The hadoop-aws module provides support for AWS integration. The generated JAR file, hadoop-aws.jar also declares a transitive dependency on all external artifacts which are needed for this support —enabling downstream applications to easily use this support.
The specifics of using these filesystems are documented below.
Amazon S3 is an example of “an object store”. In order to achieve scalability and especially high availability, S3 has —as many other cloud object stores have done— relaxed some of the constraints which classic “POSIX” filesystems promise.
Specifically
Features of Hadoop relying on this can have unexpected behaviour. E.g. the AggregatedLogDeletionService of YARN will not remove the appropriate logfiles.
For further discussion on these topics, please consult The Hadoop FileSystem API Definition.
The object authorization model of S3 is much different from the file authorization model of HDFS and traditional file systems. It is not feasible to persist file ownership and permissions in S3, so S3A reports stub information from APIs that would query this metadata:
S3A does not really enforce any authorization checks on these stub permissions. Users authenticate to an S3 bucket using AWS credentials. It’s possible that object ACLs have been defined to enforce authorization at the S3 side, but this happens entirely within the S3 service, not within the S3A implementation.
For further discussion on these topics, please consult The Hadoop FileSystem API Definition.
Your AWS credentials not only pay for services, they offer read and write access to the data. Anyone with the credentials can not only read your datasets —they can delete them.
Do not inadvertently share these credentials through means such as 1. Checking in to SCM any configuration files containing the secrets. 1. Logging them to a console, as they invariably end up being seen. 1. Defining filesystem URIs with the credentials in the URL, such as s3a://AK0010:secret@landsat/. They will end up in logs and error messages. 1. Including the secrets in bug reports.
If you do any of these: change your credentials immediately!
Software foundation, and are only supported by Amazon.
Specifically: on Amazon EMR, s3a is not supported, and amazon recommend a different filesystem implementation. If you are using Amazon EMR, follow these instructions —and be aware that all issues related to S3 integration in EMR can only be addressed by Amazon themselves: please raise your issues with them.
The s3:// filesystem is the original S3 store in the Hadoop codebase. It implements an inode-style filesystem atop S3, and was written to provide scaleability when S3 had significant limits on the size of blobs. It is incompatible with any other application’s use of data in S3.
It is now deprecated and will be removed in Hadoop 3. Please do not use, and migrate off data which is on it.
S3N was the first S3 Filesystem client which used “native” S3 objects, hence the schema s3n://.
The S3N filesystem client, while widely used, is no longer undergoing active maintenance except for emergency security issues. There are known bugs, especially: it reads to end of a stream when closing a read; this can make seek() slow on large files. The reason there has been no attempt to fix this is that every upgrade of the Jets3t library, while fixing some problems, has unintentionally introduced new ones in either the changed Hadoop code, or somewhere in the Jets3t/Httpclient code base. The number of defects remained constant, they merely moved around.
By freezing the Jets3t jar version and avoiding changes to the code, we reduce the risk of making things worse.
The S3A filesystem client can read all files created by S3N. Accordingly it should be used wherever possible.
<property> <name>fs.s3n.awsAccessKeyId</name> <description>AWS access key ID</description> </property> <property> <name>fs.s3n.awsSecretAccessKey</name> <description>AWS secret key</description> </property>
<property>
<name>fs.s3.buffer.dir</name>
<value>${hadoop.tmp.dir}/s3</value>
<description>Determines where on the local filesystem the s3:/s3n: filesystem
should store files before sending them to S3
(or after retrieving them from S3).
</description>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.s3.maxRetries</name>
<value>4</value>
<description>The maximum number of retries for reading or writing files to
S3, before we signal failure to the application.
</description>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.s3.sleepTimeSeconds</name>
<value>10</value>
<description>The number of seconds to sleep between each S3 retry.
</description>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.s3n.block.size</name>
<value>67108864</value>
<description>Block size to use when reading files using the native S3
filesystem (s3n: URIs).</description>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.s3n.multipart.uploads.enabled</name>
<value>false</value>
<description>Setting this property to true enables multiple uploads to
native S3 filesystem. When uploading a file, it is split into blocks
if the size is larger than fs.s3n.multipart.uploads.block.size.
</description>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.s3n.multipart.uploads.block.size</name>
<value>67108864</value>
<description>The block size for multipart uploads to native S3 filesystem.
Default size is 64MB.
</description>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.s3n.multipart.copy.block.size</name>
<value>5368709120</value>
<description>The block size for multipart copy in native S3 filesystem.
Default size is 5GB.
</description>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.s3n.server-side-encryption-algorithm</name>
<value></value>
<description>Specify a server-side encryption algorithm for S3.
Unset by default, and the only other currently allowable value is AES256.
</description>
</property>
The S3A filesystem client, prefix s3a://, is the S3 client undergoing active development and maintenance. While this means that there is a bit of instability of configuration options and behavior, it also means that the code is getting better in terms of reliability, performance, monitoring and other features.
S3A is now the recommended client for working with S3 objects. It is also the one where patches for functionality and performance are very welcome.
S3A supports multiple authentication mechanisms, and can be configured as to which mechanisms to use, and the order to use them. Custom implementations of com.amazonaws.auth.AWSCredentialsProvider may also be used.
<property>
<name>fs.s3a.access.key</name>
<description>AWS access key ID.
Omit for IAM role-based or provider-based authentication.</description>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.s3a.secret.key</name>
<description>AWS secret key.
Omit for IAM role-based or provider-based authentication.</description>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.s3a.aws.credentials.provider</name>
<description>
Comma-separated class names of credential provider classes which implement
com.amazonaws.auth.AWSCredentialsProvider.
These are loaded and queried in sequence for a valid set of credentials.
Each listed class must implement one of the following means of
construction, which are attempted in order:
1. a public constructor accepting java.net.URI and
org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration,
2. a public static method named getInstance that accepts no
arguments and returns an instance of
com.amazonaws.auth.AWSCredentialsProvider, or
3. a public default constructor.
Specifying org.apache.hadoop.fs.s3a.AnonymousAWSCredentialsProvider allows
anonymous access to a publicly accessible S3 bucket without any credentials.
Please note that allowing anonymous access to an S3 bucket compromises
security and therefore is unsuitable for most use cases. It can be useful
for accessing public data sets without requiring AWS credentials.
If unspecified, then the default list of credential provider classes,
queried in sequence, is:
1. org.apache.hadoop.fs.s3a.BasicAWSCredentialsProvider: supports
static configuration of AWS access key ID and secret access key.
See also fs.s3a.access.key and fs.s3a.secret.key.
2. com.amazonaws.auth.EnvironmentVariableCredentialsProvider: supports
configuration of AWS access key ID and secret access key in
environment variables named AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID and
AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY, as documented in the AWS SDK.
3. org.apache.hadoop.fs.s3a.SharedInstanceProfileCredentialsProvider:
a shared instance of
com.amazonaws.auth.InstanceProfileCredentialsProvider from the AWS
SDK, which supports use of instance profile credentials if running
in an EC2 VM. Using this shared instance potentially reduces load
on the EC2 instance metadata service for multi-threaded
applications.
</description>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.s3a.session.token</name>
<description>
Session token, when using org.apache.hadoop.fs.s3a.TemporaryAWSCredentialsProvider
as one of the providers.
</description>
</property>
S3A supports configuration via the standard AWS environment variables.
The core environment variables are for the access key and associated secret:
export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=my.aws.key export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=my.secret.key
If the environment variable AWS_SESSION_TOKEN is set, session authentication using “Temporary Security Credentials” is enabled; the Key ID and secret key must be set to the credentials for that specific sesssion.
export AWS_SESSION_TOKEN=SECRET-SESSION-TOKEN export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=SESSION-ACCESS-KEY export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=SESSION-SECRET-KEY
These environment variables can be used to set the authentication credentials instead of properties in the Hadoop configuration.
Important: These environment variables are not propagated from client to server when YARN applications are launched. That is: having the AWS environment variables set when an application is launched will not permit the launched application to access S3 resources. The environment variables must (somehow) be set on the hosts/processes where the work is executed.
The standard way to authenticate is with an access key and secret key using the properties in the configuration file.
The S3A client follows the following authentication chain:
S3A can be configured to obtain client authentication providers from classes which integrate with the AWS SDK by implementing the com.amazonaws.auth.AWSCredentialsProvider Interface. This is done by listing the implementation classes, in order of preference, in the configuration option fs.s3a.aws.credentials.provider.
Important: AWS Credential Providers are distinct from Hadoop Credential Providers. As will be covered later, Hadoop Credential Providers allow passwords and other secrets to be stored and transferred more securely than in XML configuration files. AWS Credential Providers are classes which can be used by the Amazon AWS SDK to obtain an AWS login from a different source in the system, including environment variables, JVM properties and configuration files.
