Tensor¶
Each Tensor instance is a multi-dimensional array allocated on a specific Device instance. Tensor instances store variables and provide linear algebra operations over different types of hardware devices without user awareness. Note that users need to make sure the tensor operands are allocated on the same device except copy functions.
Tensor implementation¶
SINGA has three different sets of implmentations of Tensor functions, one for each type of Device.
- ‘tensor_math_cpp.h’ implements operations using Cpp (with CBLAS) for CppGPU devices.
- ‘tensor_math_cuda.h’ implements operations using Cuda (with cuBLAS) for CudaGPU devices.
- ‘tensor_math_opencl.h’ implements operations using OpenCL for OpenclGPU devices.
Python API¶
Example usage:
import numpy as np
from singa import tensor
from singa import device
# create a tensor with shape (2,3), default CppCPU device and float32
x = tensor.Tensor((2, 3))
x.set_value(0.4)
# create a tensor from a numpy array
npy = np.zeros((3, 3), dtype=np.float32)
y = tensor.from_numpy(npy)
y.uniform(-1, 1) # sample values from the uniform distribution
z = tensor.mult(x, y) # gemm -> z of shape (2, 3)
x += z # element-wise addition
dev = device.get_default_device()
x.to_device(dev) # move the data to a gpu device
r = tensor.relu(x)
s = tensor.to_numpy(r) # tensor -> numpy array
There are two sets of tensor functions,
- Tensor member functions
- which would change the internal state of the Tensor instance.
- Tensor module functions
- which accept Tensor instances as arguments and return Tensor instances.
Every Tesor instance must be initialized before reading data from it.
-
class
singa.tensor.
AddBias
(axis=0)¶ Add Bias to each row / column of the Tensor, depending on the parameter axis.
-
backward
(dy)¶ Parameters: dy (CTensor) – data for the dL / dy, L is the loss. Returns: a tuple for (db, dx), db is data for dL / db, dx is data for dL / dx.
-
forward
(x, b)¶ Parameters: - x – matrix.
- b – bias to be added.
Returns: the result Tensor
-
-
class
singa.tensor.
CrossEntropy
¶ Calculte CrossEntropy loss for a batch of training data.
-
backward
(dy=1.0)¶ Parameters: - dy (float or CTensor) – scalar, accumulate gradient from outside of current network, usually
- to 1.0 (equal) –
Returns: data for the dL /dx, L is the loss, x is the output of current network. note that this is true for dy = 1.0
Return type: dx (CTensor)
-
forward
(x, t)¶ Parameters: - x (CTensor) – 1d or 2d tensor, the prediction data(output) of current network.
- t (CTensor) – 1d or 2d tensor, the target data for training.
Returns: scalar.
Return type: loss (CTensor)
-
-
class
singa.tensor.
Dummy
(tensor, name=None)¶ Dummy operation whice serves as a placehoder for autograd
Parameters: name (string) – set it for debug
-
class
singa.tensor.
Matmul
¶ For matrix multiplication
-
backward
(dy)¶ Parameters: dy (CTensor) – data for the dL / dy, L is the loss Returns: a tuple for (dx, dw)
-
forward
(x, w)¶ Do forward propgation.
Store the x(or w) if w(or x) requires gradient.
Parameters: - x (CTensor) – matrix
- w (CTensor) – matrix
Returns: a CTensor for the result
-
-
class
singa.tensor.
Operation
¶ An operation includes the forward and backward function of tensor calculation.
To add a specific operation Xxxx, subclass Operation and implement forward() and backward(). Then implement a function xxxx which creates a Xxxx instance and calls __call__ to do forward. The autograd engine is able to do backward propagation by calling the backward() of Xxxx automatically. Notice that the tensors are CTensor. NOT Python Tensor. The arguments of forward() and backward() should only include CTensor args;
-
backward
(*dys)¶ Backward propagation.
Parameters: dys – input args consisting of only CTensors. Returns: CTensor instance(s)
-
forward
(*xs)¶ Forward propagation.
Parameters: xs – input args consisting of only CTensors. Returns: CTensor instance(s)
-
-
class
singa.tensor.
ReLU
¶ -
backward
(dy)¶ Parameters: dy (CTensor) – dL / dy Returns: dL / dx = dy if x >= 0; otherwise 0; Return type: dx(CTensor)
-
forward
(x)¶ Parameters: x (CTensor) – input tensor Returns: a new CTensor whose element y = x if x >= 0; otherwise 0;
-
-
class
singa.tensor.
