Title: Reference Reading
# General Clustering
## Discussions
* [clustering tips and tricks ](http://www.lucidimagination.com/search/document/1c3561d17fc1b81c/clustering_techniques_tips_and_tricks)
# Text Clustering
## Clustering as part of Search
* See Chapters on Hierarchical and Flat Clustering as part of search in the [stanford ir book](http://nlp.stanford.edu/IR-book/html/htmledition/irbook.html)
# General Background Materials
[Q:](http://mail-archives.apache.org/mod_mbox/mahout-user/201103.mbox/%3CAANLkTi=c8kGHjvbfTCt0GyjKvvMCq=EaFsCr=_s=ykDE@mail.gmail.com%3E)
Can someone recommend me good books on Statistics and also on Linear
Algebra
and Analytic Geometry which will provide enough background for
understanding
machine learning algorithms?
##
The answers below focus on general background knowledge, rather than
specifics of Mahout and associated Apache tooling. Feel free to add useful
resources (books, but also videos, online courseware, tools), particularly
those that are available free online.
This page originated in an email thread, and its different contributors
might not all agree on the best approach (and they might not know what's
best for any given learner), but the resources here should give some idea
of suitable background reading. Check the mailing list [archives](http://mail-archives.apache.org/mod_mbox/mahout-user/)
if you care to figure out who-said-what, or find other suggestions.
Don't be overwhelmed by all the maths, you can do a lot in Mahout with some
basic knowledge. The resources given here will help you understand your
data better, and ask better questions both of Mahout's APIs, and also of
the Mahout community. And unlike learning some particular software tool,
these are skills that will remain useful decades later.
h3. Books and supporting materials on statistics, machine learning,
matrices etc.:
[Gilbert Strang](http://www-math.mit.edu/~gs)
's [Introduction to Linear Algebra|http://math.mit.edu/linearalgebra/]
(*full text* online, highly recommended by several on the mahout list).
([openlibrary](http://openlibrary.org/works/OL3285486W/Introduction_to_linear_algebra)
)
His lectures are also [available online](http://web.mit.edu/18.06/www/)
and are strongly recommended. See [http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mathematics/18-06-linear-algebra-spring-2010/]
"Mathematical Tools for Applied Mulitvariate Analysis" by J.Douglass
Carroll.
([amazon](http://www.amazon.com/Mathematical-Tools-Applied-Multivariate-Analysis/dp/0121609553/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1299602805&sr=8-1)
)
[Stanford Machine Learning online courseware](http://www.stanford.edu/class/cs229/)
(cs229.stanford.edu):
"It's a very nicely taught course with super helpful lecture notes - and
you can get all the videos in youtube or [iTunesU](http://itunes.apple.com/itunes-u/machine-learning/id384233048)
"
"The [section notes](http://www.stanford.edu/class/cs229/materials.html)
for this course will give you enough review material on linear algebra and
probability theory to get you going."
[MIT Machine Learning online courseware](http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-867-machine-learning-fall-2006/)
(6.867) has [Lecture notes in PDF|http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-867-machine-learning-fall-2006/lecture-notes/]
online.
As a pre-requisite to probability and statistics, you'll need [basic calculus](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus)
. A maths for scientists text might be useful here such as 'Mathematics
for Engineers and Scientists', Alan Jeffrey, Chapman & Hall/CRC.
([openlibrary](http://openlibrary.org/books/OL3305993M/Mathematics_for_engineers_and_scientists)
)
One of the best writers in the probability/statistics world is Sheldon
Ross. Try
''A First Course in Probability (8th Edition), Pearson'' ([amazon](http://www.pearsonhighered.com/educator/product/First-Course-in-Probability-A/9780136033134.page)
) and then move on to his ''Introduction to Probability Models (9th
Edition), Academic
Press.''([amazon|http://www.amazon.com/Introduction-Probability-Models-Sixth-Sheldon/dp/0125984707])
Some good introductory alternatives here are:
[Kahn Academy](http://www.khanacademy.org/)
-- videos on stats, probability, linear algebra
Probability and Statistics (7th Edition), Jay L. Devore, Chapman.
([amazon](http://www.amazon.com/Probability-Statistics-Engineering-Sciences-InfoTrac/dp/0534399339)
)
Probability and Statistical Inference (7th Edition), Hogg and Tanis,
Pearson.
([amazon](http://www.amazon.com/Probability-Statistical-Inference-Robert-Hogg/dp/0132546086)
)
Once you have a grasp of the basics then there are a slew of great texts
that you might consult: for example,
Statistical Inference, Casell and Berger, Duxbury/Thomson Learning.
([amazon](http://www.amazon.com/Statistical-Inference-George-Casella/dp/0534243126)
)
Most statistics books will have some sort of introduction to Bayesian
methods, consider a specialist text, e.g.:
Introduction to Bayesian Statistics (2nd Edition), William H. Bolstad,
Wiley.
