oslHostAddr.
- Parameters
Addr |
The socket address to be reverse resolved.
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- Return
- The resulting address or 0 upon failure.
- osl_createHostAddrByName
- extern "C"
oslHostAddr osl_createHostAddrByName(
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- Description
- Create an oslHostAddr by resolving the given strHostname.
Successful name resolution should result in the fully qualified
domain name (FQDN) and it's address as hostname and socket address
members of the resulting oslHostAddr.
- Parameters
strHostname |
The hostname to be resolved.
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- Return
- The resulting address or 0 upon failure.
- osl_createInetBroadcastAddr
- extern "C"
oslSocketAddr osl_createInetBroadcastAddr(
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- Description
- Create an internet address usable for sending broadcast datagrams.
To limit the broadcast to your subnet, pass your hosts IP address
in dotted decimal notation as first argument.
- See Also
- osl_sendToSocket()
oslSocketAddr
- Parameters
strDottedAddr |
dotted decimal internet address, may be 0.
|
Port |
port number in host byte order.
|
- Return
- 0 if address could not be created.
- osl_createInetSocketAddr
- extern "C"
oslSocketAddr osl_createInetSocketAddr(
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- Description
- Create an internet-address, consisting of hostaddress and port.
We interpret strDottedAddr as a dotted-decimal inet-addr
(e.g. "141.99.128.50").
- Parameters
strDottedAddr |
String with dotted address.
|
Port |
portnumber in host byte order.
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- Return
- 0 if address could not be created.
- osl_createSocket
- extern "C"
oslSocket osl_createSocket(
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- Summary
- Create a socket of the specified Family and Type. The semantic of
the Protocol parameter depends on the given family and type.
- Return
- 0 if socket could not be created, otherwise you get a handle
to the allocated socket-datastructure.
- osl_createSocketSet
- extern "C"
oslSocketSet osl_createSocketSet(
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- Summary
- Creates a set of sockets to be used with osl_demultiplexSocketEvents().
- Return
- A oslSocketSet or 0 if creation failed.
- osl_demultiplexSocketEvents
- extern "C"
sal_Int32 osl_demultiplexSocketEvents(
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- Summary
- Checks multiple sockets for events.
- Parameters
IncomingSet |
Checks the sockets in this set
for incoming events (read, accept). If the set is 0,
it is just skipped.
|
OutgoingSet |
Checks the sockets in this set
for outgoing events (write, connect). If the set is 0,
it is just skipped.
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OutOfBandSet |
Checks the sockets in this set
for out-of-band events. If the set is 0, it is just skipped.
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msTimeout |
Number of milliseconds to wait for events. If
msTimeout is -1, the call will block until an event or an error
occurs.
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- Return
- -1 on errors, otherwise the number of sockets with
pending events. In case of timeout, the number might be 0.
- osl_destroyHostAddr
- extern "C"
void osl_destroyHostAddr(
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- Summary
- Frees all resources allocated by Addr. The handle Addr must not
be used after the call anymore.
- osl_destroySocketAddr
- extern "C"
void osl_destroySocketAddr(
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- Frees all resources allocated by Addr. The handle Addr must not
be used after the call anymore.
- osl_destroySocketSet
- extern "C"
void osl_destroySocketSet(
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- Summary
- Destroys a oslSocketSet.
- osl_enableNonBlockingMode
- extern "C"
sal_Bool osl_enableNonBlockingMode(
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- Summary
- Enables/disables non-blocking-mode of the socket.
- Parameters
Socket |
Change mode for this socket.
|
On |
sal_True enables non-blocking mode,
sal_False disables non-blocking mode.
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- Return
sal_True
if mode could be changed.
- osl_getAddrOfSocketAddr
- extern "C"
oslSocketResult osl_getAddrOfSocketAddr(
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- Summary
- Returns the addr field in the struct sockaddr.
- Parameters
ppByteSeq |
out parameter. After the call, *ppByteSeq contains the ipadrress
in network byteorder. *ppByteSeq may be 0 in case of an invalid socket handle.
|
- Return
osl_Socket_Ok
or osl_Socket_Error
- osl_getDottedInetAddrOfSocketAddr
- extern "C"
oslSocketResult osl_getDottedInetAddrOfSocketAddr(
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- Summary
- Gets the address in dotted decimal format.
- Parameters
strDottedInetAddr |
out-parameter. Contains the dotted decimal address
(e.g. 141.99.20.34) represented by the address.