SoftMax
(axis=0)¶ Apply SoftMax for each row of the Tensor or each column of the Tensor according to the parameter axis.
-
backward
(dy)¶ Parameters: dy (CTensor) – data for the dL / dy, L is the loss Returns: data for the dL / dx, L is the loss, x is the input of current Opertion Return type: dx (Ctensor)
-
forward
(x)¶ Parameters: x (data) – the input 1d or 2d tensor Returns: the result Tensor
-
-
class
singa.tensor.
Tensor
(shape=(), device=None, dtype=0, data=None, requires_grad=True, stores_grad=False, creator=None)¶ Python Tensor, which wraps a swig converted Tensor from CPP Tensor.
Parameters: - shape (tuple<int>) – a tuple of integers for the tensor shape. If shape is not specified, the created tensor is called a dummy tensor.
- device – a swig device. If None, the default host device is used.
- dtype – data type. currently, most operations only accept float32.
- data – a numpy array or swig tensor.
- requires_grad – boolean indicator for computing the gradient.
- stores_grad – boolean indicator for storing and returning the gradient. Some intermediate tensors’ gradient can be released during the backward propagation. A tensor may require grad but not store grad; But if a tensor stores grad then it must require grad.
-
T
()¶ shallow copy, negate the transpose field.
Returns: a new Tensor which shares the underlying data memory (shallow copy) but is marked as a transposed version of this tensor.
-
add_column
(v)¶ Add a tensor to each column of this tensor.
Parameters: v (Tensor) – a Tensor to be added as a column to this tensor.
-
add_row
(v)¶ Add a tensor to each row of this tensor.
Parameters: v (Tensor) – a Tensor to be added as a row to this tensor.
-
bernoulli
(p)¶ Sample 0/1 for each element according to the given probability.
Parameters: p (float) – with probability p, each element is sample to 1.
-
clone
()¶ Returns: a new Tensor which does deep copy of this tensor
-
copy
()¶ shallow copy calls copy constructor of singa::Tensor
-
copy_from_numpy
(np_array, offset=0)¶ Copy the data from the numpy array.
Parameters: - np_array – source numpy array
- offset (int) – destination offset
-
deepcopy
()¶ Same as clone().
Returns: a new Tensor
-
div_column
(v)¶ Divide each column of this tensor by v.
Parameters: v (Tensor) – 1d tensor of the same length the column of self.
-
div_row
(v)¶ Divide each row of this tensor by v.
Parameters: v (Tensor) – 1d tensor of the same length the row of self.
-
gaussian
(mean, std)¶ Generate a value for each element following a Gaussian distribution.
Parameters: - mean (float) – mean of the distribution
- std (float) – standard variance of the distribution
-
is_empty
()¶ Returns: True if the tensor is empty according to its shape
-
is_transpose
()¶ Returns: True if the internal data is transposed; otherwise False.
-
l1
()¶ Returns: the L1 norm.
-
l2
()¶ Returns: the L2 norm.
-
memsize
()¶ Returns: the number of Bytes allocated for this tensor.
-
mult_column
(v)¶ Multiply each column of this tensor by v element-wisely.
Parameters: v (Tensor) – 1d tensor of the same length the column of self.
-
mult_row
(v)¶ Multiply each row of this tensor by v element-wisely.
Parameters: v (Tensor) – 1d tensor of the same length the row of self.
-
ndim
()¶ Returns: the number of dimensions of the tensor.
-
reshape
(shape)¶ Change the tensor shape.
Parameters: shape (list<int>) – new shape, which should have the same volumn as the original shape.
-
set_value
(x)¶ Set all elements of the tensor to be the give value.
Parameters: x (float) –
-
size
()¶ Returns: the number of elements of the tensor.
-
to_device
(device)¶ Move the tensor data onto a given device.
Parameters: device – a swig Device converted from CudaGPU or CppCPU or OpenclGPU
-
to_host
()¶ Move the tensor data onto the default host CppCPU device.
-
uniform
(low, high)¶ Generate a value for each element following a uniform distribution.
