$Id: ont54,v 1.1.1.1 2002-12-19 19:33:56 bwm Exp $
The Cyc Upper Ontology
guid
Permanent Global Unique ID for the associated
concept -- which enables concept renaming. Users should not
depend upon the DAML ID nor label as fixed for all time.
a few days duration
Duration of 2 to 10 days
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a few decades duration
Duration of 2 to 10 decades
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a few hours duration
Duration of 2 to 10 hours
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a few minutes duration
Duration of 2 to 10 minutes
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a few months duration
A few months 2-10
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a few seconds duration
Duration of 2 to 30 seconds
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a few weeks duration
Duration of 2 to 10 weeks
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a few years duration
Duration of 2 to 10 years
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abandonments
The collection of events in which some #$Agent
deliberately gives up possession of something, without
giving it to another.
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ablations
A collection of events. In an #$Ablation, a
(usually relatively thin) layer of material is removed from
the surface of an object.
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above ground levels
A specialization of #$LevelOfAConstruction whose
instances are at or above ground level. See also
#$BasementLevelInAConstruction and #$BalconyLevelInAConstruction.
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abrading events
A collection of events. In an #$AbradingSomething
event, the surface of some object is gradually worn away by
scraping or similar physical contact involving friction.
Devices used in elements of #$AbradingSomething include
files and sand paper; elements of #$AbradingSomething would
include the event in which Howard Hughes sanded down the
Spruce Goose for the last time, the event in which Lucy
Ricardo filed her fingernails just before her singing debut
at Rickie's club, etc.
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data
A heterogeneous collection of abstract objects
that pertain to information. Subsumes not only
#$Proposition, but also the collections #$Sentence,
#$CharacterString, #$AtomicSymbol-Abstract, #$Microtheory,
#$PropositionalInformationThing, and #$ConceptualWork. Note
that while all #$AbstractInformationalThings are abstract
objects (this collection is disjoint with
#$SpatialThing-Localized), most instances of this collection
can have multiple concrete 'embodiments'. A single
instance of #$Sentence can be written on several peices of
paper (see #$instantiationOfAIS); a
#$PropositionalInformationThing may be the content of
several concrete documents, such as instances of #$BookCopy
(see #$containsInfoPropositional-IBT); and several events,
such as spoken utterances, may have a certain #$Proposition
as their content (see #$containsInformation). Note that some
instances of #$AbstractInformationalThing have temporal
extent. Examples include all instances of #$Novel-CW and
#$Movie-CW. Others specs are disjoint with #$TemporalThing.
Examples include all instances of #$Character-Abstract and #$Proposition.
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programming languages
The collection of languages invented for use by
computers. This includes both command languages and others
which one doesn't really `program' in.
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abstract shape type
A collection of collections. An instance SHAPE of
#$ShapeType (q.v.) is also an instance of
#$AbstractShapeType if and only if SHAPE is a spec of
#$GeometricThing-Abstract. It is distinguished from
#$GenericShapeType (q.v.), which is the collection of those
collections that are instances of #$ShapeType, some of whose
instances are abstract, and some of whose instances are
localized. There is no '#$LocalizedShapeType'. The
instances of #$AbstractShapeType are the acceptable
second-arguments of the predicate #$shape. So, if you have
have a spherical ball, BALL001, it is true that (#$shape
BALL001 (#$AbstractFn #$SphereShape)), but false (in fact,
undefined) that (#$shape BALL001 #$SphereShape).
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academics
A collection of persons; a subset of
#$Professional. Each element of #$AcademicProfessional is a
person whose job is to educate and/or to perform research as
an affiliate of an academic institution. This includes
members of the teaching and/or research staff of schools,
colleges, universities, and research institutes.
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academic quarters
Each instance of this collection is a
#$TimeInterval defined by some educational institution: one
quarter of their #$AcademicYear. Since the start dates, end
dates, and duration may all vary depending on the
institution, the year, etc., instances of this collection
must unfortunately be time intervals like StanfordSpringQuarter1991.
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semesters
Each instance of this collection is a
#$TimeInterval defined by some educational institution: one
half of their #$AcademicYear. Since the start dates, end
dates and duration may vary depending on the institution and
year, instances will be time intervals such as ``StanfordSpringSemester1990-91''.
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trimesters
Each instance of this collection is a
#$TimeInterval defined by some educational institution: one
third of their #$AcademicYear. Since the start dates, end
dates, and duration may all vary depending on the
institution and year, instances of this collection must
unfortunately be time intervals like UCLASpringTrimester1990-91.
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academic years
Each instance of this collection is an annually
recurring #$TimeInterval defined by an educational
institution. Since the start dates, end dates, and duration
may all vary depending on the institution, the year, etc.,
instances of this collection must unfortunately be time
intervals like Stanford1989-90AcademicYear.
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accelerations
Acceleration is the change in speed of an object
per unit time. It is a measurable physical quantity,
measured in units such as MilesPerHourPerSecond.
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access numbers
A collection of #$PhoneNumbers. Each element of
#$AccessNumber is a string that a user with #$Internet
connections uses to connect to his/her #$InternetServiceProvider.
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information-accessing events
A collection of information transfer events. Each
element of #$AccessingAnIBT is an action by which an agent
accesses the content of some IBT (i.e., an element of
#$InformationBearingThing). Examples include (getting
information from) reading a newspaper, watching a film,
listening to a musical performance, decoding an encrypted
message, seeing a traffic police officer wave you on, or
hearing your roommate ask you to take out the trash. Of
course, communication conventions play a role here. In the
#$NaiveInformationMt, Cyc simply assumes that an agent who
accesses an IBT understands its content afterwards. In the
#$InformationGMt, Cyc makes the more complicated inference
that an agent who accesses an IBT understands its content
afterwards only if the agent is able to get the encoded
information using a convention familiar to that agent. See
also #$CommunicationConvention, #$hasCommConvention, #$usesCommConventionForInfo.
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accounts
A collection of objects; a subset of
#$LegalAgreement. Each element of #$Account is a recorded
obligation (of some particular type) between specified
parties, consisting of `funds' which typically can be
added to and drawn upon. Examples include the instances of
#$RetirementAccount, #$TravelExpenseAccount, and of the many
types of #$FinancialAccount. Note that the contents of an
account need not be monetary; for example, the contents may
be amounts of time, as in the subsets #$VacationAccount or a
#$SickLeaveAccount. #$Account does NOT include debt
obligations of fixed face value that cannot be increased or
reduced (such as a bond).
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account statuses
A collection of attributes. Each element of
#$AccountStatusAttribute is an attribute that describes the
obligational status of an #$Account; e.g.,#$PaidInFull,
#$InComplianceWithPaymentSchedule, #$PaymentOverdue, #$AccountInactive.
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account type
A collection of collections. Each element of
#$AccountType is a collection of financial accounts of some
type. Examples: #$SavingsAccount, #$CreditCardAccount,
#$RetirementAccount, #$SocialSecurityAccount,
#$TravelExpenseAccount. Typically, accounts are denominated
in units of #$Money.
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acknowledgments
The collection of actions which are #$performedBy
one #$Agent to convey information about the receipt of a
prior #$CommunicationAct-Single which was #$performedBy
another #$Agent. An example: Judy saying `No' in
response to Jane's prior act of saying `Will you clean
the toaster.'
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acquaintance attribute
The collection of attributes that specify ways in
which (and/or degrees to which) one person is acquainted
with another E.g., some instances of this collection are:
#$FamousPersonAcquaintance, #$TrueFanAcquaintance,
#$IntimateAcquaintance, #$FrequentContactAcquaintance, etc.
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actions
A collection of events. Each instance of #$Action
is an event that is carried out by some 'doer'
(see #$doneBy). Actions may include any event in which one
or more actor(s) effect some change(s) in the tangible or
intangible state of the world, typically by some expenditure
of effort or energy. But note that it is not required that
any tangible object be moved, changed, produced, or
destroyed for an action to occur; the effects of actions may
be intangible (such as the change in a bank balance, or the
intimidation of a subordinate). Depending upon the context,
actors may be animate or inanimate, conscious or
nonconscious. For actions that are intentional, see also
#$PurposefulAction, #$performedBy.
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actions on an object
The collection of physical events in which some
doer acts on an object. Each element of #$ActionOnObject is
an action in which both the roles of #$doneBy and
#$objectActedOn (qq.v.) are filled. Positive examples:
someone typing on a keyboard; a tornado destroying a
building. Negative examples: a person dancing; wind blowing.
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actor slots
A collection of binary predicates; a
specialization of #$Role. Each element of #$ActorSlot
relates some instance of #$Event to a temporal thing
involved in that event (here called a `participant',
but that does not imply activity). The first argument of
every #$ActorSlot is an instance of #$Event, and the second
argument is an instance of #$SomethingExisting. All
instances of #$ActorSlot have #$actors as their #$genlPreds,
directly or indirectly, so that the actor slots form a kind
of hierarchy. Each specialized actor slot indicates HOW its
participant participates in the event, i.e., in what role
(e.g., #$inputs, #$outputs, #$doneBy). Actor slots are NOT
used to indicate the time of an event's occurrence,
external representations of the event, and other more
remotely related things that are not directly or indirectly
`involved' in occurrence of the event. Time and other
quantities are relevant to events but are not instances of
#$SomethingExisting; thus, they are related to events by
some non-#$ActorSlot predicate. Things which are remotely
related to the event--e.g., someone who is affected by the
event but doesn't exist when the event occurs--may be
related using some instance of #$Role that does not belong
to #$ActorSlot, such as #$affectedAgent. See also #$Role.
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addresses
A collection of strings. Each element of
#$Address-LocationDesignator is a string that denotes an
address. Each string indicates one entire address. For
example: `President Bill Clinton, White House, 1600
Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, DC.
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adjectives
The collecton of all adjectives. Adjectives are
words which can modify nouns. Many adjectives have
comparative and superlative forms. Example: `red'.
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administrators
A collection of persons; a subset of
#$Professional. Each element of #$Administrator is an
employee of an organization who is responsible for managing
its organizational affairs. Elements of #$Administrator may
or may not also be required to manage people. If so, then
they are also #$Managers (q.v.).
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admiration
A feeling of strong approval. An intense positive
attitude towards another person(s) or group. May be
accompanied by emulation. #$Admiration is different than
#$Respect (qv). This is a collection --- see #$Happiness
for an explanation. Some more specialized
#$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Admiration are
#$Wonder-Admiration, #$Adulation, #$Awe, etc.
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adult animals
The collection of all adult animals (including
adult people), meaning all elements of #$Animal that are
mature enough to bear offspring, or older.
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women
The collection of all women; i.e., #$Persons who
are adult and female
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adverbs
The collection of all adverbs. Adverbs are words
which can modify adverbs, verbs, or adjectives. Many adverbs
are morphologically derived from adjectives. Example: `slowly'.
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advertising events
A collection of #$CommunicationAct-Singles. In an
#$Advertising event, someone is communicating, to potential
customers of an #$Agent, the desire of that agent to do
business with those customers (either to `do business'
in general or to sell them something specific.
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affection
A feeling of fondness for someone or something.
Sympathy, liking, warmth, tenderness. This is a
#$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see
#$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes
than #$Affection are #$Love, #$Passion, etc.
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afternoons
An #$Afternoon is the daily #$Event where the
#$Sun moves from its `highest' position in the daily
cycle and `sets' or becomes a #$MidnightSun, i.e from
noon till #$Sunset or #$MidnightSun. A #$Midday overlaps
the start of an #$Afternoon, and an #$Evening is
#$contiguousAfter an #$Afternoon (except when there is a
#$MidnightSun in which case a #$Morning is contiguously
after the #$Afternoon). Each #$Afternoon is
#$temporallyFinishedBy a #$Sunset or #$MidnightSun.
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agents
In the #$FunctionalRoleAnalysisMt an #$Agent is
defined quite simply as any temporally extended thing that
plays one or more functional roles in some #$FunctionalSystem.
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agent - generic
#$Agent-Generic is the collection of all agents,
or things (like #$Animals, #$Robots, #$DivineBeings, etc.)
that have desires and intentions and the presumed ability to
act on them. An instance of this collection may be an
instance of #$AgentiveArtifact or #$Agent (but not both).
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agentive artifact
#$AgentiveArtifact is the collection of all
artifacts (created by instances of #$Agent) that commonly
possess (at least) the apparent ability to make decisions
and commence actions more or less independently of those
agents. The distinction here is conventional; a certain
functional sophistication possessed by instances of
#$Artifact that are 'not really living agents'
seems to mirror that possessed by 'living agents'.
This sense of agency derives from ability or function the
artifact possesses, namely the ability to commence actions,
independently of agents, based on some internal calculation
or deliberation. Example subcollections include #$Computer,
#$Robot, #$TrojanHorseComputerProgram.
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agentive nouns
The collection of all nouns in the agentive form.
Agentive nouns usually denote the `doer' or
`performer' of some action, and often end in `-er'
or `-or'. Example: `runner'.
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agility
#$Agility is the #$ScriptPerformanceAttributeType
for describing actions in which the performer's whole
body moves precisely and in a well-coordinated fashion.
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agreements
A collection of `objects' with temporal
extent. Each element of #$Agreement involves two or more
parties, who agree that certain propositions should be true.
Making the propositions true may require some action or
commitment of wealth on the part of one or more of the
#$agreeingAgents. Thus, elements of #$Agreement will
usually involve some instances of #$Obligation. Note:
Elements of #$Agreement and #$Obligation differ, however, in
that an #$obligatedAgent is responsible for the truth of all
of the propositions in an obligation. In an agreement, some
agents may not be responsible for all of the propositions in
the agreement being true. For example, in a loan agreement,
the borrower agrees to give the lender back the money, but
the borrower is the only #$obligatedAgent for the repayment.