There are four AWS Credential Providers inside the hadoop-aws JAR:
| classname | description |
|---|---|
| org.apache.hadoop.fs.s3a.TemporaryAWSCredentialsProvider | Session Credentials |
| org.apache.hadoop.fs.s3a.SimpleAWSCredentialsProvider | Simple name/secret credentials |
| org.apache.hadoop.fs.s3a.SharedInstanceProfileCredentialsProvider | Shared instance of EC2 Metadata Credentials, which can reduce load on the EC2 instance metadata service. (See below.) |
| org.apache.hadoop.fs.s3a.AnonymousAWSCredentialsProvider | Anonymous Login |
There are also many in the Amazon SDKs, in particular two which are automatically set up in the authentication chain:
| classname | description |
|---|---|
| com.amazonaws.auth.InstanceProfileCredentialsProvider | EC2 Metadata Credentials |
| com.amazonaws.auth.EnvironmentVariableCredentialsProvider | AWS Environment Variables |
EC2 Metadata Credentials with SharedInstanceProfileCredentialsProvider
Applications running in EC2 may associate an IAM role with the VM and query the EC2 Instance Metadata Service for credentials to access S3. Within the AWS SDK, this functionality is provided by InstanceProfileCredentialsProvider. Heavily multi-threaded applications may trigger a high volume of calls to the instance metadata service and trigger throttling: either an HTTP 429 response or a forcible close of the connection.
To mitigate against this problem, hadoop-aws ships with a variant of InstanceProfileCredentialsProvider called SharedInstanceProfileCredentialsProvider. Using this ensures that all instances of S3A reuse the same instance profile credentials instead of issuing a large volume of redundant metadata service calls. If fs.s3a.aws.credentials.provider refers to com.amazonaws.auth.InstanceProfileCredentialsProvider, S3A automatically uses org.apache.hadoop.fs.s3a.SharedInstanceProfileCredentialsProvider instead.
Session Credentials with TemporaryAWSCredentialsProvider
Temporary Security Credentials can be obtained from the Amazon Security Token Service; these consist of an access key, a secret key, and a session token.
To authenticate with these:
Example:
<property> <name>fs.s3a.aws.credentials.provider</name> <value>org.apache.hadoop.fs.s3a.TemporaryAWSCredentialsProvider</value> </property> <property> <name>fs.s3a.access.key</name> <value>SESSION-ACCESS-KEY</value> </property> <property> <name>fs.s3a.secret.key</name> <value>SESSION-SECRET-KEY</value> </property> <property> <name>fs.s3a.session.token</name> <value>SECRET-SESSION-TOKEN</value> </property>
The lifetime of session credentials are fixed when the credentials are issued; once they expire the application will no longer be able to authenticate to AWS.
Anonymous Login with AnonymousAWSCredentialsProvider
Specifying org.apache.hadoop.fs.s3a.AnonymousAWSCredentialsProvider allows anonymous access to a publicly accessible S3 bucket without any credentials. It can be useful for accessing public data sets without requiring AWS credentials.
<property> <name>fs.s3a.aws.credentials.provider</name> <value>org.apache.hadoop.fs.s3a.AnonymousAWSCredentialsProvider</value> </property>
Once this is done, there’s no need to supply any credentials in the Hadoop configuration or via environment variables.
This option can be used to verify that an object store does not permit unauthenticated access: that is, if an attempt to list a bucket is made using the anonymous credentials, it should fail —unless explicitly opened up for broader access.
hadoop fs -ls \ -D fs.s3a.aws.credentials.provider=org.apache.hadoop.fs.s3a.AnonymousAWSCredentialsProvider \ s3a://landsat-pds/
Allowing anonymous access to an S3 bucket compromises security and therefore is unsuitable for most use cases.
If a list of credential providers is given in fs.s3a.aws.credentials.provider, then the Anonymous Credential provider must come last. If not, credential providers listed after it will be ignored.
Simple name/secret credentials with SimpleAWSCredentialsProvider
This is is the standard credential provider, which supports the secret key in fs.s3a.access.key and token in fs.s3a.secret.key values. It does not support authentication with logins credentials declared in the URLs.
<property> <name>fs.s3a.aws.credentials.provider</name> <value>org.apache.hadoop.fs.s3a.SimpleAWSCredentialsProvider</value> </property>
Apart from its lack of support of user:password details being included in filesystem URLs (a dangerous practise that is strongly discouraged), this provider acts exactly at the basic authenticator used in the default authentication chain.
This means that the default S3A authentication chain can be defined as
<property> <name>fs.s3a.aws.credentials.provider</name> <value> org.apache.hadoop.fs.s3a.SimpleAWSCredentialsProvider, com.amazonaws.auth.EnvironmentVariableCredentialsProvider, org.apache.hadoop.fs.s3a.SharedInstanceProfileCredentialsProvider </value> </property>
To protect the access/secret keys from prying eyes, it is recommended that you use either IAM role-based authentication (such as EC2 instance profile) or the credential provider framework securely storing them and accessing them through configuration. The following describes using the latter for AWS credentials in the S3A FileSystem.
The Hadoop Credential Provider Framework allows secure “Credential Providers” to keep secrets outside Hadoop configuration files, storing them in encrypted files in local or Hadoop filesystems, and including them in requests.
The S3A configuration options with sensitive data (fs.s3a.secret.key, fs.s3a.access.key and fs.s3a.session.token) can have their data saved to a binary file stored, with the values being read in when the S3A filesystem URL is used for data access. The reference to this credential provider is all that is passed as a direct configuration option.
For additional reading on the Hadoop Credential Provider API see: Credential Provider API.
A credential file can be created on any Hadoop filesystem; when creating one on HDFS or a Unix filesystem the permissions are automatically set to keep the file private to the reader —though as directory permissions are not touched, users should verify that the directory containing the file is readable only by the current user.
hadoop credential create fs.s3a.access.key -value 123 \
-provider jceks://hdfs@nn1.example.com:9001/user/backup/s3.jceks
hadoop credential create fs.s3a.secret.key -value 456 \
-provider jceks://hdfs@nn1.example.com:9001/user/backup/s3.jceks
A credential file can be listed, to see what entries are kept inside it
hadoop credential list -provider jceks://hdfs@nn1.example.com:9001/user/backup/s3.jceks Listing aliases for CredentialProvider: jceks://hdfs@nn1.example.com:9001/user/backup/s3.jceks fs.s3a.secret.key fs.s3a.access.key
At this point, the credentials are ready for use.
The URL to the provider must be set in the configuration property hadoop.security.credential.provider.path, either on the command line or in XML configuration files.
<property> <name>hadoop.security.credential.provider.path</name> <value>jceks://hdfs@nn1.example.com:9001/user/backup/s3.jceks</value> <description>Path to interrogate for protected credentials.</description> </property>
Because this property only supplies the path to the secrets file, the configuration option itself is no longer a sensitive item.
The property hadoop.security.credential.provider.path is global to all filesystems and secrets. There is another property, fs.s3a.security.credential.provider.path which only lists credential providers for S3A filesystems. The two properties are combined into one, with the list of providers in the fs.s3a. property taking precedence over that of the hadoop.security list (i.e. they are prepended to the common list).
<property>
<name>fs.s3a.security.credential.provider.path</name>
<value />
<description>
Optional comma separated list of credential providers, a list
which is prepended to that set in hadoop.security.credential.provider.path
</description>
</property>
Supporting a separate list in an fs.s3a. prefix permits per-bucket configuration of credential files.
Once the provider is set in the Hadoop configuration, hadoop commands work exactly as if the secrets were in an XML file.
hadoop distcp \
hdfs://nn1.example.com:9001/user/backup/007020615 s3a://glacier1/
hadoop fs -ls s3a://glacier1/
The path to the provider can also be set on the command line:
hadoop distcp \
-D hadoop.security.credential.provider.path=jceks://hdfs@nn1.example.com:9001/user/backup/s3.jceks \
hdfs://nn1.example.com:9001/user/backup/007020615 s3a://glacier1/
hadoop fs \
-D fs.s3a.security.credential.provider.path=jceks://hdfs@nn1.example.com:9001/user/backup/s3.jceks \
-ls s3a://glacier1/
Because the provider path is not itself a sensitive secret, there is no risk from placing its declaration on the command line.
<property>
<name>fs.s3a.connection.maximum</name>
<value>15</value>
<description>Controls the maximum number of simultaneous connections to S3.</description>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.s3a.connection.ssl.enabled</name>
<value>true</value>
<description>Enables or disables SSL connections to S3.</description>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.s3a.endpoint</name>
<description>AWS S3 endpoint to connect to. An up-to-date list is
provided in the AWS Documentation: regions and endpoints. Without this
property, the standard region (s3.amazonaws.com) is assumed.