Parameters: - low (float) – the lower bound
- high (float) – the hight bound
-
singa.tensor.
abs
(t)¶ Parameters: t (Tensor) – input Tensor Returns: a new Tensor whose element y = abs(x), x is an element of t
-
singa.tensor.
add
(lhs, rhs, ret=None)¶ Elementi-wise addition.
Parameters: Returns: the result Tensor
-
singa.tensor.
add_column
(alpha, v, beta, M)¶ Add v to each column of M.
Denote each column of M as m, m = alpha * v + beta * m
Parameters: Returns: M
-
singa.tensor.
add_row
(alpha, v, beta, M)¶ Add v to each row of M.
Denote each row of M as m, m = alpha * v + beta * m
Parameters: Returns: M
-
singa.tensor.
average
(t, axis=None)¶ Parameters: - t (Tensor) – input Tensor
- axis (int, optional) – if None, average all elements; otherwise average along the given dimension. 0 for averaging each column; 1 for averaging each row.
Returns: a float value if axis is None; otherwise, a new Tensor for the result.
-
singa.tensor.
axpy
(alpha, x, y)¶ Element-wise operation for y += alpha * x.
Parameters: Returns: y
-
singa.tensor.
bernoulli
(p, t)¶ Generate a binary value for each element of t.
Parameters: - p (float) – each element is 1 with probability p; and 0 with 1 - p
- t (Tensor) – the results are put into t
Returns: t
-
singa.tensor.
copy_data_to_from
(dst, src, size, dst_offset=0, src_offset=0)¶ Copy the data between two Tensor instances which could be on different devices.
Parameters:
-
singa.tensor.
copy_from_numpy
(data, np_array)¶ Copy the data from the numpy array.
-
singa.tensor.
ctensor2numpy
(x)¶ To be used in SoftMax Operation. Convert a singa_tensor to numpy_tensor.
-
singa.tensor.
div
(lhs, rhs, ret=None)¶ Elementi-wise division.
Parameters: Returns: the result Tensor
-
singa.tensor.
einsum
(ops, *args)¶ function TODO list to finish the function in cpp(just like numpy function): 1.sum(A,axis = None) 2.repeat(A,repeats) 3.transpose(A,axes = None) Do the matrix to matrix einsum calculation according to the operands Warning : this function could only support two matrix’ einsum calcultion :param ops: the string specifies the subscripts for summation such as ‘ki,kj->kij’
Here all the 26 lowercase letter can be used here.Parameters: arg (list of array_like) – These are the tensors for the operation,but here only support two tensors. - Returns: Singa.Tensor
- the output matirx of the einsum calculation
The best way to understand this function is to try the examples below: A_ = [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11] A = A_.reshape(4,3) B = A_.reshape(3,4)
Here this einsum calculation is the same as normal ‘mult’ Res = einsum(‘ij,jk->ik’,A,B)
>>> [[ 20 23 26 29] [ 56 68 80 92] [ 92 113 134 155] [128 158 188 218]]
A_ = [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11] A = A_.reshape(4,3) B = A_.reshape(4,3)
Here the einsum calculation is the same as normol ‘eltwise_mult’ Res = einsum(‘ki,ki->ki’,A,B)
>>> [[ 0 1 4] [ 9 16 25] [ 36 49 64] [ 81 100 121]]
A = [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11] A = A.reshape(4,3)
Res = einsum(‘ki,kj->kij’,A,A) >>> [[[ 0 0 0]
[ 0 1 2] [ 0 2 4]]- [[ 9 12 15]
- [ 12 16 20] [ 15 20 25]]
- [[ 36 42 48]
- [ 42 49 56] [ 48 56 64]]
- [[ 81 90 99]
- [ 90 100 110] [ 99 110 121]]]
A_ = [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11] A = A_.reshape(3,2,2)
Res = einsum(‘kia,kja->kij’,A,A) >>> [[[ 1 3]
[ 3 13]]- [[ 41 59]
- [ 59 85]]
- [[145 179]
- [179 221]]]
-
singa.tensor.
eltwise_mult
(lhs, rhs, ret=None)¶ Elementi-wise multiplication.
Parameters: Returns: the result Tensor
-
singa.tensor.
exp
(t)¶ Parameters: t (Tensor) – input Tensor Returns: a new Tensor whose element y = exp(x), x is an element of t
-
singa.tensor.
from_numpy
(np_array)¶ Create a Tensor instance with the shape, dtype and values from the numpy array.