Note that #$obligatedAgents need not be among the
#$agreeingAgents in the agreement that involves or generates
the obligation. For example, the Board of Directors of
XYZCorporation may agree that some non-director will assume
the post and duties of President of XYZCorporation.
Moreover, #$agreeingAgents aren't always
obligatedAgents; e.g., Wanda and Paul may agree that Paul
alone is obligated to do some task. Examples include
instances of #$PeaceAccord, #$LegalAgreement,
#$InformalAgreement, #$BusinessPartnershipAgreement,
#$WorkAgreement, #$SalesAgreement, #$MaintenanceAgreement,
#$Reservation, #$Appointment, etc.
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agreement note
Elements of #$Agreement (and of its subsets) are
#$Microtheory instances containing propositions representing
what some number of parties have agreed upon. An #$Agreement
may contain a set of #$Obligations on the part of one or
more of the parties. An #$Agreement may also be just a set
of beliefs that the parties have decided to share. To
indicate which propositions are true in an #$Agreement,
regardless of whether they are true in reality, use
#$ist-Agreement. (#$ist-Agreement AGREEMENT PROP) means that
PROP is a #$ELSentence-Assertible expressing something that
was agreed upon in AGREEMENT. Other relevant vocabulary:
(#$agreeingAgents AGREEMENT AGENT) means that AGENT is one
of the parties agreeing to AGREEMENT. (#$subAgreements
AGREEMENT1 AGREEMENT2) means that AGREEMENT2 is a part of
(is included in) AGREEMENT1. (#$governedByAgreement ACTION
AGREEMENT) means that ACTION is governed by the terms of
AGREEMENT. (#$agreementForbids AGREEMENT AGENT ACTION-TYPE
ROLE) means that AGREEMENT forbids AGENT to play ROLE in
elements of ACTION-TYPE. (#$agreementRequires AGREEMENT
AGENT ACTION-TYPE ROLE) means that AGREEMENT requires AGENT
to play ROLE in at least one element of ACTION-TYPE.
(#$agreementPeriod AGREEMENT TIME) means that AGREEMENT is
considered to be true during the time period TIME.
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ailments
The most general collection of ailment events; a
subset of #$PhysiologicalCondition, and a subset of #$Event.
An instance of #$AilmentCondition is a dynamic state of
sickness, injury, or physiological impairment. Having an
ailment is an event: it has temporal aspects, it progresses
dynamically, etc., it is not just `being in some static
state of un-wellness.' Some subsets of
#$AilmentCondition are: #$RespiratoryAilment,
#$HeartCondition, #$Cancer, #$MotionSickness, #$Poisoning,
#$Infection, #$InjuryCondition. If a particular person
suffers from asthma, that is an element of
#$AilmentCondition. Each #$AilmentCondition is a state of
actual, developed sickness or impairment, rather than the
event of getting sick or becoming impaired. Also note that
each type of ailment, such as #$Asthma, is the set of all
`cases' or `instances' of individuals suffering
from that condition.
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air
A collection of tangibles; a subset of
#$GaseousTangibleThing. Each element of #$Air is one
`piece' among all the portions of the atmosphere of the
Earth, considered as a substance present in various places,
in various quantities, under various pressures, etc.
Examples: the AirInAustin; the stuffy air in my office; the
thin air atop Annapurna. See also
#$TheAtmosphereQuaSinglePieceOfStuff, which is all ambient
#$Air on the planet taken as a single object.
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air forces
A collection of military organizations. An
element of #$AirForce is a military organization, modern or
historical, composed mainly of airborne forces: bombers,
fighters, torpedo planes, parachute troops, surveillance
aircraft, etc., and having the function of defending or
attacking air space, ships, or ground targets.
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air force people
A collection of people, a subset of
#$MilitaryPerson. Each element of this collection is
somebody who works for an #$AirForce.
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air respiration
A collection of activities constituting a natural
#$PhysiologicalFunction; #$AirRespiration is the collection
of all #$Respiration events in which an organism trades some
of the carbon dioxide in its tissues for oxygen from the atmosphere.
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aircraft
In the #$ModernMilitaryVehiclesMt,
#$AirTransportationDevice parallels the military concept of
'air platform'; namely, an air vehicle commonly
used in military operations to transport weapons, goods, or
personnel by air.
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airlines
The collection of all air transportation
companies. An element of #$AirlineCompany is a
#$TransportationCompany that operates airplanes to transport
goods or people in exchange for money.
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airplanes
The collection of all heavier-than-air,
self-powered flying machines (excluding cruise missiles)
that get their lift while flying from #$AirplaneWings. Thus,
#$Helicopters are excluded because the lift is caused by
rotors. A borderline case are planes that take-off
vertically, using a turbojet engine, so initially the lift
is not due to their wings. In flight, however, such planes
will need their wings to stay up in the air.
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runways
An airstrip, at an airport, on an aircraft
carrier, or in some field, upon which airplanes taxi, take
off, and land.
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airports
The collection of all airfields, where airplanes
take off and land. An #$Airport-Physical definitely has a
runway, may or may not have any other buildings. If
it's the grounds of an #$AirportOrganization, some of
those other features will be present.
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airports
A collection of organizations. An element of
#$AirportOrganization is an organization that manages and
controls particular airports and their appurtenant
facilities; e.g., #$LaGuardiaAirport-Organization.
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alertness
#$Alertness is an #$AnimalPhysiologicalAttribute
which specifies how sleepy or alert an animal is. Levels of
#$Alertness include #$Asleep, #$Sleepy, and #$Awake.
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allergic reactions
A collection of dynamic, physiological states. An
instance of #$AllergicReaction is an event in which an
organism which is exposed to a particular substance (e.g.,
pollen, mold) develops some abnormality or impairment of its
physiological condition as a result of interacting with the
substance. Allergic reactions to some types of substances
occur widely in members of a species; e.g.,
#$PoisonIvyPoisoning in humans. But other allergic
reactions affect only a small proportion of a species, such
as human allergies to penicillin. This concept is the set
of events in which allergic reactions are `taking
place', not abstract unrealized potential situations
such as `John is allergic to milk.' I.e., if John were
allergic to milk, and he drank some, and then proceeded to
have a whopping bad allergic reaction, that latter event
would be an element of #$AllergicReaction.
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forever
The interval of time which encompasses all time.
In more general MTs we remain agnostic as to whether this
time interval has either a beginning or an end, but if it
does, #$Always-TimeInterval begins when time itself begins
and ends only when time ends completely. Every other
instance of #$TimeInterval is a #$timeSlices of
#$Always-TimeInterval.
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ambulances
The collection of all RoadVehicles that are
equipped primarily for transporting wounded, injured or sick persons.
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amphibians
The collection of all #$Organism-Wholes which are
members of the #$BiologicalClass Amphibia, being a
specialization of #$Vertebrate. Members of this class are
smooth skinned #$Vertebrates which hatch from eggs to form
aquatic larvae [see #$Larva]. These larvae metamorphose
into an air-breathing adult [see AirBreathingVertebrate]
(normally) having #$Lungs. Subsets of this collection
include #$Frogs and #$Salamanders.
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anatomical vessel
The collection of all anatomical vessels in
#$Animals. Instances of this collection are tubular animal
tissue which acts as a conduit for body fluids or substances
passing into or out of the body.
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anesthesia
A collection of events; a subset of #$DrugTherapy
(q.v.). In an instance of #$Anesthesia, a
#$BiologicalLivingObject undergoes the effect of some
instance of #$Anesthetic, the effect of which is to
eliminate the perception of pain. #$Anesthesia events occur
in connection with other medical care events, so that a
patient will not feel the pain or discomfort that would
otherwise be associated with those medical procedures.
#$Anesthetics are of various chemical kinds, work in various
ways, and can be administered in various ways. They may
topically numb an area, they may poison the central nervous
system to the point where the animal loses consciousness,
etc. The resulting anesthetic therapies thus may differ,
according to the type of anesthetic used; for example, the
patient may or may not be conscious during an instance of
#$Anesthesia. See also #$AdministeringADrug.
c0fd53a3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
outrages
Intense feeling of displeasure and usually of
antagonism. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation
of that, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized
#$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Anger include #$Belligerence, etc.
bd58c448-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
angles
A subset of #$GeometricThing. Each element of
#$Angle is formed by two lines diverging from the same point
or two surfaces diverging from the same line. Examples
include spatially localized objects, such as the angle
formed by the intersection of two walls, and abstract
objects, such as the angle formed by the intersection of two
(abstract) lines.
bd61bd87-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
angular acceleration rate
#$AngularAccelerationRate is the rate at which the
#$RateOfRotation of an object changes.It is a measurable
physical quantity, measured in units such as radians per
second per second.
bd59080e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
animals
The collection of all animals; this large class of
organisms is one instance of #$BiologicalKingdom. Animals
are typically motile, living, whole organisms; they are
elements of #$Heterotroph, incapable of performing instances
of #$Photosynthesis. Animal cells contain cholesterol and
lack cell walls made of cellulose. #$Person is a subset of
#$Animal; see also #$NonPersonAnimal.
bd58b031-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
activities
A collection of events. Each element of
#$AnimalActivity is an action whose performer(s) (see
#$doneBy) belong to the collection #$Animal.
bd588daa-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
animal body parts
The subset of #$BiologicalLivingObject which
includes all the elements of #$Animal and of
#$AnimalBodyPart and #$AnimalBodyRegion.
c0fe0761-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
body parts
The collection of all the anatomical parts and
physical regions of all living animals; a subset of
#$OrganismPart. Each element of #$AnimalBodyPart is a piece
of some live animal and thus is itself an instance of
#$BiologicalLivingObject. #$AnimalBodyPart includes both
highly localized organs (e.g., hearts) and physical systems
composed of parts distributed throughout an animal's
body (such as its circulatory system and nervous system).
By default, all elements of #$AnimalBodyPart are considered
a part (see #$anatomicalParts) of some instance of #$Animal.
However, there are exceptional cases, e.g., a severed limb,
hair which has fallen out, detached parts of dead animals,
blood which has poured out of a body.
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animal body part type
The collection of all the types of
#$AnimalBodyParts. An #$AnimalBodyPartType is a
characterization of body parts by structure and/or function.
Some elements of this collection include #$SpinalColumn,
#$Eyelash, #$NervousSystem, #$Urethra,
#$Wing-AnimalBodyPart, #$HeelOfPalm, etc. As can be seen
from those examples, #$AnimalBodyPartType is not organized
along species/order/class/phylum/... taxonomic lines.
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animal body region
The set of parts of an animal's body that one
might point to, operate on, photograph, transplant, etc. So
this is a collection of (conceptual) spatial subdivisions of
the bodies of #$Animals, generally contiguous and having
some more or less clear boundary. Some elements of this
collections are Einstein's head, #$SantasBeard, and
Babe Ruth's right arm. Other elements of this set are
what might be considered unhealthy body regions, such as a
blister, a puncture wound, a bruise, etc. -- but those are
still clearly a part of an animal's body, can be
pointed to, photographed, bandaged up, etc. Note that
this concept is quite different from an animal body
`system' (such as the lymph system, the nervous system,
etc.) which comprises a small portion of an animal's
total mass but is distributed throughout the animal's
body -- see #$AnimalBodyPart. (At the naive, commonsense
level of physiology, and for almost all purposes, it is
perfectly acceptable to conceptualize Santa's beard as
one #$AnimalBodyRegion, and the same for Farrah
Fawcett's hair, etc. A borderline case of this is:
Cher's fingernails. In some contexts, one would treat
those as an #$AnimalBodyRegion, and in other contexts one
would treat them as ten separate #$AnimalBodyRegions.)
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migrations
The collection of regular, species-linked
movements of an animal or group of animals from one place to
another, usually with a return to the starting point after a
certain period of time. In some species, the migration
cycle occurs once in a lifetime, while others migrate
annually on a seasonal basis. Migration is typically
linked with an animal's reproductive cycle (as in
salmon), but may also involve seasonal relocation to a more
hospitable climate and/or more plentiful food supply. For
example, many birds exhibit seasonal migration; e.g., native
Northeastern U.S. birds that spend their winters in the
Southern U.S.
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physiological attributes of animals
The broadest collection of attributes of #$Animals
that describe the physiological aspects of an animal,
including its physiological (1) capacities, (2) conditions,
and (3) states. Examples include: (1) Capacities:
#$Fertile, #$HearingImpaired, #$Paraplegic; (2) Conditions:
#$Anemic, #$AthleticPhysicalBuild; (3) States:
#$Intoxicated, #$Injured, #$Inflamed.
#$PlantPhysiologicalAttributes, such as #$InBloom, are excluded.
bd58a577-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
animal sounds
A collection of information bearing things (IBTs);
a subset of #$InformationBearingWavePropagation. Each
element of #$AnimalSound is a sound of a type which
originally was, and typically is, made by an animal using
just its body parts (though such a sound may subsequently
have been reproduced by imitation or recording). For
example, instances of #$Birdsong, #$NeighingSound,
#$PurringSound, #$BarkingSound, #$BrayingSound. Note that
the restriction to sounds produced by body parts alone
excludes noises produced by moving external objects; i.e.,
#$AnimalSound does NOT include rustling the leaves
underfoot, splashing water, or playing a musical instrument.