</description>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.s3a.path.style.access</name>
<value>false</value>
<description>Enable S3 path style access ie disabling the default virtual hosting behaviour.
Useful for S3A-compliant storage providers as it removes the need to set up DNS for virtual hosting.
</description>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.s3a.proxy.host</name>
<description>Hostname of the (optional) proxy server for S3 connections.</description>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.s3a.proxy.port</name>
<description>Proxy server port. If this property is not set
but fs.s3a.proxy.host is, port 80 or 443 is assumed (consistent with
the value of fs.s3a.connection.ssl.enabled).</description>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.s3a.proxy.username</name>
<description>Username for authenticating with proxy server.</description>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.s3a.proxy.password</name>
<description>Password for authenticating with proxy server.</description>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.s3a.proxy.domain</name>
<description>Domain for authenticating with proxy server.</description>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.s3a.proxy.workstation</name>
<description>Workstation for authenticating with proxy server.</description>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.s3a.attempts.maximum</name>
<value>20</value>
<description>How many times we should retry commands on transient errors.</description>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.s3a.connection.establish.timeout</name>
<value>5000</value>
<description>Socket connection setup timeout in milliseconds.</description>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.s3a.connection.timeout</name>
<value>200000</value>
<description>Socket connection timeout in milliseconds.</description>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.s3a.paging.maximum</name>
<value>5000</value>
<description>How many keys to request from S3 when doing
directory listings at a time.</description>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.s3a.threads.max</name>
<value>10</value>
<description> Maximum number of concurrent active (part)uploads,
which each use a thread from the threadpool.</description>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.s3a.socket.send.buffer</name>
<value>8192</value>
<description>Socket send buffer hint to amazon connector. Represented in bytes.</description>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.s3a.socket.recv.buffer</name>
<value>8192</value>
<description>Socket receive buffer hint to amazon connector. Represented in bytes.</description>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.s3a.threads.keepalivetime</name>
<value>60</value>
<description>Number of seconds a thread can be idle before being
terminated.</description>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.s3a.max.total.tasks</name>
<value>5</value>
<description>Number of (part)uploads allowed to the queue before
blocking additional uploads.</description>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.s3a.multipart.size</name>
<value>100M</value>
<description>How big (in bytes) to split upload or copy operations up into.
A suffix from the set {K,M,G,T,P} may be used to scale the numeric value.
</description>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.s3a.multipart.threshold</name>
<value>2147483647</value>
<description>How big (in bytes) to split upload or copy operations up into.
This also controls the partition size in renamed files, as rename() involves
copying the source file(s).
A suffix from the set {K,M,G,T,P} may be used to scale the numeric value.
</description>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.s3a.multiobjectdelete.enable</name>
<value>true</value>
<description>When enabled, multiple single-object delete requests are replaced by
a single 'delete multiple objects'-request, reducing the number of requests.
Beware: legacy S3-compatible object stores might not support this request.
</description>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.s3a.acl.default</name>
<description>Set a canned ACL for newly created and copied objects. Value may be Private,
PublicRead, PublicReadWrite, AuthenticatedRead, LogDeliveryWrite, BucketOwnerRead,
or BucketOwnerFullControl.</description>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.s3a.multipart.purge</name>
<value>false</value>
<description>True if you want to purge existing multipart uploads that may not have been
completed/aborted correctly</description>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.s3a.multipart.purge.age</name>
<value>86400</value>
<description>Minimum age in seconds of multipart uploads to purge</description>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.s3a.signing-algorithm</name>
<description>Override the default signing algorithm so legacy
implementations can still be used</description>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.s3a.server-side-encryption-algorithm</name>
<description>Specify a server-side encryption algorithm for s3a: file system.
Unset by default, and the only other currently allowable value is AES256.
</description>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.s3a.buffer.dir</name>
<value>${hadoop.tmp.dir}/s3a</value>
<description>Comma separated list of directories that will be used to buffer file
uploads to. No effect if fs.s3a.fast.upload is true.</description>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.s3a.block.size</name>
<value>32M</value>
<description>Block size to use when reading files using s3a: file system.
</description>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.s3a.user.agent.prefix</name>
<value></value>
<description>
Sets a custom value that will be prepended to the User-Agent header sent in
HTTP requests to the S3 back-end by S3AFileSystem. The User-Agent header
always includes the Hadoop version number followed by a string generated by
the AWS SDK. An example is "User-Agent: Hadoop 2.8.0, aws-sdk-java/1.10.6".
If this optional property is set, then its value is prepended to create a
customized User-Agent. For example, if this configuration property was set
to "MyApp", then an example of the resulting User-Agent would be
"User-Agent: MyApp, Hadoop 2.8.0, aws-sdk-java/1.10.6".
</description>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.s3a.impl</name>
<value>org.apache.hadoop.fs.s3a.S3AFileSystem</value>
<description>The implementation class of the S3A Filesystem</description>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.AbstractFileSystem.s3a.impl</name>
<value>org.apache.hadoop.fs.s3a.S3A</value>
<description>The implementation class of the S3A AbstractFileSystem.</description>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.s3a.readahead.range</name>
<value>64K</value>
<description>Bytes to read ahead during a seek() before closing and
re-opening the S3 HTTP connection. This option will be overridden if
any call to setReadahead() is made to an open stream.</description>
</property>
Different S3 buckets can be accessed with different S3A client configurations. This allows for different endpoints, data read and write strategies, as well as login details.
As an example, a configuration could have a base configuration to use the IAM role information available when deployed in Amazon EC2.
<property> <name>fs.s3a.aws.credentials.provider</name> <value>org.apache.hadoop.fs.s3a.SharedInstanceProfileCredentialsProvider</value> </property>
This will be the default authentication mechanism for S3A buckets.
A bucket s3a://nightly/ used for nightly data uses a session key:
<property> <name>fs.s3a.bucket.nightly.access.key</name> <value>AKAACCESSKEY-2</value> </property> <property> <name>fs.s3a.bucket.nightly.secret.key</name> <value>SESSIONSECRETKEY</value> </property> <property> <name>fs.s3a.bucket.nightly.session.token</name> <value>Short-lived-session-token</value> </property> <property> <name>fs.s3a.bucket.nightly.aws.credentials.provider</name> <value>org.apache.hadoop.fs.s3a.TemporaryAWSCredentialsProvider</value> </property>
Finally, the public s3a://landsat-pds/ bucket is accessed anonymously:
<property> <name>fs.s3a.bucket.landsat-pds.aws.credentials.provider</name> <value>org.apache.hadoop.fs.s3a.AnonymousAWSCredentialsProvider</value> </property>
Customizing S3A secrets held in credential files
Although most properties are automatically propagated from their fs.s3a.bucket.-prefixed custom entry to that of the base fs.s3a. option supporting secrets kept in Hadoop credential files is slightly more complex. This is because the property values are kept in these files, and cannot be dynamically patched.
Instead, callers need to create different configuration files for each bucket, setting the base secrets (fs.s3a.bucket.nightly.access.key, etc), then declare the path to the appropriate credential file in a bucket-specific version of the property fs.s3a.security.credential.provider.path.
S3 Buckets are hosted in different regions, the default being US-East. The client talks to it by default, under the URL s3.amazonaws.com
S3A can work with buckets from any region. Each region has its own S3 endpoint, documented by Amazon.
While it is generally simpler to use the default endpoint, working with V4-signing-only regions (Frankfurt, Seoul) requires the endpoint to be identified. Expect better performance from direct connections —traceroute will give you some insight.
Examples:
The default endpoint:
<property> <name>fs.s3a.endpoint</name> <value>s3.amazonaws.com</value> </property>
Frankfurt
<property> <name>fs.s3a.endpoint</name> <value>s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com</value> </property>
Seoul xml <property> <name>fs.s3a.endpoint</name> <value>s3.ap-northeast-2.amazonaws.com</value> </property>
If the wrong endpoint is used, the request may fail. This may be reported as a 301/redirect error, or as a 400 Bad Request.
If you are trying to mix endpoints for different buckets, use a per-bucket endpoint declaration. For example:
<property> <name>fs.s3a.bucket.landsat-pds.endpoint</name> <value>s3.amazonaws.com</value> <description>The endpoint for s3a://landsat-pds URLs</description> </property>
New in Hadoop 2.7; significantly enhanced in Hadoop 2.9
Because of the nature of the S3 object store, data written to an S3A OutputStream is not written incrementally —instead, by default, it is buffered to disk until the stream is closed in its close() method.
This can make output slow:
Put succinctly: the further the process is from the S3 endpoint, or the smaller the EC-hosted VM is, the longer it will take work to complete.