If the address is invalid or not of type osl_Socket_FamilyInet ,
it returns 0.
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- Return
osl_Socket_Ok
or osl_Socket_Error
- osl_getFamilyOfSocketAddr
- extern "C"
oslAddrFamily osl_getFamilyOfSocketAddr(
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- Summary
- Retrieves the address-family from the Addr.
- Return
- the family of the socket-address.
In case of an unknown family you get
osl_Socket_FamilyInvalid
.
- osl_getHostnameOfHostAddr
- extern "C"
void osl_getHostnameOfHostAddr(
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- Summary
- Get the hostname member of Addr.
- Return
- The hostname or 0 upon failure.
- osl_getHostnameOfSocketAddr
- extern "C"
oslSocketResult osl_getHostnameOfSocketAddr(
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- Summary
- Returns the hostname represented by Addr.
- Parameters
strHostname |
out-parameter. The hostname represented by the address. If
there is no hostname to be found, it returns 0.
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- osl_getInetPortOfSocketAddr
- extern "C"
sal_Int32 osl_getInetPortOfSocketAddr(
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- Summary
- Retrieves the internet port-number of Addr.
- Return
- the port-number of the address in host-byte order. If Addr
is not an address of type
osl_Socket_FamilyInet
, it returns OSL_INVALID_PORT
- osl_getLastSocketError
- extern "C"
oslSocketError osl_getLastSocketError(
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- Summary
- returns a constant decribing the last error for the socket system.
- Return
osl_Socket_E_NONE
if no error occured,
osl_invalid_SocketError
if an unknown (unmapped)
error occured, otherwise an enum describing the error.
- osl_getLastSocketErrorDescription
- extern "C"
void osl_getLastSocketErrorDescription(
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- Summary
- returns a string which describes the last socket error.
- Parameters
strError |
out-parameter. The string that receives the error message.
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- osl_getLocalAddrOfSocket
- extern "C"
oslSocketAddr osl_getLocalAddrOfSocket(
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- Description
- Retrieves the Address of the local end of the socket.
Note that a socket must be bound or connected before
a vaild address can be returned.
- Return
- 0 if socket-address could not be created, otherwise you get
the created Socket-Address.
- osl_getLocalHostname
- extern "C"
oslSocketResult osl_getLocalHostname(
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- Summary
- Retrieve this machines hostname.
May not always be a fully qualified domain name (FQDN).
- Parameters
strLocalHostname |
out-parameter. The string that receives the local host name.
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- Return
sal_True
upon success, sal_False
otherwise.
- osl_getPeerAddrOfSocket
- extern "C"
oslSocketAddr osl_getPeerAddrOfSocket(
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- Description
- Retrieves the Address of the remote end of the socket.
Note that a socket must be connected before
a vaild address can be returned.
- Return
- 0 if socket-address could not be created, otherwise you get
the created Socket-Address.
- osl_getServicePort
- extern "C"
sal_Int32 osl_getServicePort(
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- Summary
- Looks up the port-number designated to the specified service/protocol-pair.
(e.g. "ftp" "tcp").
- Return
- OSL_INVALID_PORT if no appropriate entry was found, otherwise the port-number.
- osl_getSocketAddrOfHostAddr
- extern "C"
oslSocketAddr osl_getSocketAddrOfHostAddr(
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- Summary
- Get the socket address member of Addr.
- Return
- The socket address or 0 upon failure.
- osl_getSocketOption
- extern "C"
sal_Int32 osl_getSocketOption(
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- Summary
- Retrieves attributes associated with the socket.
- Parameters
Socket |
is the socket to query.
|
Level |
selects the level for which an option should be queried.
Valid values are:
- osl_sol_socket: Socket Level
- osl_sol_tcp: Level of Transmission Control Protocol
|
Option |
denotes the option to query.
Valid values (depending on the Level) are:
-
osl_Socket_Option_Debug
(sal_Bool) Socket debug flag 1 = enabled, 0 = disabled.
-
osl_Socket_OptionAcceptConn
-
osl_Socket_OptionReuseAddr
(sal_Bool) Allows the socket to be bound to an address that is
already in use.
1 = multiple bound allowed, 0 = no multiple bounds allowed
osl_Socket_OptionKeepAlive
(sal_Bool) Keepalive packets are sent by the underlying socket.