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animal walking processes
The collection of instances of #$Walking-Generic
in which the #$locomotor is an #$Animal.
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climates
A collection of events. Each element of
#$AnnualClimateCycle is an extended event, one year in
length, which encompasses #$subEvents describing the
changing of the seasons. Subsets include
#$TemperateClimateCycle, #$HumidSubtropicalClimateCycle,
etc. See also the comments on #$ClimateCycleType, #$hasClimateType.
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annual event type
A collection of collections. The instances of an
element of #$AnnualEventType are synchronized with the
calendar. If ?X is an #$AnnualEventType, then one occurs
each year. For example, #$ChristmasHoliday is an
#$AnnualEventType, because one occurs each year,
synchronized with the calendar.
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anti symmetric binary predicate
A collection of predicates; the subset of
#$BinaryPredicate whose elements represent antisymmetric
relations. A predicate F is an element of
#$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate if and only if F is a binary
predicate and, if both (F X Y) and (F Y X) hold, then X=Y,
for every X,Y within the domain and range of F. For
example, #$greaterThanOrEqualTo, #$compatibleBloodTypes.
Note this additional restriction: A Cyc predicate F can be
an element of #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate only if the
type (i.e., arg-Isa) constraint applicable to F's first
argument is not disjoint with the type constraint applicable
to F's second argument. See also #$NoteOnArgumentTypingAndPropertiesOfRelations.
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anti transitive binary predicate
A collection of predicates; the subset of
#$BinaryPredicate whose elements represent anti-transitive
relations. A predicate F is an element of
#$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate if and only if F is a binary
predicate and, for every X,Y,Z in the domain of F, (#$not
(#$and (F X Y)(F Y Z)(F X Z))). Note this additional
restriction: A Cyc predicate F can be an element of
#$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate only if the type (i.e.,
arg-Isa) constraint applicable to F's first argument is
not disjoint with the type constraint applicable to F's
second argument. See also #$NoteOnArgumentTypingAndPropertiesOfRelations.
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expectancies
Emotion accompanying an expectation of something
pleasant in the foreseeable future. This is a collection;
for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see
#$Happiness.
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apathy
A lack of interest or concern. If someone is
feeling some measure of #$Apathy, then they typically will
have little or no response to things normally expected to
excite emotion or interest. This is a #$Collection --- for
an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. A related
#$FeelingAttributeType is #$Boredom.
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appendages
The collection of all appendages of #$Animals. An
appendage is an #$AnimalBodyPart that is connected to, and
extends from, the animal's #$Torso (or else from
another of its appendages, such as a hand extending from an
arm). Each appendage is used by the #$Animal for one or
more functions; altogether, appendages serve a wide variety
of functions such as locomotion, manipulation, sensing,
fighting, scratching, heat dissipation, balance, etc.
Appendages are not crucial for the life of the animal, thus
a #$Neck-AnimalBodyPart or #$Head-AnimalBodyPart is not
considered to be an appendage.
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appropriations
A collection of events; a subset of
#$TakingSomething and of #$GainingUserRights. In an
instance of #$AppropriatingSomething, an #$Agent takes
something that no one else has user rights over, such as air
for breathing, or some object which at that time belongs to
no one (e.g.,a dime lying in the street). Note: The English
verb `appropriate' can also mean to take something away
from someone else, against their will and wrongfully, but
that is not what is meant here. For that, see #$Stealing-Generic.
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sanctions
The emotion of viewing positively a state of
affairs or other agent's actions. This is a
collection; for an explanation of a typical
#$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness.
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April
The collection of all Aprils, the fourth month
of the year in the #$JulianCalendar.
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aquatic organisms
The collection of organisms adapted to life
underwater, which spend all or most of their time immersed
in water. This includes the elements of #$Fish, also many
instances of #$Mollusk, #$SeaMammal, etc.
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Arabic
A Semitic language spoken by a large number of
people in North Africa and the Middle East.
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arc shaped
The instance of #$ShapeAttribute held by those
things whose shape is described with the arc of some segment
of a circle. For instance, a section of the equator would
be described as arc shaped.
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areas
A collection of physical attributes. Each element
of #$Area is an amount of two-dimensional space, i.e., a
surface. Elements of #$Area may be either a fixed interval,
such as the area of a rectangle 5 cm x 10 cm, or a range,
such as the area of a city lot. See #$UnitOfArea for the
units used by Cyc to measure areas.
bd58c301-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
arg genl attribute binary predicate
Those instances of both #$ArgTypeBinaryPredicate
and #$ArgGenlAttributePredicate used to specify the required
attribute of an argument of #$Relation. Each instance PRED
of this collection is a binary predicate with the following
properties: ARG1 is an instance of #$Relation, and ARG2 is
an instance of #$AttributeValue. (PRED ARG1 ARG2) means
that some argument of ARG1 is constrained to be a spec
attribute of ARG2, where PRED determines the argument place
in question.
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arg genl attribute ternary predicate
Those instances of both #$ArgTypeTernaryPredicate
and #$ArgGenlAttributePredicate used to specify the required
#$genlAttributes of an argument of a #$Relation; the arg1 is
the Relation; the arg2 is the argument constrained; the arg3
is the required #$genlAttributes #$AttributeValue.
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arg genl binary predicate
Those instances of both #$BinaryPredicate and
#$ArgGenlPredicate used to specify the required #$genls of
an argument of a #$Relation; the arg1 is the #$Relation; the
arg2 is the required #$genls #$Collection.
bf1eedc8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
arg genl ternary predicate
Those instances of both #$TernaryPredicate and
#$ArgGenlPredicate used to specify the required #$genls of
an argument of a #$Relation; the arg1 is the Relation; the
arg2 is the argument constrained; the arg3 is the required
#$genls #$Collection.
bd97e378-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
arg isa binary predicate
Those instances of both #$BinaryPredicate and
#$ArgIsaPredicate used to specify the required #$isa of an
argument of a #$Relation; the arg1 is the #$Relation; the
arg2 is the required #$isa #$Collection.
bfa4fe8c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
arg isa ternary predicate
Those instances of both #$TernaryPredicate and
#$ArgIsaPredicate used to specify the required #$isa of an
argument of a #$Relation; the arg1 is the #$Relation; the
arg2 is the argument constrained; the arg3 is the required
#$isa #$Collection.
bfedab5d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
arg type binary predicate
Those instances of both #$BinaryPredicate and
#$ArgTypePredicate used to specify the required #$isa or
#$genls or #$genlAttributes of an argument of a #$Relation;
the arg1 is the #$Relation; the arg2 is the required type, a
#$Collection or #$AttributeValue.
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arg type ternary predicate
Those instances of both #$TernaryPredicate and
#$ArgTypePredicate used to specify the required #$isa or
#$genls or #$genlAttributes of an argument of a #$Relation;
the arg1 is the Relation; the arg2 is the argument
constrained; the arg3 is the required type: a #$Collection
or an #$AttributeValue.
c00a42b9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
argument type checking - f o r t svs non reified n a
t s
Arg-type checking imposes somewhat weaker
constraints on non-reified function terms than it does for
forts (first order reified terms). Specifically,
non-reified terms are required only to be consistent with
arg-isa and arg-genls constraints using disjointness
reasoning constraint is satisfied when no disjointness
violation can be found. This is significantly weaker than
the constraints imposed on forts: forts must provably
satisfy applicable arg-isa and arg-genl constraints using
isa and genls reasoning.
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arms
The collection of all animal arms. An #$Arm of an
animal is one of its #$AnimalBodyParts, more particularly
one of its appendages, a limb which it uses for manipulation
moreso than for locomotion. A #$Hand is considered part of
an #$Arm.
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arm movement
The collection of any movements of an arm that are
generated by the #$Animal whose arm it is, through nerve
impulses to the arm. Physically, an #$ArmMovement involves
movement of the upper arm or elbow in relation to the body
to which it is attached.
bd58a69d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
regular armies
The collection of all modern nation-states'
armies (the whole branch of service). This sense of
'army' is different from an 'Army' or
'Army Group' in the sense of a military unit. It
is customary to refer to very large military units in the
fields as 'armies', e.g. the American 5th Army in
the European Theater in WWII. This is not the sense being
referred to here--'the Army' itself is intended.
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army people
A collection of people, a subset of
#$MilitaryPerson. Each element of this collection is
somebody who works for an #$Army-BranchOfSevice.
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arrests
A collection of events. In an instance of
#$ArrestingSomeone, a law enforcement officer arrests
another person, who is thereupon taken into custody (#$HeldCaptive).
bd66906e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
works of art
A collection of information bearing objects
(IBOs). Each element of #$ArtObject is a tangible object
that is a work, or a reproduction of a work, in one of the
representational or plastic arts, such as a painting,
sculpture, ceramic piece, quilt, stained glass composition,
etc. #$ArtObject does NOT include plays, movies, music,
performance art, or other activities. #$ArtObject is a
subset of #$InformationBearingObject, but its elements need
not have propositional content, although they may. Examples
of #$ArtObject: the #$StatueOfLiberty, the Mona Lisa, a
poster reproduction of Van Gogh's `Starry Night',
Rodin's `Burghers of Calais', a piece of Ju ware
from the Sung Dynasty, the windows of Chartres Cathedral, a
series of prints by Picasso.
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arthropods
An instance of #$BiologicalPhylum whose
#$taxonMembers include (mostly) the numerous collections of
chitin-armored invertebrates that have jointed bodies and
limbs, e.g., insects, spiders, crustaceans, etc.
bd58b048-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
artifacts
A collection of tangible things. An instance of
#$Artifact is a tangible which was more or less
intentionally created by an #$Agent (or a group of #$Agents
working together) to serve some purpose or perform some
function. By `created', we don't require that the
matter itself be created, it is often just the result of
some sort of assemblage or modification process, such as a
wooden flute that's been whittled from a tree branch, a
sawhorse that's been put together out of boards and
nails, a coin that's been minted by embossing or by
melting liquid silver into a mold, etc. Let's
consider some positive and negative examples. In addition
to the obvious human artifacts (buildings, tools, textiles,
power lines), this collection includes certain sorts of
things made by #$Animals, such as bird nests, termite
mounds, and beaver dams. Something which just barely
squeaks through the intended meaning of this concept is
#$YaleUniversity. In addition to the abstract legal entity,
it consists of a set of physical buildings, furnishings,
etc. By contrast, an organization that had no headquarters
building, equipment, tangible property, etc. would not be an
artifact. Similarly, a fictional character such as Tom
Sawyer is not an artifact (in the context of the story, Tom
is not an artifact because he is a real boy; in the context
of the real world, Tom is not an artifact because he has no
tangible component whatsoever.) While some artifacts may
be alive, or contain living subparts, we do not intend this
collection to encompass all organisms which resulted from
normal biological reproductive processes. Your child is not
an artifact. If you do an oil painting of a house that is
an artifact, but much more borderline is what you get if you
take a rock and just paint it a solid color, say white. In
general that won't be an artifact unless it serves some
purpose, such as marking the shoulder of a roadway, but more
questionable cases are if the purpose of the white rock is
just `to be sold as art' or `to look pretty.' The
white rock might thus be an artifact in certain contexts,
but not in others. Not every instance of #$Path-Generic
(q.v.) is necessarily an instance of #$Artifact. For
example, some channels used for navigation may not be
artifacts, because even though they are marked with human
artifacts (i.e., channel markers) as locations where ships
may safely travel, the channel itself may have been a
naturally occurring pre-existing thing -- e.g., the
#$EnglishChannel. If a #$ChannelOrStrait were produced or
maintained only by constant dredging, it might count as an
artifact. By contrast, each #$Canal, such as #$SuezCanal,
is almost certain to be an #$Artifact. See also #$Product.
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artifact - non agentive
#$Artifact-NonAgentive is the collection of all
artifacts that in no plausible, literal sense may be
considered to have a kind of agency in ordinary,
non-fictional, straightforward contexts -- i.e. they are not
instances of #$Agent-Generic. (Exceptions within
metaphorical, fanciful, or fictional context could supersede
membership in this collection: when someone says, 'My
hairdryer hates me', the hairdryer would not be an
instance of #$Artifact-NonAgentive in that special context.)
Example subcollections: #$StoneStuff, #$Air, #$Tooth,
#$Caffeine. #$AgentiveArtifacts like #$Robots are excluded.
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artificial substances
A collection of substances; a subset of
#$Artifact. An instance of #$ArtificialMaterial is a
portion of artificial stuff that was intentionally made by
some agent(s), such as #$Plastic or #$SweetNLow. Since
#$ArtificialMaterials are intentionally produced, this class
does not normally include materials which are merely
#$byProducts or #$wasteProducts of an intentional process.
However, what is a byproduct at one time or in one context
may be a useful material that would count as an instance of
#$ArtificialMaterial in another.
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asleep
#$Asleep is the #$Alertness attribute of being
asleep. #$Asleep is a specialization of #$Unconscious.