This can create problems in application code:
Work to addess this began in Hadoop 2.7 with the S3AFastOutputStream HADOOP-11183, and has continued with S3ABlockOutputStream HADOOP-13560.
This adds an alternative output stream, “S3a Fast Upload” which:
With incremental writes of blocks, “S3A fast upload” offers an upload time at least as fast as the “classic” mechanism, with significant benefits on long-lived output streams, and when very large amounts of data are generated. The in memory buffering mechanims may also offer speedup when running adjacent to S3 endpoints, as disks are not used for intermediate data storage.
<property>
<name>fs.s3a.fast.upload</name>
<value>true</value>
<description>
Use the incremental block upload mechanism with
the buffering mechanism set in fs.s3a.fast.upload.buffer.
The number of threads performing uploads in the filesystem is defined
by fs.s3a.threads.max; the queue of waiting uploads limited by
fs.s3a.max.total.tasks.
The size of each buffer is set by fs.s3a.multipart.size.
</description>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.s3a.fast.upload.buffer</name>
<value>disk</value>
<description>
The buffering mechanism to use when using S3A fast upload
(fs.s3a.fast.upload=true). Values: disk, array, bytebuffer.
This configuration option has no effect if fs.s3a.fast.upload is false.
"disk" will use the directories listed in fs.s3a.buffer.dir as
the location(s) to save data prior to being uploaded.
"array" uses arrays in the JVM heap
"bytebuffer" uses off-heap memory within the JVM.
Both "array" and "bytebuffer" will consume memory in a single stream up to the number
of blocks set by:
fs.s3a.multipart.size * fs.s3a.fast.upload.active.blocks.
If using either of these mechanisms, keep this value low
The total number of threads performing work across all threads is set by
fs.s3a.threads.max, with fs.s3a.max.total.tasks values setting the number of queued
work items.
</description>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.s3a.multipart.size</name>
<value>100M</value>
<description>How big (in bytes) to split upload or copy operations up into.
A suffix from the set {K,M,G,T,P} may be used to scale the numeric value.
</description>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.s3a.fast.upload.active.blocks</name>
<value>8</value>
<description>
Maximum Number of blocks a single output stream can have
active (uploading, or queued to the central FileSystem
instance's pool of queued operations.
This stops a single stream overloading the shared thread pool.
</description>
</property>
Notes
If the amount of data written to a stream is below that set in fs.s3a.multipart.size, the upload is performed in the OutputStream.close() operation —as with the original output stream.
The published Hadoop metrics monitor include live queue length and upload operation counts, so identifying when there is a backlog of work/ a mismatch between data generation rates and network bandwidth. Per-stream statistics can also be logged by calling toString() on the current stream.
Incremental writes are not visible; the object can only be listed or read when the multipart operation completes in the close() call, which will block until the upload is completed.
When fs.s3a.fast.upload.buffer is set to disk, all data is buffered to local hard disks prior to upload. This minimizes the amount of memory consumed, and so eliminates heap size as the limiting factor in queued uploads —exactly as the original “direct to disk” buffering used when fs.s3a.fast.upload=false.
<property> <name>fs.s3a.fast.upload</name> <value>true</value> </property> <property> <name>fs.s3a.fast.upload.buffer</name> <value>disk</value> </property>
When fs.s3a.fast.upload.buffer is set to bytebuffer, all data is buffered in “Direct” ByteBuffers prior to upload. This may be faster than buffering to disk, and, if disk space is small (for example, tiny EC2 VMs), there may not be much disk space to buffer with.
The ByteBuffers are created in the memory of the JVM, but not in the Java Heap itself. The amount of data which can be buffered is limited by the Java runtime, the operating system, and, for YARN applications, the amount of memory requested for each container.
The slower the write bandwidth to S3, the greater the risk of running out of memory —and so the more care is needed in tuning the upload settings.
<property> <name>fs.s3a.fast.upload</name> <value>true</value> </property> <property> <name>fs.s3a.fast.upload.buffer</name> <value>bytebuffer</value> </property>
When fs.s3a.fast.upload.buffer is set to array, all data is buffered in byte arrays in the JVM’s heap prior to upload. This may be faster than buffering to disk.
This array option is similar to the in-memory-only stream offered in Hadoop 2.7 with fs.s3a.fast.upload=true
The amount of data which can be buffered is limited by the available size of the JVM heap heap. The slower the write bandwidth to S3, the greater the risk of heap overflows. This risk can be mitigated by tuning the upload settings.
<property> <name>fs.s3a.fast.upload</name> <value>true</value> </property> <property> <name>fs.s3a.fast.upload.buffer</name> <value>array</value> </property>
Both the Array and Byte buffer buffer mechanisms can consume very large amounts of memory, on-heap or off-heap respectively. The disk buffer mechanism does not use much memory up, but will consume hard disk capacity.
If there are many output streams being written to in a single process, the amount of memory or disk used is the multiple of all stream’s active memory/disk use.
Careful tuning may be needed to reduce the risk of running out memory, especially if the data is buffered in memory.
There are a number parameters which can be tuned:
The total number of threads available in the filesystem for data uploads or any other queued filesystem operation. This is set in fs.s3a.threads.max
The number of operations which can be queued for execution:, awaiting a thread: fs.s3a.max.total.tasks
The number of blocks which a single output stream can have active, that is: being uploaded by a thread, or queued in the filesystem thread queue: fs.s3a.fast.upload.active.blocks
How long an idle thread can stay in the thread pool before it is retired: fs.s3a.threads.keepalivetime
When the maximum allowed number of active blocks of a single stream is reached, no more blocks can be uploaded from that stream until one or more of those active blocks’ uploads completes. That is: a write() call which would trigger an upload of a now full datablock, will instead block until there is capacity in the queue.
How does that come together?
As the pool of threads set in fs.s3a.threads.max is shared (and intended to be used across all threads), a larger number here can allow for more parallel operations. However, as uploads require network bandwidth, adding more threads does not guarantee speedup.
The extra queue of tasks for the thread pool (fs.s3a.max.total.tasks) covers all ongoing background S3A operations (future plans include: parallelized rename operations, asynchronous directory operations).
When using memory buffering, a small value of fs.s3a.fast.upload.active.blocks limits the amount of memory which can be consumed per stream.
When using disk buffering a larger value of fs.s3a.fast.upload.active.blocks does not consume much memory. But it may result in a large number of blocks to compete with other filesystem operations.
We recommend a low value of fs.s3a.fast.upload.active.blocks; enough to start background upload without overloading other parts of the system, then experiment to see if higher values deliver more throughtput —especially from VMs running on EC2.
<property>
<name>fs.s3a.fast.upload.active.blocks</name>
<value>4</value>
<description>
Maximum Number of blocks a single output stream can have
active (uploading, or queued to the central FileSystem
instance's pool of queued operations.
This stops a single stream overloading the shared thread pool.
</description>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.s3a.threads.max</name>
<value>10</value>
<description>The total number of threads available in the filesystem for data
uploads *or any other queued filesystem operation*.</description>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.s3a.max.total.tasks</name>
<value>5</value>
<description>The number of operations which can be queued for execution</description>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.s3a.threads.keepalivetime</name>
<value>60</value>
<description>Number of seconds a thread can be idle before being
terminated.</description>
</property>
If an incremental streaming operation is interrupted, there may be intermediate partitions uploaded to S3 —data which will be billed for.
These charges can be reduced by enabling fs.s3a.multipart.purge, and setting a purge time in seconds, such as 86400 seconds —24 hours. When an S3A FileSystem instance is instantiated with the purge time greater than zero, it will, on startup, delete all outstanding partition requests older than this time.
<property>
<name>fs.s3a.multipart.purge</name>
<value>true</value>
<description>True if you want to purge existing multipart uploads that may not have been
completed/aborted correctly</description>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.s3a.multipart.purge.age</name>
<value>86400</value>
<description>Minimum age in seconds of multipart uploads to purge</description>
</property>
If an S3A client is instantited with fs.s3a.multipart.purge=true, it will delete all out of date uploads in the entire bucket. That is: it will affect all multipart uploads to that bucket, from all applications.
Leaving fs.s3a.multipart.purge to its default, false, means that the client will not make any attempt to reset or change the partition rate.
The best practise for using this option is to disable multipart purges in normal use of S3A, enabling only in manual/scheduled housekeeping operations.
Warning: EXPERIMENTAL: behavior may change in future
The S3A Filesystem client supports the notion of input policies, similar to that of the Posix fadvise() API call. This tunes the behavior of the S3A client to optimise HTTP GET requests for the different use cases.
Read through the file, possibly with some short forward seeks.