Parameters: np_array – the numpy array. Returns: A Tensor instance allocated on the default CppCPU device.
-
singa.tensor.
gaussian
(mean, std, t)¶ Generate values following a Gaussian distribution.
Parameters: - mean (float) – the mean of the Gaussian distribution.
- std (float) – the standard variance of the Gaussian distribution.
- t (Tensor) – the results are put into t
Returns: t
-
singa.tensor.
ge
(t, x)¶ Elementi-wise comparison for t >= x.
Parameters: Returns: 0.0f, or t[i] >= x[i] ? 1.0f:0.0f
Return type: a Tensor with each element being t[i] >= x ? 1.0f
-
singa.tensor.
gt
(t, x)¶ Elementi-wise comparison for t > x.
Parameters: Returns: 0.0f, or t[i] > x[i] ? 1.0f:0.0f
Return type: a Tensor with each element being t[i] > x ? 1.0f
-
singa.tensor.
le
(t, x)¶ Elementi-wise comparison for t <= x.
Parameters: Returns: 0.0f, or t[i] <= x[i] ? 1.0f:0.0f
Return type: a Tensor with each element being t[i] <= x ? 1.0f
-
singa.tensor.
log
(t)¶ Parameters: t (Tensor) – input Tensor Returns: a new Tensor whose element y = log(x), x is an element of t
-
singa.tensor.
lt
(t, x)¶ Elementi-wise comparison for t < x
Parameters: Returns: 0.0f, or t[i] < x[i] ? 1.0f:0.0f
Return type: a Tensor with each element being t[i] < x ? 1.0f
-
singa.tensor.
mult
(A, B, C=None, alpha=1.0, beta=0.0)¶ Do matrix-matrix or matrix-vector multiplication.
This function returns C = alpha * A * B + beta * C
Parameters: Returns: the result Tensor
-
singa.tensor.
pow
(t, x, out=None)¶ Parameters: Returns: the result tensor.
-
singa.tensor.
reshape
(t, s)¶ Reshape the input tensor with the given shape.
Parameters: - t (Tensor) – the tensor to be changed
- s (list<int>) – the new shape, which should have the same volumn as the old shape.
Returns: the new Tensor
-
singa.tensor.
sigmoid
(t)¶ Parameters: t (Tensor) – input Tensor Returns: a new Tensor whose element y = sigmoid(x); x is an element of t
-
singa.tensor.
sign
(t)¶ Parameters: t (Tensor) – input Tensor Returns: a new Tensor whose element y = sign(x)
-
singa.tensor.
sizeof
(dtype)¶ Returns: the number of bytes of the given SINGA data type defined in core.proto
-
singa.tensor.
softmax
(t, out=None)¶ Apply SoftMax for each row of the Tensor. :param t: the input 1d or 2d tensor :type t: Tensor :param out: if not None, it is used to store the result :type out: Tensor, optional
Returns: the result Tensor
-
singa.tensor.
sqrt
(t)¶ Parameters: t (Tensor) – input Tensor Returns: a new Tensor whose element y = sqrt(x), x is an element of t
-
singa.tensor.
square
(t)¶ Parameters: t (Tensor) – input Tensor Returns: a new Tensor whose element y = x * x, x is an element of t
-
singa.tensor.
sub
(lhs, rhs, ret=None)¶ Elementi-wise subtraction.
Parameters: Returns: the result Tensor
-
singa.tensor.
sum
(t, axis=None)¶ Sum elements of the input tensor long the given axis.
Parameters: - t (Tensor) – input Tensor
- axis (int, optional) – if None, the summation is done over all elements; if axis is provided, then it is calculated along the given axis, e.g. 0 – sum each column; 1 – sum each row.
Returns: a float value as the sum of all elements, or a new Tensor
-
singa.tensor.
sum_columns
(M)¶ Sum all columns into a single column.
Parameters: M (Tensor) – the input 2d tensor. Returns: a new Tensor as the resulted column.
-
singa.tensor.
sum_rows
(M)¶ Sum all rows into a single row.
Parameters: M (Tensor) – the input 2d tensor. Returns: a new Tensor as the resulted row.
-
singa.tensor.
tanh
(t)¶ Parameters: t (Tensor) – input Tensor Returns: a new Tensor whose element y = tanh(x), x is an element of t
-
singa.tensor.
to_host
(t)¶ Copy the data to a host tensor.