(#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1776) (#$alertnessLevel RipVanWinkle #$Asleep)).
bd58a6ff-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
associative relation
An important subset of #$Relation. Each element
RELN of #$AssociativeRelation is a relationship such that
the expressions (RELN A (RELN B C)) and (RELN (RELN A B) C)
both have the same value or meaning; e.g., #$PlusFn,
#$TimesFn, #$or, #$and. More generally, the truth of an
asserted associative relation is unaffected by any change
from one well-formed parenthesization of its use (on a given
sequence of arguments) to another.
c14862c2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
astronomical objects
A collection of tangibles. Each element of
#$AstronomicalObject is an object of interest to
astronomers, which includes the Earth along with other
objects in outer space. Some, but not all, elements of
#$AstronomicalObject belong to #$CelestialObject, the
collection of heavenly bodies visible from earth. Examples:
#$Polaris-TheStar, the #$Sun, #$PlanetSaturn. See also: #$HeavenlyBody.
bd58d178-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
asymmetric binary predicate
A collection of predicates; the subset of
#$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate whose elements represent
asymmetric relations. A predicate F is an element of
#$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate if and only if F is a binary
predicate and (F X Y) implies (#$not (F Y X)). For example,
#$northOf, #$children, #$greaterThan, #$overrides. Note
this additional restriction: A Cyc predicate F can be an
element of #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate only if the type
(i.e., arg-Isa) constraint applicable to F's first
argument is not disjoint with the type constraint applicable
to F's second argument. See also #$NoteOnArgumentTypingAndPropertiesOfRelations.
bd6561fc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
mental events
A collection of events. Each event that is an
instance of #$AtLeastPartiallyMentalEvent has an actor or
group of actors (see #$actors) whose mental functions are
involved. The collection includes such things as dreaming,
perceiving, sensing, theorizing about something, having a
realization, making a decision, building, designing
something, and consciously carrying out a task. Some of
those examples are actions as well as events (see #$doneBy
or #$performedBy). Note that the above list includes both
purposeful events and non-purposeful events that involve
mental functions. Note also that any event that has a
mental component is also an instance of this collection so
that events like preparing lunch would be classified as
instances of #$AtLeastPartiallyMentalEvent. It is almost
always possible and preferable to use one of the specs of
#$AtLeastPartiallyMentalEvent. If an event seems mostly
mental in nature, modulo neurons firing and related brain
activity, use #$StrictlyMentalEvent or one of its specs. If
it essentially involves both mental and physical activity,
see #$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent or
#$PurposefulCompositePhysicalAndMentalActivity. For mental
events that are intentionally and purposefully performed,
see the subset #$PurposefulMentalActivity.
bd588615-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
athletes
A collection of persons. Each element of
#$Athlete is a person who trains to compete in contests
involving physical agility, stamina, or strength. In the
#$JobMt, #$Athlete is a subset of #$Professional (q.v.), and
hence in that microtheory represents the collection of
professional athletes.
bd58befb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
athletic activities
Any athletic activity, i.e. one which involves
physical exertion and tends to require strength and stamina.
Not just limited to competitive sports events. Also
includes spelunking, or going for a jog, or shooting a
few hoops.
be01fe5d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
the Atlantic Ocean
The main body of salt water primarily in the
#$WesternHemisphere-Region, bordering on five #$Continents
(or three #$TrueContinents -- Western coasts of Europe and
Africa, Antarctica, Eastern coasts of North and South America).
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atoms
A collection of microscopic-scale objects. Each
instance of #$Atom has one atomic nucleus and some number of
electrons. As a default, we assume that an instance of
#$Atom has no net charge, i.e., that it has as many
instances of #$Electrons as it does of #$Protons in its
#$AtomicNucleus; but note there are exceptions, e.g., those
which are instances of #$Ion.
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nuclei
A collection of objects; a subset of
#$MicroscopicScaleObject. Each instance of #$AtomicNucleus
is an object composed of some definite number of instances
of #$Proton and some definite number of instances of
#$Neutron. Instances of the collection #$Atom are each
composed of one member of #$AtomicNucleus and some number of electrons.
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attribute type
A collection of collections. Each element of
#$AttributeType is a collection of attributes. Each element
of #$AttributeType is a subset of #$AttributeValue (q.v.).
Examples include #$SensoryAttribute, #$BodyPartPosition,
#$OrientationAttribute, #$SecurityClearanceLevel,
#$ComputerVideoResolution, #$ForceVector, and many more.
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attributes
The set of all attributes represented in Cyc.
#$AttributeValue includes quantities, such as 5 inches
(i.e., (#$Inch 5)) or 1000 dollars per year (i.e.,
(#$DollarsPerYear 1000)), as well as qualities like #$Hilly,
#$Rough, #$DeviceOn, etc., which can be used to make
assertions about the state of some tangible object.
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sounds
A collection of events; a subset of #$Sound. Each
element of #$AudibleSound is a sound within the #$Frequency
range of human hearing.
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audio-communicating events
A collection of information transfer events; a
subset of #$Communicating. Each element of
#$AudioCommunicating is a transmission of sound-borne
information between two (or more) agents; e.g., talking,
clapping, or performing music.
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August
The collection of all Augusts, the eighth month
of the year in the #$JulianCalendar.
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Australia
Australia, the country that occupies the
#$ContinentOfAustralia (and also #$TasmaniaIslandAustralia)
dividing the eastern #$IndianOcean from the southwestern
#$PacificOcean. In the #$DualistGeopoliticalMt, this
constant includes both physical and political aspects of Australia.
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authorized agreements
The collection of generic agreements that are
authorized by one of the agreeing parties (typically by the
issuer of the document embodying the agreement).
#$AuthorizedAgreements are generic in the sense that their
authorizing agents are party to many similar agreements; for
that reason, an #$AuthorizedAgreement is typically given a
unique identification number. Examples: bank accounts,
driver's licenses, stock certificates.
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car dealerships
Each instance is an establishment (an organization
located at one site) that sells automobiles and other types
of road vehicles to consumers.
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cars
A collection of transportation devices -- those
commonly known as `passenger cars.' An instance of
#$Automobile is an element of #$RoadVehicle which was
designed for carrying about 4 passengers (give or take a
factor of 2). In addition to midsize cars, #$Automobile
includes elements belonging to the subsets #$SportsCar,
#$PickupTruck and #$Van. This collection does NOT include
motorcycles, buses, tractors, etc.
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awake
#$Awake is the #$Alertness attribute of being awake.
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backs
The collection of all the entire back sides (as
conventionally understood) of all objects that have distinct
#$Sides, one of which faces in the backwards direction.
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backward - assertion direction
The backward direction for Cyc assertions; the
assertion is not forward propagated.
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baked
The attribute #$Baked is a specialized form of
#$Cooked. Food that is #$Baked has been prepared in an
event of #$BakingFood, using a $#RegularOven.
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baking food
A collection of events in which food is baked in a
#$RegularOven. After an event of #$BakingFood, the food
involved has been #$Baked.
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balconies
A specialization of #$LevelOfAConstruction whose
instances are balconies in the style of those overhanging
levels sometimes found in churches, theatres, etc. Such
balconies are often approximately one-third the size of the
floor or level below them, and therefore can be considered
legitimate levels themselves. They usually contain a mob of
seats. Note that this collection does _not_ include the
kind of balcony that protrudes from a window or door on an
already existing level. See also
#$AboveGroundLevelInAConstruction and #$BasementLevelInAConstruction.
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Bangladesh
Country near the eastern end of the Indian
subcontinent, separated from #$Nepal by a narrow corridor
of #$India, and sharing part of its border with #$Burma.
Considered a part of India's territory during the
period of British colonial rule.
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debit cards
A collection of official `documents'. Each
element of #$BankDebitCard is a plastic card that enables
the holder to access the account with which the card is
associated; typically used to withdraw funds from the
account. Cf. #$CreditCard.
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barters
The collection of transactions between two
#$Agents in which one #$Agent gives items or services to
another #$Agent, and the other #$Agent gives items or
services in return, and neither of the items or services is
money, credit, or payment of money.
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base k b
#$BaseKB is the most general #$Microtheory
currently in use. Assertions in this context are
`accessible' from any other #$Microtheory via the
#$genlMt relation. In the partial order of microtheories,
all microtheories have access to #$BaseKB. An assertion
which is true here will by default be true in every context.
The `content' of #$BaseKB consists of very general
assertions which are expected to be usable in most or all
applications of Cyc, as well as Cyc's most fundamental
assertions that it uses in inference, and all completely
universal, timeless truths.
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basements
A specialization of #$LevelOfAConstruction whose
instances are below ground level. See also
#$AboveGroundLevelInAConstruction and #$BalconyLevelInAConstruction.
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battles
The collection of events in which two or more
large groups of #$Persons meet and fight one another, each
group seeking to vanquish (some of) the others. #$Battles
are often conducted by #$MilitaryOrganizations, and they may
influence the outcomes of #$WagingWar. A #$Battle will have
as #$subEvents at least two #$PhysicallyAttackingAnAgent
events, in which one of the fighting groups attacks the other.
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beam shaped
The attribute shared by all objects that have the
attribute #$Rectangular3DShaped and for which one dimension
is many times greater than the other two dimensions.
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Belgium
Belgium, a small #$IndependentCountry in the west
of the #$ContinentOfEurope. It is a kingdom. The constant
includes the nation of Belgium as it has existed throughout
time, including both its physical and its political aspects.
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systems of belief
The collection of ideologies (systems of belief)
in terms of which an agent characterizes (i.e., makes sense
of) their world. Elements of this set include:
#$VegetarianBeliefs, #$GermanNaziIdeology,
#$RepublicanPartyIdeology, #$CommunistIdeology,
#$PacifistIdeology, #$Atheism, etc. See also #$ConventionalClassificationSystem.
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belief system type
The collection of all the kinds of
#$BeliefSystems: religious, philosophical, political,
ethical, cultural, and scientific. Some elements of this
collection include #$Religion, #$PhilosophyBeliefs, etc.
The most general member of this set is #$BeliefSystems (qv).
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bendable
A physical attribute. #$Bendable is the
#$PhysicalStructuralAttribute of an object that tends to
stay in the contorted shape when contorted. Note: for
something to be bendable, it must be #$Flexible.
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Asamiya
Language spoken in the Indic area.
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bicycles
The collection of all bicycles, personal wheeled
transport devices powered by human peddling. Most Bicycles
have two main wheels arranged in-line, but some tandem
bicycles have more than two wheels.
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bidirected path system
An instance of #$PathSystemType-Structural and a
subcollection of #$Semi-DirectedPathSystem. For each
instance SYS of #$BidirectedPathSystem, every link in SYS is
given two directions.
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bilaterally symmetric object
The collection of objects which are symmetric on
both sides of a bisecting axis, as are most vertebrates.
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bills
A collection of documents. Each element of
#$Bill-PaymentRequest is a notification, demand, or request
made by a creditor (or its agent) to a debtor, for payment
of a debt previously incurred for some loan, goods, or
services. Examples: telephone bills, tax bills, department
store bills, cleaning bills, fuel bills.
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billing locations
A collection of places; a subset of
#$ContactLocation. Each element of #$BillingLocation is a
location to which invoices are sent. For most private
individuals, their billing location is their home address.
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binary function
#$BinaryFunction is the collection of all Cyc
functions which take two arguments.
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binary predicates
#$BinaryPredicate is the collection of all Cyc
predicates which take two arguments.
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binary relation
The collection of all #$Relations of arity 2 in
CycL. This collection was created in order to implement
automatic conclusion of arity for relations in CycL,
regardless of whether they are predicates or functions.
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bio deterioration resistance
A collection of attributes; a subset of
#$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of
#$BioDeteriorationResistance represents a specific capacity
of a tangible object to resist biological deterioration.
Degrees of #$BioDeteriorationResistance may be represented
using #$GenericValueFunctions. Indicate a particular
object's #$BioDeteriorationResistance with the
predicate #$resistanceToBioDeterioration.
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catabolisms
A collection of events. Each
#$BiologicalCatabolismEvent involve the destruction of
larger molecules. E.g., the degradation of glucose into
carbon dioxide and water, which releases energy used to make
ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
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classes
The collection of taxonomic subdivisions directly
under #$BiologicalPhylum (for animals and for the
animal-like organisms in the #$ProtistaKingdom), or
#$BiologicalDivision (for the plants and for the plant-like
organisms within the #$ProtistaKingdom).
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biological decomposition event
A collection of events. In each
#$BiologicalDecompositionEvent, some living structures are decomposed.
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biological destruction event
A collection of events. In each element of
#$BiologicalDestructionEvent, something is destroyed by some
element(s) of #$BiologicalLivingObject. For example,
#$DigestingInStomach is a subset of #$BiologicalDestructionEvent.
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biological development event
A collection of events, and a subset of
#$IntrinsicStateChangeEvents. In each
#$BiologicalDevelopmentEvent, one or more living things
undergo biological changes in which they progress from one
developmental stage to another. For example, the
germination of a seed, the opening of a flower, the pupating
of a caterpillar, a teenager reaching puberty. Some
borderline non-examples include: Groucho Marx being born,
Groucho Marx dying.
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divisions
The collection of main taxonomic subdivisions of
#$BiologicalKingdom (or #$BiologicalSubkingdom) for the
members of the #$MoneraKingdom (i.e., prokaryotes), #$Fungus
Kingdom, #$Plant Kingdom, and for the plant-like organisms
within the #$ProtistaKingdom. In the #$Animal Kingdom,
however, the main taxonomic subdivisions are elements of
#$BiologicalPhylum (q.v.) rather than #$BiologicalDivision.
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biological processes
An event in which a biological thing is a #$bodilyDoer.
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taxonomic families
The collection of biological taxonomic
subdivisions below #$BiologicalOrder (or
#$BiologicalSuborder) and above #$BiologicalGenus.
Especially important in Botanical classification.
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genera
The collection of biological taxonomic
subdivisions below #$BiologicalFamily and above
#$BiologicalSpecies. Sometimes, hybrids are possible
between different instances of #$BiologicalSpecies that
belong to the same #$BiologicalGenus.