The whole document is requested in a single HTTP request; forward seeks within the readahead range are supported by skipping over the intermediate data.
This is leads to maximum read throughput —but with very expensive backward seeks.
Optimised for random IO, specifically the Hadoop PositionedReadable operations —though seek(offset); read(byte_buffer) also benefits.
Rather than ask for the whole file, the range of the HTTP request is set to that that of the length of data desired in the read operation (Rounded up to the readahead value set in setReadahead() if necessary).
By reducing the cost of closing existing HTTP requests, this is highly efficient for file IO accessing a binary file through a series of PositionedReadable.read() and PositionedReadable.readFully() calls. Sequential reading of a file is expensive, as now many HTTP requests must be made to read through the file.
For operations simply reading through a file: copying, distCp, reading Gzipped or other compressed formats, parsing .csv files, etc, the sequential policy is appropriate. This is the default: S3A does not need to be configured.
For the specific case of high-performance random access IO, the random policy may be considered. The requirements are:
The desired fadvise policy must be set in the configuration option fs.s3a.experimental.input.fadvise when the filesystem instance is created. That is: it can only be set on a per-filesystem basis, not on a per-file-read basis.
<property> <name>fs.s3a.experimental.input.fadvise</name> <value>random</value> <description>Policy for reading files. Values: 'random', 'sequential' or 'normal' </description> </property>
HDFS-2744, Extend FSDataInputStream to allow fadvise proposes adding a public API to set fadvise policies on input streams. Once implemented, this will become the supported mechanism used for configuring the input IO policy.
Common problems working with S3A are
Classpath is usually the first problem. For the S3x filesystem clients, you need the Hadoop-specific filesystem clients, third party S3 client libraries compatible with the Hadoop code, and any dependent libraries compatible with Hadoop and the specific JVM.
The classpath must be set up for the process talking to S3: if this is code running in the Hadoop cluster, the JARs must be on that classpath. That includes distcp.
(or org.apache.hadoop.fs.s3native.NativeS3FileSystem, org.apache.hadoop.fs.s3.S3FileSystem).
These are the Hadoop classes, found in the hadoop-aws JAR. An exception reporting one of these classes is missing means that this JAR is not on the classpath.
(or other com.amazonaws class.)
This means that one or more of the aws-*-sdk JARs are missing. Add them.
This can be triggered by incompatibilities between the AWS SDK on the classpath and the version which Hadoop was compiled with.
The AWS SDK JARs change their signature enough between releases that the only way to safely update the AWS SDK version is to recompile Hadoop against the later version.
There’s nothing the Hadoop team can do here: if you get this problem, then sorry, but you are on your own. The Hadoop developer team did look at using reflection to bind to the SDK, but there were too many changes between versions for this to work reliably. All it did was postpone version compatibility problems until the specific codepaths were executed at runtime —this was actually a backward step in terms of fast detection of compatibility problems.
This is usually caused by version mismatches between Jackson JARs on the classpath. All Jackson JARs on the classpath must be of the same version.
If Hadoop cannot authenticate with the S3 service endpoint, the client retries a number of times before eventually failing. When it finally gives up, it will report a message about signature mismatch:
com.amazonaws.services.s3.model.AmazonS3Exception: The request signature we calculated does not match the signature you provided. Check your key and signing method. (Service: Amazon S3; Status Code: 403; Error Code: SignatureDoesNotMatch,
The likely cause is that you either have the wrong credentials or somehow the credentials were not readable on the host attempting to read or write the S3 Bucket.
Enabling debug logging for the package org.apache.hadoop.fs.s3a can help provide more information.
The most common cause is that you have the wrong credentials for any of the current authentication mechanism(s) —or somehow the credentials were not readable on the host attempting to read or write the S3 Bucket. However, there are a couple of system configuration problems (JVM version, system clock) which also need to be checked.
Most common: there’s an error in the configuration properties.
Make sure that the name of the bucket is the correct one. That is: check the URL.
Make sure the property names are correct. For S3A, they are fs.s3a.access.key and fs.s3a.secret.key —you cannot just copy the S3N properties and replace s3n with s3a.
Make sure the properties are visible to the process attempting to talk to the object store. Placing them in core-site.xml is the standard mechanism.
If using session authentication, the session may have expired. Generate a new session token and secret.
If using environement variable-based authentication, make sure that the relevant variables are set in the environment in which the process is running.
The standard first step is: try to use the AWS command line tools with the same credentials, through a command such as:
hdfs fs -ls s3a://my-bucket/
Note the trailing “/” here; without that the shell thinks you are trying to list your home directory under the bucket, which will only exist if explicitly created.
Attempting to list a bucket using inline credentials is a means of verifying that the key and secret can access a bucket;
hdfs fs -ls s3a://key:secret@my-bucket/
Do escape any + or / symbols in the secret, as discussed below, and never share the URL, logs generated using it, or use such an inline authentication mechanism in production.
Finally, if you set the environment variables, you can take advantage of S3A’s support of environment-variable authentication by attempting the same ls operation. That is: unset the fs.s3a secrets and rely on the environment variables.
The timestamp is used in signing to S3, so as to defend against replay attacks. If the system clock is too far behind or ahead of Amazon’s, requests will be rejected.
This can surface as the situation where read requests are allowed, but operations which write to the bucket are denied.
Check the system clock.
If using the (strongly discouraged) mechanism of including the AWS Key and secret in a URL, then both “+” and “/” symbols need to encoded in the URL. As many AWS secrets include these characters, encoding problems are not uncommon.
| symbol | encoded value |
|---|---|
| + | %2B |
| / | %2F |
As an example, a URL for bucket with AWS ID user1 and secret a+b/c would be represented as
s3a://user1:a%2Bb%2Fc@bucket/
This technique is only needed when placing secrets in the URL. Again, this is something users are strongly advised against using.
A change in the Java 8 JVM broke some of the toString() string generation of Joda Time 2.8.0, which stopped the Amazon S3 client from being able to generate authentication headers suitable for validation by S3.
Fix: Make sure that the version of Joda Time is 2.8.1 or later, or use a new version of Java 8.
S3 Frankfurt and Seoul only support the V4 authentication API.
Requests using the V2 API will be rejected with 400 Bad Request
$ bin/hadoop fs -ls s3a://frankfurt/ WARN s3a.S3AFileSystem: Client: Amazon S3 error 400: 400 Bad Request; Bad Request (retryable) com.amazonaws.services.s3.model.AmazonS3Exception: Bad Request (Service: Amazon S3; Status Code: 400; Error Code: 400 Bad Request; Request ID: 923C5D9E75E44C06), S3 Extended Request ID: HDwje6k+ANEeDsM6aJ8+D5gUmNAMguOk2BvZ8PH3g9z0gpH+IuwT7N19oQOnIr5CIx7Vqb/uThE= at com.amazonaws.http.AmazonHttpClient.handleErrorResponse(AmazonHttpClient.java:1182) at com.amazonaws.http.AmazonHttpClient.executeOneRequest(AmazonHttpClient.java:770) at com.amazonaws.http.AmazonHttpClient.executeHelper(AmazonHttpClient.java:489) at com.amazonaws.http.AmazonHttpClient.execute(AmazonHttpClient.java:310) at com.amazonaws.services.s3.AmazonS3Client.invoke(AmazonS3Client.java:3785) at com.amazonaws.services.s3.AmazonS3Client.headBucket(AmazonS3Client.java:1107) at com.amazonaws.services.s3.AmazonS3Client.doesBucketExist(AmazonS3Client.java:1070) at org.apache.hadoop.fs.s3a.S3AFileSystem.verifyBucketExists(S3AFileSystem.java:307) at org.apache.hadoop.fs.s3a.S3AFileSystem.initialize(S3AFileSystem.java:284) at org.apache.hadoop.fs.FileSystem.createFileSystem(FileSystem.java:2793) at org.apache.hadoop.fs.FileSystem.access$200(FileSystem.java:101) at org.apache.hadoop.fs.FileSystem$Cache.getInternal(FileSystem.java:2830) at org.apache.hadoop.fs.FileSystem$Cache.get(FileSystem.java:2812) at org.apache.hadoop.fs.FileSystem.get(FileSystem.java:389) at org.apache.hadoop.fs.Path.getFileSystem(Path.java:356) at org.apache.hadoop.fs.shell.PathData.expandAsGlob(PathData.java:325) at org.apache.hadoop.fs.shell.Command.expandArgument(Command.java:235) at org.apache.hadoop.fs.shell.Command.expandArguments(Command.java:218) at org.apache.hadoop.fs.shell.FsCommand.processRawArguments(FsCommand.java:103) at org.apache.hadoop.fs.shell.Command.run(Command.java:165) at org.apache.hadoop.fs.FsShell.run(FsShell.java:315) at org.apache.hadoop.util.ToolRunner.run(ToolRunner.java:76) at org.apache.hadoop.util.ToolRunner.run(ToolRunner.java:90) at org.apache.hadoop.fs.FsShell.main(FsShell.java:373) ls: doesBucketExist on frankfurt-new: com.amazonaws.services.s3.model.AmazonS3Exception: Bad Request (Service: Amazon S3; Status Code: 400; Error Code: 400 Bad Request;
This happens when trying to work with any S3 service which only supports the “V4” signing API —but the client is configured to use the default S3A service endpoint.