1 = enabled, 0 = disabled
osl_Socket_OptionDontRoute
(sal_Bool) Do not route: send directly to interface.
1 = do not route , 0 = routing possible
osl_Socket_OptionBroadcast
(sal_Bool) Transmission of broadcast messages are allowed on the socket.
1 = transmission allowed, 0 = transmission disallowed
osl_Socket_OptionUseLoopback
osl_Socket_OptionLinger
(sal_Int32) Linger on close if unsent data is present.
0 = linger is off, > 0 = timeout in seconds.
osl_Socket_OptionOOBinLine
osl_Socket_OptionSndBuf
(sal_Int32) Size of the send buffer in bytes. Data is sent after
SndTimeo or when the buffer is full. This allows faster writing
to the socket.
osl_Socket_OptionRcvBuf
(sal_Int32) Size of the receive buffer in bytes. Data is sent after
SndTimeo or when the buffer is full. This allows faster writing
to the socket and larger packet sizes.
osl_Socket_OptionSndLowat
osl_Socket_OptionRcvLowat
osl_Socket_OptionSndTimeo
(sal_Int32) Data is sent after this timeout. This allows gathering
of data to send larger packages but increases latency times.
osl_Socket_OptionRcvTimeo
osl_Socket_OptionError
osl_Socket_OptionType
osl_Socket_OptionTcpNoDelay
Disables the Nagle algorithm for send coalescing. (Do not
collect data until a packet is full, instead send immediatly.
This increases network traffic but might improve latency-times.)
1 = disables the algorithm, 0 = keeps it enabled.
If not above mentioned otherwise, the options are only valid for
level osl_Socket_LevelSocket .
|
pBuffer |
Pointer to a buffer large enough to take the desired
attribute-value.
|
BufferSize |
contains the length of the Buffer.
|
- Return
- -1 if an error occured or else the size of the data copied into
pBuffer.
- See Also
- osl_setSocketOption()
- osl_getSocketType
- extern "C"
oslSocketType osl_getSocketType(
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- Summary
- Queries the socket for its type.
- Return
- one of:
- osl_Socket_TypeStream
- osl_Socket_TypeDgram
- osl_Socket_TypeRaw
- osl_Socket_TypeRdm
- osl_Socket_TypeSeqPacket
- osl_invalid_SocketType, if an error occured
- osl_isEqualSocketAddr
- extern "C"
sal_Bool osl_isEqualSocketAddr(
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- Summary
- Compares the values of two SocketAddresses.
- Return
sal_True
if both addresses denote the same socket address,
sal_False
otherwise.
- osl_isExceptionPending
- extern "C"
sal_Bool osl_isExceptionPending(
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- Description
- Checks if a request for out-of-band data will block.
You can specify a timeout-value in seconds/microseconds that denotes
how long the operation will block if the Socket has no pending OOB data.
- Return
sal_True
if OOB-request operations (recv with appropriate flags)
on the Socket will NOT block; sal_False
if it would block or if an error occured.
- Parameters
Socket |
the Socket to perfom the operation on.
|
pTimeout |
if NULL, the operation will block without a timeout.
|
- osl_isInSocketSet
- extern "C"
sal_Bool osl_isInSocketSet(
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- Summary
- Checks if socket is in the set.
- Parameters
Set |
the set to be checked.
|
Socket |
check if this socket is in the set.
|
- Return
sal_True
if socket is in the set.
- osl_isNonBlockingMode
- extern "C"
sal_Bool osl_isNonBlockingMode(
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- Summary
- Query state of non-blocking-mode of the socket.
- Parameters
Socket |
Query mode for this socket.
|
- Return
- True if non-blocking-mode is enabled.
- osl_isReceiveReady
- extern "C"
sal_Bool osl_isReceiveReady(
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- Summary
- Checks if read operations will block.
- Description
- You can specify a timeout-value in seconds/microseconds that denotes
how long the operation will block if the Socket is not ready.
- Return
sal_True
if read operations (recv, recvFrom, accept) on the Socket
will NOT block; sal_False
if it would block or if an error occured.
- Parameters
Socket |
the Socket to perfom the operation on.
|
pTimeout |
if NULL, the operation will block without a timeout.
|
- osl_isSendReady
- extern "C"
sal_Bool osl_isSendReady(
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- Description
- Checks if send operations will block.
You can specify a timeout-value in seconds/microseconds that denotes
how long the operation will block if the Socket is not ready.