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biological intake event
A collection of processes. In each element of
#$BiologicalIntakeEvent, some object(s) are taken into some
living structure.
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kingdoms
The collection of the highest, most general
taxonomic divisions of organisms. Traditionally, it has
included the elements of #$Animal and of #$Plant and may
include separate kingdoms for the elements of
#$ProkaryoticCell, single-celled eukaryotes (protists), and fungi.
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living things
A collection of all structures that are composed
of one or more living cells (see #$Cell). Biological living
objects (BLOs) may be either elements of #$Organism-Whole
(like dogs or pine trees) or are components of such whole
organisms (like noses, tails, and pine needles). The
healthy leg of a living person is a BLO (as is the person),
but an amputated leg is not a BLO. Every element of
#$BiologicalLivingObject is either capable of biological
reproduction itself or has components which are capable of
biological reproduction (such as the cells in a living arm).
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biological metabolism event
The collection of biological processes in which
substrates are converted into metabolites. The metabolites
may be more or less complex than the substrates.
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orders
The collection of biological taxonomic
subdivisions below #$BiologicalClass (or
#$BiologicalSubclass) and above #$BiologicalFamily.
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phyla
The collection of main taxonomic subdivisions of
#$BiologicalKingdom (or #$BiologicalSubkingdom if present)
for the #$Animal kingdom and for the animal-like organisms
within the #$ProtistaKingdom. The other elements of
#$BiologicalKingdom have divisions belonging to
#$BiologicalDivision instead of Phyla (Phyla is the plural
of Phylum).
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biological production event
A collection of events. In each element of
#$BiologicalProductionEvent, raw materials are combined to
produce a product, and some element(s) of
#$BiologicalLivingObject is the producer. E.g., the
production of honey by honeybees, the growth of a seedling
into a tree, the secretion of sweat by a marathon runner,
etc. Note: This is a very general collection, and for
most purposes one of its subsets will better capture what is intended.
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procreations
A collection of events. Each element of
#$BiologicalReproductionEvent is an event in which one or
more biological organisms (the #$parentActors) produce new
organisms (the #$offspringActors) generally of the same kind
as the parents.
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species
A collection of the lowest taxons
(#$BiologicalTaxon, q.v.) that are necessarily common to
both parents of fertile offspring, or, in the case of
asexual reproduction, necessarily common to parent and
child. Members of different species cannot produce fertile
offspring by interbreeding. An element of
#$BiologicalSpecies has members who all have significant
traits in common, and members of each biological species
have other members as parents. In biological taxonomy,
related species are grouped into a particular element of
#$BiologicalGenus (q.v.).
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subclasses
The collection of biological taxonomic
subdivisions more specific than #$BiologicalClass but more
general than #$BiologicalOrder.
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biological subfamily
The collection of biological taxonomic
subdivisions below #$BiologicalFamily and above #$BiologicalGenus.
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subkingdoms
The collection of biological subkingdoms, the
biological taxonomic divisions of organisms immediately
below #$BiologicalKingdom.
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biological suborder
The collection of biological taxonomic
subdivisions below #$BiologicalOrder and above #$BiologicalFamily.
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biological subphylum
A collection of #$BiologicalTaxons that is more
restrictive than #$BiologicalPhylum. All instances of a
particular #$BiologicalSubspecies have significant traits or
collections of traits in common which are not shared by all
other members of the same #$BiologicalPhylum.
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subspecies
A collection of #$BiologicalTaxons that is more
restrictive than #$BiologicalSpecies. Members of different
subspecies can produce fertile offspring by interbreeding,
but the offspring are not members of the parental subspecies
although they are members of the common #$BiologicalSpecies.
All instances of a particular #$BiologicalSubspecies have
significant traits or collections of traits in common which
are not shared by all other members of the same
#$BiologicalSpecies. A #$BiologicalSubspecies is formed
by inbreeding of a restricted group of members of a single
species. This can happen naturally through geographic
isolation or intentionally through controlled reproduction
to create, for example, #$Dog breeds or crop strains.
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taxonomic groups
The collection of ranked categories accepted by
biologists for the biological classification of organisms
according to their suspected evolutionary relationships.
Includes all levels of taxons. See also
#$BiologicalTaxonType and #$OrganismClassificationType.
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biological taxon type
A collection of collections of collections;
#$BiologicalTaxonType contains the classes of organism types
(i.e., taxons) that biologists recognize, including
#$BiologicalSpecies, #$BiologicalPhylum, etc. The naive
classes that non-biologists use may be instances of some
element of #$BiologicalTaxonType, though often they are not.
When they coincide, the commonsense class of organism (e.g.,
#$Person) is an instance of some #$BiologicalTaxonType
(#$BiologicalSpecies, for example). See also #$OrganismClassificationType.
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biological transportation event
The collection of processes involving living
structures in which objects are transported.
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birds
The collection of birds; a subset of #$Vertebrate.
Each element of #$Bird is an air-breathing, warm-blooded
animal, covered with feathers, having forelimbs modified as
wings and a beak rather than teeth. Members of most, but
not all, species of bird can fly. #$Bird is an instance of #$BiologicalClass.
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births
The collection of events in which one animal
(prototypically, a #$Mammal) gives birth to another. The
mother is the #$birthParent and the child is the
#$birthChild. Both are #$objectOfStateChange; the mother
goes from being pregnant to not pregnant (therefore a
#$BirthEvent is an instance of #$PregnancyEndingEvent),
while the child changes from being inside the mother and
relying on the mother for nutritional, respiratory, and
excretory needs (called in CYC the #$Embryo life stage,
although different English terms apply to different stages
of in utero development in mammals and not all of these
terms apply to live-born #$Fish) to the #$JuvenileAnimal
life stage (see #$BiologicalStageOfDevelopment).
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blimps
The collection of all dirigible, motorized,
lighter-than-air craft (airships). Each generally consists
of a gas-filled gas-sack from which a control and passenger
cabin hangs (the gas-sack may or may not have rigid
reinforcement such as ribs). A BlimpTheAirship flies more
slowly than an #$Airplane. They are also called blimps,
dirigibles and Zeppelins.
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working class
An attribute; an element of #$JobAttribute. Blue
collar jobs are those requiring a relatively high proportion
of manual/physical labor.
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workmen
A collection of persons; a subset of
#$Professional. Each element of #$BlueCollarWorker is a
person whose occupation is manual-labor intensive, sometimes
demanding physical strength and, in some jobs, considerable
skill, practical judgment, and work experience. Types of
blue-collar workers include miners, truck drivers,
steelworkers, construction workers, agricultural workers,
laborers, mechanics, garbage collectors, assembly line
workers, janitorial workers, etc. Their jobs may require
some specialized training or apprenticeship but don't
require a college degree.
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bodily function events
The collection of animal activities that, from an
evolutionary standpoint, the body of the doer was
'designed' to do, and that are instances of action
types that can be and often are done without conscious
volition. It includes dreaming but not rational thought, and
breathing but not holding one's breath. If an instance
of #$BodilyFunctionEvent involves the doer moving all or
part of its body, either volitionally or as a reflex, it is
also an instance of #$BodyMovementEvent.
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involuntary bodily functions
This is the subset of #$BodilyFunctionEvent whose
elements are actions in which the `doer' is, by
definition, a #$nonDeliberateActors. Specializations
(subsets) of #$BodilyFunctionEvent-Involuntary include
#$HavingASeizure, #$Blushing, #$Bleeding,
#$ExperiencingHunger, etc. Note: if the `doer' of an
involuntary bodily function is an #$Organism-Whole, then use
#$bodilyDoer to describe its role in the event.
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body movements
The collection of activities in which an #$Animal
agent moves a part of its own body, whether consciously and
intentionally or reflexively. #$BodyMovementEvent includes
subsets such as #$TakingAStep, #$BlockingAPunch,
#$Hiccoughing, and #$BlinkingOnesEyes.
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bodies of water
A collection of topographical features. Each
element of #$BodyOfWater is a natural or artificial body of
water. Elements may belong to specialized subsets such as
#$Lake, #$Stream, and #$Ocean. #$BodyOfWater includes
reservoirs, #$Canals, and navigation channels that are
developed and/or enlarged by humans. However, it does not
include smaller purely-artificial bodies of water such as
#$SwimmingPools or tanks of water. Examples of
#$BodyOfWater: #$HudsonBay, #$PanamaCanal, #$AdriaticSea,
#$BayOfBengal, #$NiagaraFalls.
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body positions
The collection of attributes describing the
position of a body part (or a whole body). A
#$BodyPartPosition may be determined relative to the
body's environment (as with #$Postures) or merely with
respect to the body part itself (e.g., #$Flexed, #$Extended).
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boiling events
A collection of events. In each #$Boiling, a
piece of liquid matter is raised to its #$boilingPoint and
is thereby changed from being in the #$LiquidStateOfMatter
to being in the #$GaseousStateOfMatter. Note: this is not
intended to cover the cases of heat/evacuation causing a
solid to sublime directly into a gas.
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books
A collection of #$ConceptualWorks. Instantiations
may be either hardcopy or electronic. Traditional hardcopy
instantiations are instances of #$BookCopy, but in the later
half of the Twentieth Century of the Common Era additional
formats were created (books on (audio) tape, computer media
containing instantiations of textual computer files, etc.
Instances of #$Book-CW are usually #$TextualMaterial, but
some may contain only arrangements of images.
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book generic - c w
A collection of #$ConceptualWorks. Instantiations
may be either hardcopy or electronic. Traditional hardcopy
instantiations are instances of #$BookCopy, but in the later
half of the Twentieth Century of the Common Era additional
formats were created (books on (audio) tape, computer media
containing instantiations of textual computer files, etc.
Instances of #$Book-CW are usually #$TextualMaterial, but
some may contain only arrangements of images.
c0290c9b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
bookkeeping mt
A #$Microtheory for stating basic #$Cyc
bookkeeping information, such as assertions using
#$myCreator and #$myCreationTime.
beaed5bd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
bookkeeping predicates
A collection of predicates. Each element of
#$BookkeepingPredicate is a predicate used to form
assertions about the creation and internal representation of
a Cyc constant. Bookkeeping predicates neither specify nor
constrain the semantics of Cyc constants. Examples:
#$myCreator, #$myCreationTime, #$termOfUnit,
#$multiplicationUnits, #$defnSufficient.
bd5880ef-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
borders
The collection of all lines, linear regions, or
dividing planes or surfaces--physical or abstract--that each
constitutes the boundary between (#$formsBorderBetween) two
regions (i.e., two elements of #$SpatialThing).
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boredom
A state of dissatisfaction, weariness, or
restlessness accompanied by a lack of interest. This is a
#$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see
#$Happiness. A related #$FeelingAttributeType is #$Apathy.
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borrowing events
A collection of events; a subset of
#$TemporaryChangeOfUserRights. In an instance of
#$BorrowingSomething, an #$Agent takes temporary control of
something, usually with the permission of its owner(s).
Generally, the lending agent expects the borrowing agent to
use the object for one of its normal functions (#$intendedBehaviorCapable).
bd58cf42-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
botanical organs
A subset of #$PlantPart, the collection
#$BotanicalOrgan includes parts of a plant which are major
morphological and functional divisions of individual plants,
typically consisting of stems, flowers, roots, leaves, etc.
bd58f8f8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
undersides
The collection of all the entire bottom sides (as
conventionally understood) of all objects that have distinct
#$Sides, one of which faces down.
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brains
The collection of all #$Animal brains. An
individual #$Brain is an #$Organ which controls most bodily
movement, receives sensory input from the body and objects
outside the body, and in which the mind operates, being the
locus for all #$MentalSituations.
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Brazil
Brazil throughout time, both political and
physical aspects.
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breathing events
A collection of activities constituting a natural
#$PhysiologicalFunction; #$Breathing is the collection of
#$AirRespiration events in which the respiring organism
takes air into its internal #$Lungs, where the gas exchange
occurs. See also #$Respiration.
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brittle
A physical attribute. #$Brittle is the
#$PhysicalStructuralAttribute of a substance which breaks
easily when subjected to a low or moderate impact or
application of force, such as most instances of #$Glass.
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broad microtheory
The collection of those microtheories that contain
so many assertions that they are not useful for
`relevance' focusing during inference. (A
#$BroadMicrotheory is not used internally in Cyc's
indexing scheme during inference.) Examples: #$BaseKB and #$EnglishMt.
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broadcast - co a b s
The collection of instances of requests for
problem resolution that are posted on the CoABS grid. An
instance of #$Broadcast-CoABS will have to include the
#$GridAddress-CoABS of the broadcaster, who can then
assemble a #$Community-CoABS of agents to solve the problem.
A #$Broadcast-CoABS together with a broadcaster forms a
degenerate instance of #$Community-CoABS.
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buildings
A collection of artifacts; a subset of
#$FixedStructure and of #$HumanShelterConstruction. An
instance of #$Building is typically a substantial structure
and must have walls and a roof, with rooms inside or at
least some area designed to be occupied by humans (but not
necessarily as a residence). Examples include the Empire
State Building, Michael Jackson's house in L.A., King
Arthur's castle, an #$AircraftHangar at O'Hare, a
#$Lighthouse in the Mediterranean sea, the
#$SydneyOperaHouse, the #$WashingtonMonumentInWashingtonDC, etc.
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building material
A collection of tangible things. An instance of
#$BuildingMaterial is a material thing typically used in
making new structures. Instances of #$BuildingMaterial
include a piece of lumber, a brick, a slab of concrete, a
roof shingle, a copper nail, a double-paned storm window, etc.