The S3A client needs to be given the endpoint to use via the fs.s3a.endpoint property.
As an example, the endpoint for S3 Frankfurt is s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com:
<property> <name>fs.s3a.endpoint</name> <value>s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com</value> </property>
This surfaces when fs.s3a.endpoint is configured to use an S3 service endpoint which is neither the original AWS one, s3.amazonaws.com , nor the one where the bucket is hosted. The error message contains the redirect target returned by S3, which can be used to determine the correct value for fs.s3a.endpoint.
org.apache.hadoop.fs.s3a.AWSS3IOException: Received permanent redirect response
to bucket.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com. This likely indicates that the S3
endpoint configured in fs.s3a.endpoint does not match the AWS region
containing the bucket.: The bucket you are attempting to access must be
addressed using the specified endpoint. Please send all future requests to
this endpoint. (Service: Amazon S3; Status Code: 301;
Error Code: PermanentRedirect; Request ID: 7D39EC1021C61B11)
at org.apache.hadoop.fs.s3a.S3AUtils.translateException(S3AUtils.java:132)
at org.apache.hadoop.fs.s3a.S3AFileSystem.initMultipartUploads(S3AFileSystem.java:287)
at org.apache.hadoop.fs.s3a.S3AFileSystem.initialize(S3AFileSystem.java:203)
at org.apache.hadoop.fs.FileSystem.createFileSystem(FileSystem.java:2895)
at org.apache.hadoop.fs.FileSystem.access$200(FileSystem.java:102)
at org.apache.hadoop.fs.FileSystem$Cache.getInternal(FileSystem.java:2932)
at org.apache.hadoop.fs.FileSystem$Cache.get(FileSystem.java:2914)
at org.apache.hadoop.fs.FileSystem.get(FileSystem.java:390)
<property> <name>fs.s3a.endpoint</name> <value>s3.amazonaws.com</value> </property>
Using the explicit endpoint for the region is recommended for speed and to use the V4 signing API.
This happens when using the Block output stream, fs.s3a.fast.upload=true and the thread pool runs out of capacity.
[s3a-transfer-shared-pool1-t20] INFO http.AmazonHttpClient (AmazonHttpClient.java:executeHelper(496)) - Unable to execute HTTP request: Timeout waiting for connection from poolorg.apache.http.conn.ConnectionPoolTimeoutException: Timeout waiting for connection from pool at org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingClientConnectionManager.leaseConnection(PoolingClientConnectionManager.java:230) at org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingClientConnectionManager$1.getConnection(PoolingClientConnectionManager.java:199) at sun.reflect.GeneratedMethodAccessor13.invoke(Unknown Source) at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43) at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:498) at com.amazonaws.http.conn.ClientConnectionRequestFactory$Handler.invoke(ClientConnectionRequestFactory.java:70) at com.amazonaws.http.conn.$Proxy10.getConnection(Unknown Source) at org.apache.http.impl.client.DefaultRequestDirector.execute(DefaultRequestDirector.java:424) at org.apache.http.impl.client.AbstractHttpClient.doExecute(AbstractHttpClient.java:884) at org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient.execute(CloseableHttpClient.java:82) at org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient.execute(CloseableHttpClient.java:55) at com.amazonaws.http.AmazonHttpClient.executeOneRequest(AmazonHttpClient.java:728) at com.amazonaws.http.AmazonHttpClient.executeHelper(AmazonHttpClient.java:489) at com.amazonaws.http.AmazonHttpClient.execute(AmazonHttpClient.java:310) at com.amazonaws.services.s3.AmazonS3Client.invoke(AmazonS3Client.java:3785) at com.amazonaws.services.s3.AmazonS3Client.doUploadPart(AmazonS3Client.java:2921) at com.amazonaws.services.s3.AmazonS3Client.uploadPart(AmazonS3Client.java:2906) at org.apache.hadoop.fs.s3a.S3AFileSystem.uploadPart(S3AFileSystem.java:1025) at org.apache.hadoop.fs.s3a.S3ABlockOutputStream$MultiPartUpload$1.call(S3ABlockOutputStream.java:360) at org.apache.hadoop.fs.s3a.S3ABlockOutputStream$MultiPartUpload$1.call(S3ABlockOutputStream.java:355) at org.apache.hadoop.fs.s3a.BlockingThreadPoolExecutorService$CallableWithPermitRelease.call(BlockingThreadPoolExecutorService.java:239) at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.run(FutureTask.java:266) at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1142) at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:617) at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:745)
Make sure that fs.s3a.connection.maximum is at least larger than fs.s3a.threads.max.
<property> <name>fs.s3a.threads.max</name> <value>20</value> </property> <property> <name>fs.s3a.connection.maximum</name> <value>30</value> </property>
This happens when more threads are trying to read from an S3A system than the maximum number of allocated HTTP connections.
Set fs.s3a.connection.maximum to a larger value (and at least as large as fs.s3a.threads.max)
This can happen when using the fast upload mechanism (fs.s3a.fast.upload=true) and in-memory buffering (either fs.s3a.fast.upload.buffer=array or fs.s3a.fast.upload.buffer=bytebuffer).
More data is being generated than in the JVM than it can upload to S3 —and so much data has been buffered that the JVM has run out of memory.
Consult S3A Fast Upload Thread Tuning for detail on this issue and options to address it. Consider also buffering to disk, rather than memory.
java.io.FileNotFoundException: Completing multi-part upload on fork-5/test/multipart/1c397ca6-9dfb-4ac1-9cf7-db666673246b: com.amazonaws.services.s3.model.AmazonS3Exception: The specified upload does not exist. The upload ID may be invalid, or the upload may have been aborted or completed. (Service: Amazon S3; Status Code: 404; Error Code: NoSuchUpload; Request ID: 84FF8057174D9369), S3 Extended Request ID: Ij5Yn6Eq/qIERH4Z6Io3YL2t9/qNZ7z9gjPb1FrTtTovZ8k1MXqh+zCYYjqmfJ/fCY6E1+JR9jA= at com.amazonaws.http.AmazonHttpClient.handleErrorResponse(AmazonHttpClient.java:1182) at com.amazonaws.http.AmazonHttpClient.executeOneRequest(AmazonHttpClient.java:770) at com.amazonaws.http.AmazonHttpClient.executeHelper(AmazonHttpClient.java:489) at com.amazonaws.http.AmazonHttpClient.execute(AmazonHttpClient.java:310) at com.amazonaws.services.s3.AmazonS3Client.invoke(AmazonS3Client.java:3785) at com.amazonaws.services.s3.AmazonS3Client.completeMultipartUpload(AmazonS3Client.java:2705) at org.apache.hadoop.fs.s3a.S3ABlockOutputStream$MultiPartUpload.complete(S3ABlockOutputStream.java:473) at org.apache.hadoop.fs.s3a.S3ABlockOutputStream$MultiPartUpload.access$200(S3ABlockOutputStream.java:382) at org.apache.hadoop.fs.s3a.S3ABlockOutputStream.close(S3ABlockOutputStream.java:272) at org.apache.hadoop.fs.FSDataOutputStream$PositionCache.close(FSDataOutputStream.java:72) at org.apache.hadoop.fs.FSDataOutputStream.close(FSDataOutputStream.java:106)
This surfaces if, while a multipart upload was taking place, all outstanding multipart uploads were garbage collected. The upload operation cannot complete because the data uploaded has been deleted.
Consult Cleaning up After Incremental Upload Failures for details on how the multipart purge timeout can be set. If multipart uploads are failing with the message above, it may be a sign that this value is too low.