- Return
sal_True
if send operations (send, sendTo) on the Socket
will NOT block; sal_False
if it would block or if an error occured.
- Parameters
Socket |
the Socket to perfom the operation on.
|
pTimeout |
if NULL, the operation will block without a timeout. Otherwise
the time define by timeout value.
|
- osl_listenOnSocket
- extern "C"
sal_Bool osl_listenOnSocket(
-
virtual |
abstract |
const |
volatile |
template |
static |
inline |
C-linkage |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
YES |
- Summary
- Prepares the socket to act as an acceptor of incoming connections.
You should call "listen" before you use "accept".
- Parameters
MaxPendingConnections |
denotes the length of the queue of
pending connections for this socket. If MaxPendingConnections is
-1, the systems default value will be used (Usually 5).
|
- Return
sal_False
if the listen failed.
- osl_readSocket
- extern "C"
sal_Int32 osl_readSocket(
-
virtual |
abstract |
const |
volatile |
template |
static |
inline |
C-linkage |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
YES |
- Summary
- Retrieves n bytes from the stream and copies them into pBuffer.
The function avoids incomplete reads due to packet boundaries.
- Parameters
pBuffer |
receives the read data.
|
n |
the number of bytes to read. pBuffer must be large enough
to hold the n bytes!
|
- Return
- the number of read bytes. The number will only be smaller than
n if an exceptional condition (e.g. connection closed) occurs.
- osl_receiveFromSocket
- extern "C"
sal_Int32 osl_receiveFromSocket(
-
virtual |
abstract |
const |
volatile |
template |
static |
inline |
C-linkage |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
YES |
- Summary
- Tries to receives BufferSize data from the (usually unconnected)
(datagram-)socket, if no error occurs.
- Parameters
Socket |
A bound socket to be used to listen for a datagram.
|
pSenderAddr |
An pointer to a created oslSocketAddr handle
or to a null handle. After the call, it will contain the constructed
oslSocketAddr of the datagrams sender. If pSenderAddr itself is 0,
it is ignored.
|
pBuffer |
Points to a buffer that will be filled with the received
datagram.
|
BufferSize |
The size of pBuffer.
|
Flag |
Modifier for the call. Valid values are:
osl_Socket_MsgNormal
osl_Socket_MsgOOB
osl_Socket_MsgPeek
osl_Socket_MsgDontRoute
osl_Socket_MsgMaxIOVLen
|
- Return
- the number of received bytes.
- osl_receiveSocket
- extern "C"
sal_Int32 osl_receiveSocket(
-
virtual |
abstract |
const |
volatile |
template |
static |
inline |
C-linkage |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
YES |
- Description
- Tries to receive BytesToRead data from the connected socket,
if no error occurs. Note that incomplete recvs due to
packet boundaries may occur.
- Parameters
Socket |
A connected socket to be used to listen on.
|
pBuffer |
Points to a buffer that will be filled with the received
data.
|
BytesToRead |
The number of bytes to read. pBuffer must have at least
this size.
|
Flag |
Modifier for the call. Valid values are:
osl_Socket_MsgNormal
osl_Socket_MsgOOB
osl_Socket_MsgPeek
osl_Socket_MsgDontRoute
osl_Socket_MsgMaxIOVLen
|
- Return
- the number of received bytes.
- osl_releaseSocket
- extern "C"
void osl_releaseSocket(
-
virtual |
abstract |
const |
volatile |
template |
static |
inline |
C-linkage |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
YES |
- Summary
- decreases the refcount of the socket handle by one.
- Description
- If the refcount drops to zero, the underlying socket handle
is destroyed and becomes invalid.
- osl_removeFromSocketSet
- extern "C"
void osl_removeFromSocketSet(
-
virtual |
abstract |
const |
volatile |
template |
static |
inline |
C-linkage |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
YES |
- Summary
- Removes a socket from the set.
- Parameters
Set |
the set were the socket is removed from.
|
Socket |
the socket to be removed.
|
- osl_resolveHostname
- extern "C"
oslSocketAddr osl_resolveHostname(
-
virtual |
abstract |
const |
volatile |
template |
static |
inline |
C-linkage |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
YES |
- Summary
- Uses the systems name-service interface to find an address for strHostname.
- Parameters
strHostname |
The name for which you search for an address.
|
- Return
- The desired address if one could be found, otherwise 0.