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buses
The collection of all buses, transport vehicles
for ground transportation of many (they have room for at
least 10, probably fewer than 60) people. A bus usually is
driven by a professional bus driver.
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bushes
A collection of plants; a subset of #$Plant-Woody.
The collection #$Bush includes all bushes, i.e., woody
plants of branching growth habit that lack substantial
trunks and are not usually taller than a person (and they
are shorter than most specimens of #$Tree-ThePlant). This
is a commonsense collection without distinct boundaries.
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businesses
The collection of #$Organizations intended to make
profits, i.e., make money for agents that own them. All
#$Businesses are #$CommercialOrganizations (they must buy or
sell something), but not all #$CommercialOrganizations are
#$Businesses. In a franchise #$Organization, the
#$parentCompany is regarded as a #$Business, while the
#$subOrganizations are merely instances of
#$CommercialOrganization. #$Businesses are typically
#$LegalAgents, while #$CommercialOrganizations need not be.
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business events
A collection of events. Each element of
#$BusinessEvent is an intentional occurrence that is closely
associated with, and either helps or hinders, the business
purpose of some agent. Examples include: the development of
General Motors' business plan for 1996; an individual
sales call on a particular customer; printing the 1996
Yellow Pages directory for the Austin, TX, area; selling a
newspaper; designing and manufacturing a new memory chip.
#$BusinessEvent does NOT include purely social or
recreational occurrences.
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businesspeople
A collection of persons; a subset of
#$Professional. Each element of #$BusinessPerson is a person
whose occupation is primarily in the ownership and/or
operation of a business.
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activities in a business relationship
A collection of events; a subset of both
#$BusinessEvent and #$SocialOccurrence. Each instance of
#$BusinessRelationshipActivity is a (usually long-term)
social activity whose participants are related by some
business relationship. The social events constituting a
#$BusinessRelationshipActivity further, either directly or
indirectly, the (usually mutual) business interests of the
participants. A #$BusinessRelationshipActivity is typically
carried out over multiple social occasions and may consist
of many #$subEvents.
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purchases
A collection of events. Each element of #$Buying
is an event in which an agent voluntarily pays to acquire
something tangible or intangible, or for the performance of
a service, which another agent sells in the event. Payment
may be in money or other exchange of wealth. Elements of
#$Buying may include #$subEvents of negotiation, the act of
paying, and the transfer of the purchased thing to the
buyer. Examples of #$Buying include: purchasing fighter
jets for the Navy; buying a Pepsi from a vending machine;
ordering dinner at a restaurant; acquiring a personal life
insurance policy for oneself; mail-ordering clothes from
Sears; shopping at a farmers' market.
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buying activities
A collection of events. #$BuyingActivity very
generally includes events related to purchasing goods or
services. Each element of #$BuyingActivity is an event that
is either (i) a common prelude to buying (i.e., the kinds of
activities that contribute to their doers becoming buyers),
or (ii) an element of #$Buying itself. Examples of
#$BuyingActivity include shopping for, or ordering,
something very specific, and also general expressions of
interest in purchasing something, such as placing an `Item
Wanted' ad in a newspaper.
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centimeter-gram-second units of measure
A subset of #$UnitOfMeasure. #$CGSUnitOfMeasure
is the collection of all the measurement functions whose
results use the CGS (i.e., centimeter-gram-second) system of
measure to describe physical quantities. Examples:
#$CentimetersPerSecond, #$CubicCentimeter, #$Gram, #$SecondsDuration.
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autumns
The calendar season that begins at autumnal
equinox and runs until winter solstice.
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centuries
The collection of centuries that make up the
calendar (1900's, 1700's etc.) An example of such
a constant in Cyc is #$TheNineteenthCenturyAD
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calendar covering type
#$CalendarCoveringType is a collection of
collections. An element CC of #$CalendarCoveringType is
itself a collection, a type of time interval, such that the
union of all the instances of CC would completely cover all
of time without overlap. Thus, #$CalendarYear is a
#$CalendarCoveringType because all of time consists of a
sequence of non-overlapping #$CalendarYears. Similarly
#$CalendarMonth, #$CalendarDay, #$CalendarHour, etc. Notice
that #$Monday and #$December are NOT instances of
#$CalendarCoveringType, because all of time is not a
sequence of Mondays, or Decembers. Also notice that a
collection Week -- defined as the set of all
seven-day-long-periods-of-time -- would not be an instance
of #$CalendarCoveringType, since several different Weeks
could overlap; e.g., the week beginning today and the week
beginning yesterday and the week beginning tomorrow.
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days
The collection of days that make up the calendar.
This is a collection of disjoint but contiguous time
intervals. One of its elements is Thursday, August 1, 1996.
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decades
The collection of decades that make up the
calendar; e.g., #$The1970s.
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calendar half centuries
The collection of exact half-centuries on the
calendar, such as #$FirstHalfOf20thCenturyAD
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calendar hours
The collection of hours that make up the calendar.
These are contiguous and disjoint time intervals, except of
course for particular instances that represent exactly the
same 60-minute-long time interval. See #$CalendarDay.
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calendar minutes
The collection of minutes that make up the
calendar. These are contiguous and disjoint time intervals,
except of course for particular instances that represent
exactly the same 60-second-long time interval. See
#$CalendarDay. Sixty of these partition each #$CalendarHour
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months
The collection of months that make up the
calendar. This is a collection of disjoint but contiguous
time intervals. One of its subsets is #$February, which is
the set of all Februaries; one of its elements is February
1992 (#$MonthFn #$February (#$YearFn 1992)), a particular
time interval.
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calendar quarters
The collection of calendar quarters that divide up
a calendar year into four parts. For each year, the first
of its four quarters includes January, February, and March;
the second includes April, May, and June, and so on.
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calendar seasons
This is the set of all calendar seasons. Four of
its largest subsets are #$CalendarWinter, #$CalendarSpring,
#$CalendarSummer, and #$CalendarAutumn
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seasons
This is the collection whose four elements are
#$CalendarWinter, #$CalendarSpring, #$CalendarSummer, and #$CalendarAutumn.
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seconds
The collection of seconds that make up the
calendar. Sixty of these #$TimeIntervals contiguously
divide up each #$CalendarMinute (qv)
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springs
The calendar season that begins at vernal equinox
and runs until summer solstice.
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summers
The calendar season that begins at summer solstice
and runs until autumnal equinox.
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weeks
The collection of weeks that make up the calendar.
This is a collection of disjoint but contiguous time
intervals. One of its elements is WeekOf2-14-1994.
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winters
The calendar season that begins at winter solstice
and runs until vernal equinox.
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calendar years
The collection of years that make up the calendar.
For example, #$TheYear1972, #$TheYear494BC.
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calm
A feeling of calmness or serenity, being quiet and
free from disturbance. This is a #$Collection --- for an
explanation of that, see #$Happiness. A related
#$FeelingAttributeType is #$Calm.
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canals
The collection of all canals, artificial waterways
created to be paths for boats, or for irrigation (e.g., the #$PanamaCanal).
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cancer
The collection of all particular cases of cancer.
Instances of #$Cancer may belong to any one of the many
different types of disease that are studied and treated by
oncologists. Cancer is characterized by abnormal (and
usually rapid) growth of cells in some organ or system of
the body; these growths are then prone to dispersal
(metastesis) into other body regions. See also #$CancerFn
--- the expression (#$CancerFn #$Lung) represents a subset
of #$Cancer, namely the set of all lung cancers.
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canoes
The collection of all canoes, small, narrow
watercraft that are powered by human paddling, poling or by
a small boat-engine.
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capacity attribute
A collection of attributes. Each element of
#$CapacityAttribute is an attribute representing a specific
capacity in which an agent does an action. For example, an
action might be done as an agent's job (#$JobCapacity)
or hobby (#$HobbyCapacity), as its main function
(#$MainFunction) or an auxiliary function (#$SupportFunction).
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capitals
A collection of cities. Each element of
#$CapitalCityOfRegion is an element of #$City (q.v.) that is
the capital of its surrounding region. This includes both
capitals of countries and capitals of subregions. Examples:
#$CityOfRomeItaly, #$CityOfCardiffWales, #$CityOfAustinTX,
#$CityOfAbidjanIvoryCoast, #$CityOfLhasaTibet,
#$CityOfColumbusOH (#$FranklinCountyOhio). See also
#$capitalCity, #$capitalCityOfThisState.
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captive animals
The collection of all animals that are caged,
tied, kept in an animal container, or otherwise held
captive. There is some intersection here with
#$DomesticPet, but not complete. Some elements of #$Person
are members of #$CaptiveAnimal, e.g., political detainees,
imprisoned criminals, kidnap victims.
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apprehensions
A collection of events. In an instance of
#$CapturingAnimal, an #$Agent takes physical control of a
(human or non-human) animal. This collection includes
trapping animals, kidnapping people (or animals), and also
what the police do after they arrest a person for a crime.
The animal may or may not be taken alive.
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cards
A collection of objects; a subcollection of
#$HardcopyInformationBearingObject. Each element of #$Card
is a small, sturdy sheet of stuff--usually cardstock paper,
but could be plastic or thin metal--bearing some kind of
information. Some kinds are folded. Examples: #$CreditCard,
#$BusinessCard, and #$PostCard. Note that electronic
objects that perform some of the same functions are not
subcollections of #$Card.
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cargo vessels
The collection of all cargo ships, i.e., ships
that by design can transport a large amount of goods. See
also #$TankerShip.
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carnivores
A #$Collection of organisms classified by their
typical source of food. Elements of #$Carnivore feed on
animals. Note: #$Carnivore is not an instance of
#$BiologicalTaxon; e.g., #$Carnivore contains #$Dog as a
subset but is not its biological taxon. Note that a
#$Carnivore is not necessarily a #$Heterotroph, as
carnivorous plants both digest insects and produce food
using #$Chlorophyll.
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events of causing another object's
translational motion
A collection of events. In an instance of
#$CausingAnotherObjectsTranslationalMotion, one object
causes another object to undergo a translational motion.
The object causing the motion is the
#$providerOfMotiveForce. The object which is caused to move
is the #$objectActedOn (and also the #$objectMoving) in the
event. One way to cause another object's motion is by
carrying it along with one (see the subset
#$CarryingWhileLocomoting), but there are many others, such
as throwing, kicking, or knocking it away. Some elements
of #$CausingAnotherObjectsTranslationalMotion may be
elements of #$Translation-Complete (such as elements of
#$CarryingWhileLocomoting) whereas others (such as elements
of #$PumpingFluid) may be elements of #$Translation-Flow.
Examples: a train transporting passengers; a person pushing
a coin into a vending machine; the release of a bowstring
which propels an arrow; a magnet attracting a nail.
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cavities
The collection of all cavities, including
#$Crevices, deep concavities or holes, and cavities of
containers (e.g. the interior of a box). Instances of
#$Cavity, unlike those of its specialization
#$CavityInteriorRegion, can include walls as parts, in which
case they are instances of #$CavityWithWalls. Instances of
#$Cavity, unlike those of #$Container, do not have well
defined outside walls.
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interiors
The collection of space regions that constitute
cavities inside the walls or boundaries of solid objects.
Such regions need not be completely sealed off. As a space
region, an instance of #$CavityInteriorRegion is
intangible, and thus not to be confused with the partially
tangible matter that might fill or occupy it (see
#$CavityInteriorContent). See also #$Cavity, whose
instances, unlike those of #$CavityInteriorRegion, can
include walls (in which cases they are also instances of #$CavityWithWalls).
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ceilings
The collection of all ceilings of every instance
of #$RoomInAConstruction. Note that, unlike walls, ceilings
are conventionally considered to be 'one-sided'
objects. The other side of a #$CeilingOfARoom may be a
#$RoofOfAConstruction, or in a #$ModernShelterConstruction,
more probably the #$FloorInAConstruction in another room.
bd58f743-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
cells
The collection of living cells; a subset of
#$BiologicalLivingObject. Each element of #$Cell is one of
the basic structural units of nearly all living things,
consisting (at least) of cytoplasm bounded by a cell
membrane. Only the living structures viruses, mitochondria,
and plastids are not composed of cells.
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cell parts
The collection of structures which are typically
found and formed as parts of #$Cells. This covers components
of both #$EukaryoticCells and #$ProkaryoticCells. It
includes organelles, vesicles, cell walls, extracellular
matrix, plasma membranes, receptors, cellular humours,
microtubules, etc.
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cereals
The food group consisting of grain products such
as breads and cereals. Food that contains a significant
amount of grain products should be specs of this.
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cereal plants
The collection of individual plants like corn,
wheat, etc., which bear grains.
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chains
A collection of organizations. An element of
#$ChainOrganization is a parent business which comes into
contact with its customers or clients primarily through its
geographically dispersed sub-organizations, which typically
are (mostly) homogeneous in product line, style of physical
quarters, local organizational structure, etc. Examples
include the parent organizations of McDonald's and
Midas Muffler.
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change in user rights
A collection of events. Each element of
#$ChangeInUserRights is an event in which some instance of
#$Agent either gains or loses possession of something.