[s3a-transfer-shared-pool4-t6] INFO http.AmazonHttpClient (AmazonHttpClient.java:executeHelper(496)) - Unable to execute HTTP request: hwdev-steve-ireland-new.s3.amazonaws.com:443 failed to respond org.apache.http.NoHttpResponseException: bucket.s3.amazonaws.com:443 failed to respond at org.apache.http.impl.conn.DefaultHttpResponseParser.parseHead(DefaultHttpResponseParser.java:143) at org.apache.http.impl.conn.DefaultHttpResponseParser.parseHead(DefaultHttpResponseParser.java:57) at org.apache.http.impl.io.AbstractMessageParser.parse(AbstractMessageParser.java:261) at org.apache.http.impl.AbstractHttpClientConnection.receiveResponseHeader(AbstractHttpClientConnection.java:283) at org.apache.http.impl.conn.DefaultClientConnection.receiveResponseHeader(DefaultClientConnection.java:259) at org.apache.http.impl.conn.ManagedClientConnectionImpl.receiveResponseHeader(ManagedClientConnectionImpl.java:209) at org.apache.http.protocol.HttpRequestExecutor.doReceiveResponse(HttpRequestExecutor.java:272) at com.amazonaws.http.protocol.SdkHttpRequestExecutor.doReceiveResponse(SdkHttpRequestExecutor.java:66) at org.apache.http.protocol.HttpRequestExecutor.execute(HttpRequestExecutor.java:124) at org.apache.http.impl.client.DefaultRequestDirector.tryExecute(DefaultRequestDirector.java:686) at org.apache.http.impl.client.DefaultRequestDirector.execute(DefaultRequestDirector.java:488) at org.apache.http.impl.client.AbstractHttpClient.doExecute(AbstractHttpClient.java:884) at org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient.execute(CloseableHttpClient.java:82) at org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient.execute(CloseableHttpClient.java:55) at com.amazonaws.http.AmazonHttpClient.executeOneRequest(AmazonHttpClient.java:728) at com.amazonaws.http.AmazonHttpClient.executeHelper(AmazonHttpClient.java:489) at com.amazonaws.http.AmazonHttpClient.execute(AmazonHttpClient.java:310) at com.amazonaws.services.s3.AmazonS3Client.invoke(AmazonS3Client.java:3785) at com.amazonaws.services.s3.AmazonS3Client.copyPart(AmazonS3Client.java:1731) at com.amazonaws.services.s3.transfer.internal.CopyPartCallable.call(CopyPartCallable.java:41) at com.amazonaws.services.s3.transfer.internal.CopyPartCallable.call(CopyPartCallable.java:28) at org.apache.hadoop.fs.s3a.BlockingThreadPoolExecutorService$CallableWithPermitRelease.call(BlockingThreadPoolExecutorService.java:239) at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.run(FutureTask.java:266) at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1142) at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:617) at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:745)
These are HTTP I/O exceptions caught and logged inside the AWS SDK. The client will attempt to retry the operation; it may just be a transient event. If there are many such exceptions in logs, it may be a symptom of connectivity or network problems.
Amazon S3 is an eventually consistent object store. That is: not a filesystem.
It offers read-after-create consistency: a newly created file is immediately visible. Except, there is a small quirk: a negative GET may be cached, such that even if an object is immediately created, the fact that there “wasn’t” an object is still remembered.
That means the following sequence on its own will be consistent touch(path) -> getFileStatus(path)
But this sequence may be inconsistent.
getFileStatus(path) -> touch(path) -> getFileStatus(path)
A common source of visible inconsistencies is that the S3 metadata database —the part of S3 which serves list requests— is updated asynchronously. Newly added or deleted files may not be visible in the index, even though direct operations on the object (HEAD and GET) succeed.
In S3A, that means the getFileStatus() and open() operations are more likely to be consistent with the state of the object store than any directory list operations (listStatus(), listFiles(), listLocatedStatus(), listStatusIterator()).
This can be a sign of consistency problems. It may also surface if there is some asynchronous file write operation still in progress in the client: the operation has returned, but the write has not yet completed. While the S3A client code does block during the close() operation, we suspect that asynchronous writes may be taking place somewhere in the stack —this could explain why parallel tests fail more often than serialized tests.
(Similarly: deleted file found in listing, though getFileStatus() reports that it is not there)
This is a visible sign of updates to the metadata server lagging behind the state of the underlying filesystem.
The files in an object store are not visible until the write has been completed. In-progress writes are simply saved to a local file/cached in RAM and only uploaded. at the end of a write operation. If a process terminated unexpectedly, or failed to call the close() method on an output stream, the pending data will have been lost.
Again, this is due to the fact that the data is cached locally until the close() operation. The S3A filesystem cannot be used as a store of data if it is required that the data is persisted durably after every flush()/hflush() call. This includes resilient logging, HBase-style journalling and the like. The standard strategy here is to save to HDFS and then copy to S3.
Performance slow
S3 is slower to read data than HDFS, even on virtual clusters running on Amazon EC2.
The slow performance of rename() surfaces during the commit phase of work, including
These operations can be significantly slower when S3 is the destination compared to HDFS or other “real” filesystem.
Improving S3 load-balancing behavior
Amazon S3 uses a set of front-end servers to provide access to the underlying data. The choice of which front-end server to use is handled via load-balancing DNS service: when the IP address of an S3 bucket is looked up, the choice of which IP address to return to the client is made based on the the current load of the front-end servers.
Over time, the load across the front-end changes, so those servers considered “lightly loaded” will change. If the DNS value is cached for any length of time, your application may end up talking to an overloaded server. Or, in the case of failures, trying to talk to a server that is no longer there.
And by default, for historical security reasons in the era of applets, the DNS TTL of a JVM is “infinity”.
To work with AWS better, set the DNS time-to-live of an application which works with S3 to something lower. See AWS documentation.
This module includes both unit tests, which can run in isolation without connecting to the S3 service, and integration tests, which require a working connection to S3 to interact with a bucket. Unit test suites follow the naming convention Test*.java. Integration tests follow the naming convention ITest*.java.
Due to eventual consistency, integration tests may fail without reason. Transient failures, which no longer occur upon rerunning the test, should thus be ignored.
To integration test the S3* filesystem clients, you need to provide two files which pass in authentication details to the test runner.
These are both Hadoop XML configuration files, which must be placed into hadoop-tools/hadoop-aws/src/test/resources.
This file pre-exists and sources the configurations created under auth-keys.xml.
For most purposes you will not need to edit this file unless you need to apply a specific, non-default property change during the tests.
The presence of this file triggers the testing of the S3 classes.
Without this file, none of the integration tests in this module will be executed.
The XML file must contain all the ID/key information needed to connect each of the filesystem clients to the object stores, and a URL for each filesystem for its testing.
The contents of each bucket will be destroyed during the test process: do not use the bucket for any purpose other than testing. Furthermore, for s3a, all in-progress multi-part uploads to the bucket will be aborted at the start of a test (by forcing fs.s3a.multipart.purge=true) to clean up the temporary state of previously failed tests.
Example:
<configuration>
<property>
<name>test.fs.s3n.name</name>
<value>s3n://test-aws-s3n/</value>
</property>
<property>
<name>test.fs.s3a.name</name>
<value>s3a://test-aws-s3a/</value>
</property>
<property>
<name>test.fs.s3.name</name>
<value>s3://test-aws-s3/</value>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.s3.awsAccessKeyId</name>
<value>DONOTPCOMMITTHISKEYTOSCM</value>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.s3.awsSecretAccessKey</name>
<value>DONOTEVERSHARETHISSECRETKEY!</value>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.s3n.awsAccessKeyId</name>
<value>DONOTPCOMMITTHISKEYTOSCM</value>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.s3n.awsSecretAccessKey</name>
<value>DONOTEVERSHARETHISSECRETKEY!</value>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.s3a.access.key</name>
<description>AWS access key ID. Omit for IAM role-based authentication.</description>
<value>DONOTCOMMITTHISKEYTOSCM</value>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.s3a.secret.key</name>
<description>AWS secret key. Omit for IAM role-based authentication.</description>
<value>DONOTEVERSHARETHISSECRETKEY!</value>
</property>
<property>
<name>test.sts.endpoint</name>
<description>Specific endpoint to use for STS requests.</description>
<value>sts.amazonaws.com</value>
</property>
</configuration>
The file hadoop-tools/hadoop-aws/src/test/resources/contract-test-options.xml must be created and configured for the test filesystems.
If a specific file fs.contract.test.fs.* test path is not defined for any of the filesystems, those tests will be skipped.
The standard S3 authentication details must also be provided. This can be through copy-and-paste of the auth-keys.xml credentials, or it can be through direct XInclude inclusion.
The filesystem name must be defined in the property fs.contract.test.fs.s3.
Example:
<property>
<name>fs.contract.test.fs.s3</name>
<value>s3://test-aws-s3/</value>
</property>
In the file src/test/resources/contract-test-options.xml, the filesystem name must be defined in the property fs.contract.test.fs.s3n. The standard configuration options to define the S3N authentication details must also be provided.
Example:
<property>
<name>fs.contract.test.fs.s3n</name>
<value>s3n://test-aws-s3n/</value>
</property>
In the file src/test/resources/contract-test-options.xml, the filesystem name must be defined in the property fs.contract.test.fs.s3a. The standard configuration options to define the S3N authentication details must also be provided.