Don't forget to destroy the address if you don't need it any longer.
- osl_sendSocket
- extern "C"
sal_Int32 osl_sendSocket(
-
virtual |
abstract |
const |
volatile |
template |
static |
inline |
C-linkage |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
YES |
- Summary
- Tries to send BytesToSend data from the connected socket,
if no error occurs.
- Parameters
Socket |
A connected socket.
|
pBuffer |
Points to a buffer that contains the send-data.
|
BytesToSend |
The number of bytes to send. pBuffer must have at least
this size.
|
Flag |
Modifier for the call. Valid values are:
osl_Socket_MsgNormal
osl_Socket_MsgOOB
osl_Socket_MsgPeek
osl_Socket_MsgDontRoute
osl_Socket_MsgMaxIOVLen
|
- Return
- the number of transfered bytes.
- osl_sendToSocket
- extern "C"
sal_Int32 osl_sendToSocket(
-
virtual |
abstract |
const |
volatile |
template |
static |
inline |
C-linkage |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
YES |
- Description
- Tries to send one datagram with BytesToSend data to the given ReceiverAddr
via the (implicitly unconnected) datagram-socket.
Since there is only sent one packet, the function sends the data always complete
even with incomplete packet boundaries.
- Parameters
Socket |
A bound or unbound socket. Socket will be bound
after a successful call.
|
ReceiverAddr |
An initialized oslSocketAddress that contains
the destination address for this send.
|
pBuffer |
Points to a buffer that contains the send-data.
|
BytesToSend |
The number of bytes to send. pBuffer must have at least
this size.
|
Flag |
Modifier for the call. Valid values are:
osl_Socket_MsgNormal
osl_Socket_MsgOOB
osl_Socket_MsgPeek
osl_Socket_MsgDontRoute
osl_Socket_MsgMaxIOVLen
|
- Return
- the number of transfered bytes.
- osl_setAddrOfSocketAddr
- extern "C"
oslSocketResult osl_setAddrOfSocketAddr(
-
virtual |
abstract |
const |
volatile |
template |
static |
inline |
C-linkage |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
YES |
- Summary
- Sets the addr field in the struct sockaddr with pByteSeq. pByteSeq must be in network byte order.
- osl_setInetPortOfSocketAddr
- extern "C"
sal_Bool osl_setInetPortOfSocketAddr(
-
virtual |
abstract |
const |
volatile |
template |
static |
inline |
C-linkage |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
YES |
- Summary
- Sets the Port of Addr.
- Parameters
Port |
is expected in host byte-order.
|
- Return
sal_False
if Addr is not an inet-addr.
- osl_setSocketOption
- extern "C"
sal_Bool osl_setSocketOption(
-
virtual |
abstract |
const |
volatile |
template |
static |
inline |
C-linkage |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
YES |
- Summary
- Sets the sockets attributes.
- Parameters
Socket |
is the socket to modify.
|
Level |
selects the level for which an option should be changed.
Valid values are:
- osl_sol_socket: Socket Level
- osl_sol_tcp: Level of Transmission Control Protocol
|
Option |
denotes the option to modify. See osl_setSocketOption() for more
details.
|
pBuffer |
Pointer to a Buffer which contains the attribute-value.
|
BufferSize |
contains the length of the Buffer.
|
- Return
- True if the option could be changed.
- osl_shutdownSocket
- extern "C"
sal_Bool osl_shutdownSocket(
-
virtual |
abstract |
const |
volatile |
template |
static |
inline |
C-linkage |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
YES |
- Summary
- Shuts down communication on a connected socket.
- Parameters
Direction |
denotes which end of the socket
should be closed:
-
osl_Socket_DirRead closes read operations.
-
osl_Socket_DirReadWrite closes write operations.
-
osl_Socket_DirWrite closes read and write operations.
|
- Return
sal_True
if the socket could be closed down.
- osl_writeSocket
- extern "C"
sal_Int32 osl_writeSocket(
-
virtual |
abstract |
const |
volatile |
template |
static |
inline |
C-linkage |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
YES |
- Summary
- Writes n bytes from pBuffer to the stream. The method avoids
incomplete writes due to packet boundaries.
- Parameters
pBuffer |
contains the data to be written.
|
n |
the number of bytes to write.
|
- Return
- the number of written bytes. The number will only be smaller than
n if an exceptional condition (e.g. connection closed) occurs.
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