`Possession' means having some right to use a thing
that one has in hand or otherwise has access to. Different
types of possession (e.g., ownership, rental, borrowings)
can be specified by the using the appropriate element(s) of
#$UserRightsAttribute (q.v.). Changes in an agent's
user rights can come about in various ways: through buying
and selling, renting, borrowing or lending, giving,
repossession, etc. Some subsets of this kind of change are
#$LosingUserRights, #$GainingUserRights, and
#$ExchangeOfUserRights; in the latter class, there is an
alteration in the rights of two (or more) agents to use two
(or more) items -- as in a purchase, when one agent gets
full use rights to an object by turning over a sum of money
to the object's previous owner. In addition, some
changes in user rights are classified explicitly in
#$TemporaryChangeOfUserRights (e.g., borrowing, renting),
while others are permanent. Events that involve such
changes in user rights all belong in the collection of
events, #$ChangeInUserRights. In any particular
#$ChangeInUserRights event, the item which is changing hands
is identified as the #$objectOfPossessionTransfer.
bd5e7431-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
changes of device state
The collection of actions in which a device goes
from one state (the #$fromState) to another state (the
#$toState). A change of #$DeviceState may be due to an
outside #$Agent adjusting a device, or it may happen
automatically due to the behavior of a device. The two most
general state changes (for powered devices) are from
#$DeviceOn to #$DeviceOff, and vice versa. Many other
states peculiar to specific devices can be identified; for
example, the states of a #$Dishwasher: #$DeviceState-Washing
and #$DeviceState-Rinsing; or the states that a trapping
device may be in: #$TrapArmed, #$TrapTripped, #$TrapIdle.
Note that a change in the state of a device is an intrinsic
change in the device; i.e., #$ChangingDeviceState is a
subset of #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent.
bd58d12d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
character sequences
The collection of all strings of characters (in
any languages or in no known language). Each element of the
collection #$CharacterString is a string of characters or an
abstract sequence of symbols. Note: it is NOT any
particular physical, tangible representation; different
encodings may represent the characters. An element of
#$CharacterString has characters from some fixed character
set. The characters are instances of #$Character-Abstract.
An element of #$CharacterString may be any length, including
zero (i.e., empty strings, which have no characters). If
elements of #$CharacterString are concatenated, the result
is also an element of #$CharacterString. The length of the
resulting string is equal to the sum of the lengths of the
concatenated strings. Some types (subsets) of
#$CharacterString include #$EMailAddress, #$AreaCode,
#$PhoneNumber, #$PhoneCountryCode, etc. Note that a
#$CharacterString is ordered formally as a #$List (rather
than physically left-to-right or top-to-bottom); thus the
'first' character in the #$CharacterString for an
Arabic word happens to be the rightmost (first pronounced)
character, not the leftmost character, due to the
letter-order and word-order convention for Arabic writing.
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checks
A collection of documents; a subset of
#$TenderObject. Each element of #$Check-TenderObject is a
financial instrument, drawn on a particular account at some
instance of #$FinancialOrganization, which is redeemable for
a monetary value by the agent who is the payee. The
financial organization pays the payee funds from the
account, upon proper presentation of the check.
bd58cea8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
chemical compounds
A collection of collections; a subset of
#$TangibleStuffCompositionType. Every instance of
#$ChemicalCompoundType is a subset of #$TangibleThing whose
instances are defined ONLY by their chemical composition,
and not by their physical state or any other property. In
Cyc's current representation, #$ChemicalCompoundTypes
can be of two varieties: (1) Collections whose instances
are completely uniform with each other in terms of chemical
composition; this includes (a) the chemical elements -- such
as #$Carbon, #$Oxygen, and #$Hydrogen -- which are instances
of #$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons (thus, the latter is
a subset of #$ChemicalCompoundType), and (b) compounds
constituted of more than one substance chemically bonded,
e.g., #$Water, #$Caffeine, and #$IronOxide. (2) Substances
which have a general chemical specification, that is, whose
instances do not have exactly the same chemical composition
but fall within certain specifications, e.g., #$DNAStuff.
Cyc's current theory includes those cases in
#$ChemicalCompoundType, though they are arguably borderline.
(Future work may require the creation of type collections to
identify various levels of chemical specification, such as
`exact formula' or `exact structure'.) Note:
Collections which Cyc does NOT classify as
#$ChemicalCompoundTypes include collections of substances
which have some component which is of overriding
significance in some context, so that in everyday language
such substances are frequently referred to by the name of
their important component (e.g., `penicillin' applied
to a tablet containing penicillin), but which have
significant admixtures of other substances. Our
representation distinguishes between the chemical compound
(here, instances of #$Penicillin) and the mixture of
substances in a tablet containing some #$Penicillin for
pharmaceutical use. Thus, #$Penicillin is an instance of
#$ChemicalCompoundType, but the collection of tablets
containing penicillin and including other ingredients are
not. Also, subsets of #$Mixture, such as #$Lemonade, are
not instances of #$ChemicalCompoundType, because mixtures
are determined by their physical state rather than solely by
their chemical composition.
bd58cd95-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
chemical objects
A collection of objects; a subset of
#$MicroscopicScaleObject. Each instance of #$ChemicalObject
is an object whose behavior is typically described in terms
of its outer cloud of #$Electrons. Subsets of
#$ChemicalObject include the collections #$Atom and
#$Molecule and #$Ion, the set of chemical radicals, and the
set of molecular fragments.
bd58916a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
chemical reactions
A collection of events; a subset of
#$TransformationEvent. Each instance of #$ChemicalReaction
is an event in which two or more substances undergo a
chemical change, i.e., some portions of the substances
involved are transformed into different
#$ChemicalCompoundTypes. The transformations are brought
about by purely chemical (including biochemical) means which
affect chemical bonds between atoms in the molecules of
stuff, rather than by physical means, biological means, or
purposeful planning, etc. Examples of #$ChemicalReaction:
instances of #$CombustionProcess; instances of #$Photosynthesis-Generic.
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chests
The collection of the chests of #$Animals. The
animal's chest is its #$AnimalBodyPart region located
between its neck and its abdomen. For people and many other
types of animals, the chest is bounded by (defined by, given
shape by) the animal's ribcage.
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China
China, governed as the Peoples' Republic of
China, is a country which claims to be the government of all
of China. #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina also makes this claim.
#$China-PeoplesRepublic #$controls all of China except
Taiwan Province on the #$Island of #$Formosa (or
'Taiwan') and #$QuemoyIsland and #$MatsuIsland of
Fujian Province a few kilometers off the coast. These
territories are controlled by #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina.
China borders the #$EastChinaSea and the #$SouthChinaSea.
De facto, #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina and
#$China-PeoplesRepublic are two separate independent
countries each with their own territory, while de jure there
is a single #$IndependentCountry of China, but two
governments with separate regions of control.
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chordates
An instance of #$BiologicalPhylum within the
#$BiologicalKingdom #$Animal, the #$ChordataPhylum contains
the many chordate taxa. All have members who have a
notochord (a flexible rod running the length of the body) at
some stage of development and pharyngeal gills at some stage
of development. The #$ChordataPhylum has as #$taxonMembers
all the subsets of #$Vertebrate (including #$Person), as
well as some non-vertebrate chordates like Amphioxus.
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chronic conditions
A collection of ailments. An instance of
#$ChronicCondition is an ailment that lingers or recurs in
an organism throughout its life. In some cases, the
symptoms of a chronic condition may abate with treatment.
The condition may never go away completely. #$Asthma is a
subset of #$ChronicCondition.
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circular
#$Circular is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute
shared by all circular objects.
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circulatory systems
The collection of all animals' circulatory
systems. A #$CirculatorySystem is a system of organs and
body parts, found in #$Vertebrates and some other animals,
which function together to circulate the animal's blood
throughout its body, supplying needed substances to its
cells and removing waste products from them. A
#$CirculatorySystem is generally composed of #$BloodVessels,
#$Heart, #$Spleen, etc., considered as an interrelated
functional system of each animal. Note: It generally has
a close linkage to the respiration system, as the blood
comes in contact with fresh air to divest itself of the
waste products it has collected from the body's cells
and to acquire new needed substances to take to the
body's cells.
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cities
A collection of geopolitical entities. An element
of #$City is a local human settlement which has its own
government. This includes cities, towns, suburbs, villages,
hamlets, and townships, as long as they have their own
governments. A city government is usually mostly autonomous
from the governments of its surrounding regions, rather than
being a sub-organization of them.
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Washington D.C.
The capital city (#$CapitalCityOfRegion) of the
#$UnitedStatesOfAmerica, seat of its Federal government,
which is located in the #$DistrictOfColumbia, a specially
created Federal district between the States of Maryland and
Virginia. Currently, the #$CityOfWashingtonDC and the
#$DistrictOfColumbia are coextensive.
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sanitations
A collection of events. In each #$Cleaning event,
dirt (or other unwanted substances) is removed from the
#$objectOfStateChange of that event. If a #$Cleaning event
is successful, then the #$Dirtiness level of the object will
have been lowered.
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cleaning tools
A collection of devices. An instance of
#$CleaningDevice is any device, manually powered or
otherwise, whose #$primaryFunction is to be used in cleaning
things. Instances include each #$Mop, each
#$RegularWindshieldWiper, each #$FacialTissue, each
#$ShoeBrush, each #$ClothesWasher, each #$Dishwasher, etc.
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cleaning implements
A collection of tools; a subset of #$HandTool
and also of #$CleaningDevice. An instance of
#$CleaningImplement is any hand-held tool used for cleaning
something. Cleaning implements are used in a wide variety
of activities and settings; some subsets include the
collections #$Mop, #$DentalPick, #$ElectricToothBrush,
#$WashCloth, #$FacialTissue, #$ShoeBrush. Many cleaning
implements are intended for wiping, scrubbing, or polishing
surfaces to remove patches of #$Dirt.
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climate cycle type
A collection of collections. Each element of
#$ClimateCycleType is a collection of (extended) events
which are weather processes of one type or another.
Examples of elements of #$ClimateCycleType are
#$TemperateClimateCycle and #$SteppeClimateCycle. Note:
in practice, there is little need to create terms denoting
members of the collections belonging to #$ClimateCycleType;
so long as one just wants to state what TYPE of climate a
particular region has, simply use the predicate
#$hasClimateType with the appropriate subset of
#$AnnualClimateCycle (q.v.). See also #$hasClimateType.
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textiles
A collection of tangible things. Each element of
#$Cloth is a piece of textile sheet woven or knitted or
pressed out of fibers. Pieces of #$Cloth are commonly used
as material inputs to the manufacture of clothing items,
towels, sails for sailing craft, parachutes, draperies, etc.
Excludes #$Leather (q.v.).
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accessories
A collection of tangible objects. Each element of
#$ClothingAccessory is something that is worn as an
accessory with other clothing items. Examples include
elements of the collections #$Jewelry, #$Scarf, #$NeckTie,
#$Belt-Clothing, #$Suspenders, and suchlike.
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items of clothing
A collection of tangible objects. Each element of
#$ClothingItem is something that a person wears as a
protective and/or decorative covering or ornament. Items of
clothing are usually made of flexible materials, such as
cloth, leather, or yarn. The collection #$ClothingItem
contains primarily individual garments (e.g., elements of
the collections #$Pants, #$Shirt, #$Coat, #$Shoe), together
with pairs of shoes, socks, and gloves (since each wearer
needs a pair). Jewelry, suspenders, belts, etc., are in the
subset #$ClothingAccessory. Note: outfits (esp. specialized
outfits) made up of several individual items worn together
belong to the collection #$ClothingOutfit, which is NOT a
subset of #$ClothingItem but IS a subset of the broader
collection, #$SomethingToWear.
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outfits
A collection of objects. Every element of
#$ClothingOutfit is a group of `coordinated' items that
are intended to be worn together; e.g., an instance of
#$ThreePieceSuit, consisting of one suit jacket, one vest,
and one pair of long pants. Clothing outfits are often sold
or provided together as a set; e.g., military uniforms,
business suits, scuba gear. A clothing outfit may include
some accessories, as well as garments. Cf. #$ClothingItem.
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clouds
The collection of clouds (instances of
#$CloudOfH2O) in the sky over some #$GeographicalRegion (as
opposed to being at ground-level).
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cloud of h 2 o
A cloud of particles of liquid or solid water in
the atmosphere covering a #$GeographicalRegion.
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levels of cloudiness
A collection of attributes; a subset of
#$ScalarInterval. The elements of #$Cloudiness characterize
the amount of cloud cover at an #$OutdoorLocation. A higher
value indicates more clouds or more dense cover. Degrees of
cloudiness may be represented qualitatively (e.g.,
#$PartialCloudCover, #$CompleteCloudCover), or using
#$GenericValueFunctions. The cloudiness of a location can
be described with the predicate #$cloudinessOfRegion.
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cloudless
#$Cloudless is a #$WeatherAttribute representing a
specific degree of #$Cloudiness. (#$cloudinessOfRegion LOC
#$Cloudless) means that the #$OutdoorLocation LOC has no
cloud cover.
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cloudy
#$Cloudy is a #$WeatherAttribute that
characterizes an #$OutdoorLocation which has at least some
cloud cover -- this cloud cover not being situated at
ground-level (in which case #$Foggy would be the applicable #$WeatherAttribute).
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code - assertion direction
The direction for Cyc assertions which are
implemented in code; the assertion is not actually used in
either forward or backward inference.
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codes of conduct
A collection of microtheories; a subset of both
#$Obligation and #$SupposedToBeMicrotheory. Each element of
#$CodeOfConduct is a microtheory which contains rules and/or
expectations governing the behavior of those agents subject
to it in certain kinds of situations.
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households
A collection of organizations. Within the
#$NaiveBiologicalDescentMt, each instance of
#$CohabitationUnit is an animal domestic group, i.e., a
group of animals which live together in the same domestic or
living group. This domestic group is assumed (by default)
to be of a single species.