([amazon](http://www.amazon.com/Introduction-Bayesian-Statistics-William-Bolstad/dp/0471270202)
)
Then for the computational side of Bayesian (predominantly Markov chain
Monte Carlo), e.g.
Bolstad's Understanding Computational Bayesian Statistics, Wiley.
([amazon](http://www.amazon.com/Understanding-Computational-Bayesian-Statistics-Wiley/dp/0470046090)
)
Then you might try [Bayesian Data Analysis, Gelman et al., Chapman &Hall/CRC](http://www.stat.columbia.edu/~gelman/book/)
On top of the books, [R](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(programming_language))
\- is an indispensable software tool for visualizing distributions and
doing calculations
(another viewpoint)
For statistics related to machine learning, I would avoid normal
statistical texts and go with these instead
[Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning by Chris Bishop](http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/cmbishop/PRML/index.htm)
[Elements of Statistical Learning](http://www-stat.stanford.edu/~tibs/ElemStatLearn/)
by Trevor Hastie, Robert Tibshirani, Jerome Friedman
Also [http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/cmbishop/PRML/index.htm](http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/cmbishop/PRML/index.htm)
matrix computations/decomposition/factorization etc.?
[How's this one?](http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0801854148/ref=s9_simh_gw_p14_d0_i1?pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_s=center-3&pf_rd_r=0ESQ3KDY8MJ1AWWG8PFR&pf_rd_t=101&pf_rd_p=470938811&pf_rd_i=507846)
any idea? any other suggestion?
I found the one by Peter V. O'Neil "Introduction to Linear Algebra", to be
a great book for beginners
(with some knowledge in calculus). It is not comprehensive, but, I believe,
it will be a good place to start and the author starts by explaining the
concepts with regards to vector spaces which I found to be a more natural
way of explaining.[http://www.amazon.com/Introduction-Linear-Algebra-Theory-Applications/dp/053400606X](http://www.amazon.com/Introduction-Linear-Algebra-Theory-Applications/dp/053400606X)
David S. Watkins "Fundamentals of Matrix Computations (Pure and Applied
Mathematics: A Wiley Series of Texts, Monographs and Tracts)"
[http://www.amazon.com/Fundamentals-Matrix-Computations-Applied-Mathematics/dp/0470528338/](http://www.amazon.com/Fundamentals-Matrix-Computations-Applied-Mathematics/dp/0470528338/)
The Gollub / Van Loan text you mention is the classic text for numerical
linear algebra. Can't go wrong with it. However, I'd also suggest you
look
at Nick Trefethen's "Numerical Linear Algebra". It's a bit more
approachable for practitioners -- GVL is better suited for researchers.
[http://people.maths.ox.ac.uk/trefethen/books.html](http://people.maths.ox.ac.uk/trefethen/books.html)
[http://people.maths.ox.ac.uk/trefethen/text.html](http://people.maths.ox.ac.uk/trefethen/text.html)
(with some online lecture notes)
I think this is the most relevant book for matrix math on distributed
systems:
[http://www.amazon.com/Numerical-Linear-Algebra-Lloyd-Trefethen/dp/0898713617](http://www.amazon.com/Numerical-Linear-Algebra-Lloyd-Trefethen/dp/0898713617)
Many chapters on SVD, there are even chapters on Lanczos
BTW what about R? There is literally tons of books in R series devoted
to rather isolated problems but what would be a good crush course
book?
Ted Dunning:
"I have found that learning about R is a difficult thing. The best
introduction I have seen is, paradoxically, not really a book about R and
assumes a statistical mind-set that I disagree with. That introduction is
in MASS [http://www.stats.ox.ac.uk/pub/MASS4/](http://www.stats.ox.ac.uk/pub/MASS4/)
. Other references also
exist:
[http://www.r-tutor.com/r-introduction](http://www.r-tutor.com/r-introduction)
[http://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/R-intro.pdf](http://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/R-intro.pdf)
[http://faculty.washington.edu/tlumley/Rcourse/](http://faculty.washington.edu/tlumley/Rcourse/)
In addition, you should see how to plot data well:
[http://www.statmethods.net/advgraphs/trellis.html](http://www.statmethods.net/advgraphs/trellis.html)
[http://had.co.nz/ggplot2/](http://had.co.nz/ggplot2/)
Generally, I learn more about R by watching people and reading code than by
reading books. There are many small tricks like how to format data
optimally, how to restructure data.frames, common ways to plot data, which
libraries do what and so on that an introductory book cannot convey general
principles that will see you through to success."
For Javascript/Web plotting: [http://www.1stwebdesigner.com/css/top-jquery-chart-libraries-interactive-charts/](http://www.1stwebdesigner.com/css/top-jquery-chart-libraries-interactive-charts/)