Example:
<property> <name>fs.contract.test.fs.s3a</name> <value>s3a://test-aws-s3a/</value> </property>
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="configuration.xsl"?>
<!--
~ Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
~ or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
~ distributed with this work for additional information
~ regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
~ to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
~ "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
~ with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
~
~ http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
~
~ Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
~ distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
~ WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
~ See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
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<configuration>
<include xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
href="/home/testuser/.ssh/auth-keys.xml"/>
<property>
<name>fs.contract.test.fs.s3</name>
<value>s3://test-aws-s3/</value>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.contract.test.fs.s3a</name>
<value>s3a://test-aws-s3a/</value>
</property>
<property>
<name>fs.contract.test.fs.s3n</name>
<value>s3n://test-aws-s3n/</value>
</property>
</configuration>
This example pulls in the ~/.ssh/auth-keys.xml file for the credentials. This provides one single place to keep the keys up to date —and means that the file contract-test-options.xml does not contain any secret credentials itself. As the auth keys XML file is kept out of the source code tree, it is not going to get accidentally committed.
After completing the configuration, execute the test run through Maven.
mvn clean verify
It’s also possible to execute multiple test suites in parallel by passing the parallel-tests property on the command line. The tests spend most of their time blocked on network I/O with the S3 service, so running in parallel tends to complete full test runs faster.
mvn -Dparallel-tests clean verify
Some tests must run with exclusive access to the S3 bucket, so even with the parallel-tests property, several test suites will run in serial in a separate Maven execution step after the parallel tests.
By default, parallel-tests runs 4 test suites concurrently. This can be tuned by passing the testsThreadCount property.
mvn -Dparallel-tests -DtestsThreadCount=8 clean verify
To run just unit tests, which do not require S3 connectivity or AWS credentials, use any of the above invocations, but switch the goal to test instead of verify.
mvn clean test mvn -Dparallel-tests clean test mvn -Dparallel-tests -DtestsThreadCount=8 clean test
To run only a specific named subset of tests, pass the test property for unit tests or the it.test property for integration tests.
mvn clean test -Dtest=TestS3AInputPolicies mvn clean verify -Dit.test=ITestS3AFileContextStatistics -Dtest=none mvn clean verify -Dtest=TestS3A* -Dit.test=ITestS3A*
Note that when running a specific subset of tests, the patterns passed in test and it.test override the configuration of which tests need to run in isolation in a separate serial phase (mentioned above). This can cause unpredictable results, so the recommendation is to avoid passing parallel-tests in combination with test or it.test. If you know that you are specifying only tests that can run safely in parallel, then it will work. For wide patterns, like ITestS3A* shown above, it may cause unpredictable test failures.
S3A can connect to different regions —the tests support this. Simply define the target region in contract-tests.xml or any auth-keys.xml file referenced.
<property> <name>fs.s3a.endpoint</name> <value>s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com</value> </property>
This is used for all tests expect for scale tests using a Public CSV.gz file (see below)
The test TestS3ATemporaryCredentials requests a set of temporary credentials from the STS service, then uses them to authenticate with S3.
If an S3 implementation does not support STS, then the functional test cases must be disabled:
<property>
<name>test.fs.s3a.sts.enabled</name>
<value>false</value>
</property>
These tests reqest a temporary set of credentials from the STS service endpoint. An alternate endpoint may be defined in test.fs.s3a.sts.endpoint.
<property>
<name>test.fs.s3a.sts.endpoint</name>
<value>https://sts.example.org/</value>
</property>
The default is "“; meaning ”use the amazon default value".
The TestS3AInputStreamPerformance tests require read access to a multi-MB text file. The default file for these tests is one published by amazon, s3a://landsat-pds.s3.amazonaws.com/scene_list.gz. This is a gzipped CSV index of other files which amazon serves for open use.
The path to this object is set in the option fs.s3a.scale.test.csvfile,
<property> <name>fs.s3a.scale.test.csvfile</name> <value>s3a://landsat-pds/scene_list.gz</value> </property>
(the reason the space or newline is needed is to add “an empty entry”; an empty <value/> would be considered undefined and pick up the default)
Of using a test file in an S3 region requiring a different endpoint value set in fs.s3a.endpoint, a bucket-specific endpoint must be defined. For the default test dataset, hosted in the landsat-pds bucket, this is:
<property> <name>fs.s3a.bucket.landsat-pds.endpoint</name> <value>s3.amazonaws.com</value> <description>The endpoint for s3a://landsat-pds URLs</description> </property>
To test on alternate infrastructures supporting the same APIs, the option fs.s3a.scale.test.csvfile must either be set to “ ”, or an object of at least 10MB is uploaded to the object store, and the fs.s3a.scale.test.csvfile option set to its path.
<property> <name>fs.s3a.scale.test.csvfile</name> <value> </value> </property>
Integration test results and logs are stored in target/failsafe-reports/. An HTML report can be generated during site generation, or with the surefire-report plugin:
mvn surefire-report:failsafe-report-only
There are a set of tests designed to measure the scalability and performance at scale of the S3A tests, Scale Tests. Tests include: creating and traversing directory trees, uploading large files, renaming them, deleting them, seeking through the files, performing random IO, and others. This makes them a foundational part of the benchmarking.
By their very nature they are slow. And, as their execution time is often limited by bandwidth between the computer running the tests and the S3 endpoint, parallel execution does not speed these tests up.
The tests are enabled if the scale property is set in the maven build this can be done regardless of whether or not the parallel test profile is used
mvn verify -Dscale mvn verify -Dparallel-tests -Dscale -DtestsThreadCount=8
The most bandwidth intensive tests (those which upload data) always run sequentially; those which are slow due to HTTPS setup costs or server-side actionsare included in the set of parallelized tests.
Some of the tests can be tuned from the maven build or from the configuration file used to run the tests.
mvn verify -Dscale -Dfs.s3a.scale.test.huge.filesize=128M
The algorithm is
Only a few properties can be set this way; more will be added.
| Property | Meaninging |
|---|---|
| fs.s3a.scale.test.timeout | Timeout in seconds for scale tests |
| fs.s3a.scale.test.huge.filesize | Size for huge file uploads |
| fs.s3a.scale.test.huge.huge.partitionsize | Size for partitions in huge file uploads |
The file and partition sizes are numeric values with a k/m/g/t/p suffix depending on the desired size. For example: 128M, 128m, 2G, 2G, 4T or even 1P.
Some scale tests perform multiple operations (such as creating many directories).
The exact number of operations to perform is configurable in the option scale.test.operation.count
<property> <name>scale.test.operation.count</name> <value>10</value> </property>
Larger values generate more load, and are recommended when testing locally, or in batch runs.
Smaller values results in faster test runs, especially when the object store is a long way away.
Operations which work on directories have a separate option: this controls the width and depth of tests creating recursive directories. Larger values create exponentially more directories, with consequent performance impact.
<property> <name>scale.test.directory.count</name> <value>2</value> </property>
DistCp tests targeting S3A support a configurable file size. The default is 10 MB, but the configuration value is expressed in KB so that it can be tuned smaller to achieve faster test runs.
<property> <name>scale.test.distcp.file.size.kb</name> <value>10240</value> </property>
S3A specific scale test properties are
The Huge File tests validate S3A’s ability to handle large files —the property fs.s3a.scale.test.huge.filesize declares the file size to use.
<property> <name>fs.s3a.scale.test.huge.filesize</name> <value>200M</value> </property>
Amazon S3 handles files larger than 5GB differently than smaller ones. Setting the huge filesize to a number greater than that) validates support for huge files.
<property> <name>fs.s3a.scale.test.huge.filesize</name> <value>6G</value> </property>
Tests at this scale are slow: they are best executed from hosts running in the cloud infrastructure where the S3 endpoint is based. Otherwise, set a large timeout in fs.s3a.scale.test.timeout
<property> <name>fs.s3a.scale.test.timeout</name> <value>432000</value> </property>
The tests are executed in an order to only clean up created files after the end of all the tests. If the tests are interrupted, the test data will remain.
The S3A filesystem is designed to work with storage endpoints which implement the S3 protocols to the extent that the amazon S3 SDK is capable of talking to it. We encourage testing against other filesystems and submissions of patches which address issues. In particular, we encourage testing of Hadoop release candidates, as these third-party endpoints get even less testing than the S3 endpoint itself.
Disabling the encryption tests
If the endpoint doesn’t support server-side-encryption, these will fail
<property>
<name>test.fs.s3a.encryption.enabled</name>
<value>false</value>
</property>
Encryption is only used for those specific test suites with Encryption in their classname.