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cohesiveness
A collection of attributes; a subset of
#$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Cohesiveness
represents a specific capacity of a physical object to
cohere; e.g., #$RigidlyCohesive, #$LiquidCohesiveness,
#$HumanlySeparable. Cohesiveness of objects is indicated
with the predicate #$cohesivenessOfObject.
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collections
The collection of all Cyc collections. Cyc
collections are natural kinds or classes, as opposed to
mathematical sets; their elements have some common
attribute(s). Each Cyc collection is like a set in so far
as it may have elements, subsets, and supersets, and may not
have parts or spatial or temporal properties. Sets,
however, differ from collections in that a mathematical set
may be an arbitrary set of things which have nothing in
common (see #$Set-Mathematical). In contrast, the elements
of a collection will all have in common some feature(s),
some `intensional' qualities. In addition, two
instances of #$Collection can be co-extensional (i.e., have
all the same elements) without being identical, whereas if
two arbitrary sets had the same elements, they would be
considered equal. As with any Cyc constant, an instance of
#$Collection should be created only if it is expected to
have some purpose or utility. Moreover, the `best'
collections to create are the ones which are impossible to
define precisely, yet about which there are rules and other
things to say. E.g., `WhiteCat' is not a good element
of #$Collection to create, because it's easy to define
with other Cyc concepts, and there's not much to say
about the collection of white cats; but
`WhiteCollarWorker' could be a good element of
#$Collection, because it is hard to define exactly, yet
there are many things to say about it.
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collection - denoting functions
The subcollection of #$Function-Denotational whose
instances, when applied to any appropriate (sequences of)
arguments, return instances of #$Collection. Examples
include #$SwimmingEventFn, #$GroupFn, and #$MoleculeFn;
(#$MoleculeFn #$Oxygen) denotes the collection of all oxygen
molecules. Cf. #$IndividualDenotingFunction and #$SetDenotingFunction.
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collections
A collection of events. Each element of
#$CollectionEvent is an event in which tangible or
intangible objects are collected together at a single place
. The objects might come from various sources, and might be
gathered via some collection network.
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collection type
#$CollectionType is by definition the collection
of all types of #$Collections.
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colors
A collection of attributes; a subcollection of
both #$PhysicalAttribute and #$SensoryAttribute. Each
element of #$Color represents a specific color attribute of
some object or substance; e.g., #$GoldColor,
#$VividRed-Color, #$Auburn-HairColor, #$Olive-FleshColor.
Elements of #$Color are #$CompositeAttributes, since they
can vary along several dimensions (e.g., hue, brightness,
chroma). Indicate a particular object's #$Color with
one of the following predicates: #$objectHasColor,
#$mainColorOfObject, or #$uniformColorOfObject.
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fires
A collection of events. Each #$CombustionProcess
is an event in which rapid oxidation is taking place. These
always have heat as an output and often involve emission of
light as well (typically, flames). The #$objectActedOn in a
#$CombustionProcess is at least partly consumed. See also #$Flammability.
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commercial activities
This is a large collection of events. As can be
seen from its subsets, it embraces all types of buying,
selling, offering to sell, offering to buy, requesting bids,
performing services for hire, advertising, manufacturing for
sale, etc.
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commercial fishing boat
The subcollection of #$Watercraft that contains
all fishing boats, including trawlers, seiners, junks etc.
that are marine-life-catching devices, and the main purpose
of the fishing is commercial. Note that not all instances
of CommercialFishingBoat have to be used exclusively in the
ocean--they can also be used in rivers and lakes, etc.
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commercial organizations
A collection of organizations. An element of
#$CommercialOrganization is an organization which buys or
sells goods or services for a profit. It may also be an
element of #$Business or it may merely be a sub-organization
of a #$Business entity.
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service companies
A collection of organizations; a subset of
#$CommercialOrganization. An instance of
#$CommercialServiceOrganization is a commercial organization
which sells its services as its main product (rather than
tangible goods), for commercial gain. Some tangible goods
may accompany or supplement the main service sold, but only
as side products; e.g., some elements of #$HairSalon sell
hair care products.
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commissioned
An attribute; an element of #$WorkStatus. The
attribute of being paid on a commission basis for work done.
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communicating
A collection of events. Each element of
#$Communicating is an event in which the transfer of
information between or among agents is a focal action;
communicating is the main purpose and/or goal in the event.
That may be contrasted with events which involve
communication but wherein the focus is different, e.g.,
playing cards (wherein the progressive actions -- and
winning -- of the game are focal). Since #$Communicating
is a subset of #$PurposefulAction, each #$Communicating
event must be intentional on the part of the
#$senderOfInfo; it may or may not be intentional on the
part of the #$recipientOfInfo. Hence, a speaker on a
soapbox haranguing an indifferent crowd is performing an
instance of #$Communicating. In contrast, Juliet
soliloquizing on her balcony, unaware that Romeo is
listening to her, is not #$Communicating; this
#$InformationTransferEvent would be an instance of
#$Eavesdropping. Communicating may be either a one-way or a
two-way transfer of information (cf.
#$CommunicationAct-Single,
#$MultiDirectionalCommunication). Every event belonging to
#$Communicating contains at least one transfer of
information between at least two agents who participate in
the event. (Note that the latter requirement excludes
reading and writing from #$Communicating, when those events
are just the private accessing or generating of
information.) Communicating may be specialized in various
ways, such as, by the method or medium used (e.g.,
#$AudioCommunicating, #$NonVerbalCommunicating,
#$FaceToFacePresenceCommunicating); by the type of
information involved (e.g., #$MakingAnAgreement); by the
purpose of the communication (e.g., #$Teaching,
#$Negotiating); by the agents involved (e.g.,
#$IntraOrganizationCommunication, #$StageProduction).
Examples of #$Communicating include a symphony performance,
an email message, a telephone call, a speech, a handshake,
issuing a traffic ticket -- all of which normally, and
focally, involve communication between two or more agents.
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communication acts
A collection of information transfer events; a
subset of #$Communicating. Each element of
#$CommunicationAct-Single is a single-source transmission of
information from ONE #$senderOfInfo to one or more
recipients; such acts may be one-to-one or one-to-many.
Every element of #$CommunicationAct-Single has a
transmission sub-event (which is an element of
#$IBTGeneration-Original) and one or more reception
#$subEvents (which are elements of #$AccessingAnIBT). An
element of #$CommunicationAct-Single starts when its
transmission sub-event starts and ends when its accessing
sub-event(s) end. Notes: (1) For exchanges of information
between or among multiple agents, see
#$MultiDirectionalCommunication. (2) An important
distinction is made between elements of
#$CommunicationAct-Single on the one hand, and their
#$subEvents which are elements of #$IBTGeneration-Original
and #$AccessingAnIBT, on the other hand; e.g., #$Speaking
and #$Writing are NOT subsets of #$CommunicationAct-Single,
but rather are subsets of #$IBTGeneration-Original (because
instances of both represent only the generation of
information and can even occur without actual communication
of it), and #$ListeningDeliberately and #$Reading are
subsets of #$AccessingAnIBT, NOT of
#$CommunicationAct-Single, because instances of both
represent only the accessing of information (even if by
default they imply a prior generation of information).
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communication convention
The collection of conventions used to encode and
interpret things which bear information; a syntax together
with a semantic mapping. Instances include natural
languages like French or English, database data formats, and
computer languages or idiosyncratic systems of gestures or
symbols known only by a small group of people.
bd58f43f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
community groups
A collection of organizations. An element of
#$CommunityOrganization is a group that consists of
residents of a #$Neighborhood or apartment building or
condominium complex, and which is concerned with issues
affecting the #$Neighborhood or complex.
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commutative relation
An important subset of #$Relation. Each element
of #$CommutativeRelation is a relationship whose argument
order can be changed without changing the value or meaning
of the expression; e.g., #$PlusFn, #$TimesFn, #$or,
#$bordersOn, #$temporallyIntersects, #$teammates. Most
#$Relations are NOT commutative: if (#$isa EL COL) is true,
it is rare that (#$isa COL EL) is also true.
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crafts
One of the most general attributes for describing
the level of skill with which an agent performs some task.
Knowledge enterers will usually want to use some more
specific attribute.
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competitions
The collection of situations in which one or more
#$Agents are striving to be the sole exemplar of some high
value judgement, or the highest value along some comparative
or metric scale. Arm wrestling, football, fighting for
prey, competitive courting, racing, rodeo events, etc. are
examples. See also #$competitionExpr. Note: `striving'
may be a bit of overstatement, as sometimes the competitors
may even be unaware that a competition has been going on
until after it is over, such as the first year a `Best
Restaurant in Austin' award is given out.
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complete cloud cover
#$CompleteCloudCover is a #$WeatherAttribute
representing a specific degree of #$Cloudiness. This
attribute describes a location as so clouded over with a
uniform layer grey or white clouds that direct sunlight is
blocked out. There are no shadows, the shape or exact
location of the sun or moon is impossible to identify.
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complex temporal relation
Instances of #$ComplexTemporalRelation are
predicates used to interrelate instances of #$TemporalThing
in time. Some of them (e.g., #$startsAfterEndingOf) make
statements about the relationship of the beginning and/or
end of their first argument to the beginning and/or end of
their second argument. One can think of this as an
interval-based theory of time. Some of them (e.g.,
#$temporallyIntersects and #$temporallySubsumes) make
statements about the relationship of the entire set of
points that is their first argument to the entire set of
points that is their second argument. One can think of this
as a set-theoretic theory of time.
bd58ec70-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
composite attribute
A collection of attributes. Each element of
#$CompositeAttribute is an attribute that is essentially a
vector with many dimensions. Instances of #$Color are good
examples; colors have intensity, hue, and saturation as
independent dimensions. See also #$primitiveAttributeTypes, #$PrimitiveAttributeType.
bd58d8d8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
composite attribute types
A collection of collections. Every element of
#$CompositeAttributeType is a collection of attributes which
is a subset of #$CompositeAttribute (q.v.).
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composite physical and mental event
A collection of events. Each element of
#$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent is an event that involves
both some mental event(s) and an interaction of physical
objects. Examples include a news broadcast program, a court
trial, inheriting property, writing a letter, a physical
examination, a charity ball, traffic on some section of
highway during rush hour. Note that this collection does
NOT imply that the events which are its instances have doers
(see #$doneBy). Subsets of
#$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent whose elements all have
doers (or performers) -- and there will be many of them --
should have as a second genls #$Action or the appropriate
subset of #$Action (qq.v.).
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composite tangible and intangible object
The collection of things which have both a
tangible and an intangible component -- e.g., people (with
bodies and minds), information bearing objects (intangible
information encoded on a tangible substrate, such as music
on a CD, or text in a book) and so on. Like anything else
that has at least some tangible component, each element of
#$CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject exists in time. Our
representation allows us to separately reify the tangible
and intangible components of an object; this is sometimes
necessary (e.g., to state that the age of the Frankenstein
monster's mind is x, the age of his body is y, and the
age of the new composite is z) but not very often needed ---
usually one can just reify the
#$CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject and state things
about it.
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composition predicate
A collection of predicates; one of several subsets
of #$PartPredicate. The collection #$CompositionPredicate
contains predicates which are used to relate
#$PartiallyTangible things to the substances (pieces of
stuffs) which compose them. #$CompositionPredicates are
instance-level (i.e, they relate #$Individuals, not
#$Collections), although typically they are used in
inferences about specific kinds of things. Examples include
#$constituents, #$mainConstituent #$solvent, #$solute,
#$suspendingFluid, #$suspendedPart.
bd58f321-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
levels of compressibility
A collection of attributes; a subset of
#$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Compressibility
represents a specific capacity of a physical object to be
compressed. Compressibility may be measured with a
#$GenericValueFunction. Compressibilities of objects are
indicated with the predicate #$compressibilityOfObject.
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computational objects
A collection of abstract objects; a subset of
#$IntangibleIndividual. Each element of
#$ComputationalObject is a syntactically structured form,
such as a Cyc system expression, a Lisp string, a C variable
name, or an equation in a particular canonical form format.
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concavity
An attribute of a surface meaning that it is
bumped or indented inward. A concave surface has a pair of
points which are both closer to a viewer than points on the
surface between them. Depending on the context, it may
have relatively small subregions which have convexities
(e.g. wrinkles, small dents, corrugations) or are flat so
long as the overall shape is concave. Saddle-shapes,
although convex in certain dimensions, are concave in others
and are therefore concave.
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concluding equals note
#$differentSymbols is useful for constraining
rules that conclude #$equals. Most rules which would
conclude #$equals would fire for identical symbols, and
would thus conclude superfluous identity statement, e.g.,
(#$equals #$Cicero #$Cicero). By placing a conjunct in the
antecedent of such rules, (#$differentSymbols ?X ?Y), such
superfluous identity statements will not be deduced.
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concrete
A collection of tangible things. Each element of
#$Concrete is a piece of an artificial mixture of cement,
gravel, sand, and (during mixture, pouring, and forming)
water. Used widely in construction, pieces of concrete are
formed into the desired shape while fluid and afterward
hardened into a sturdy, durable material. Examples: bridge
pilings, foundations of houses, sidewalks, pieces of IH-35.
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condensation processes
A collection of events. In each instance of
#$Condensing, a gas is cooled to (or its pressure lowered
to) the point where the relative humidity (or similar
partial pressure measure if something other than water is
condensing) is greater than 100%, changing part of a
component of the gas from the #$GaseousStateOfMatter to the #$LiquidStateOfMatter.
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conductor resistance
A measurable physical attribute.
#$ConductorResistance is the element of
#$ElectricalResistance that represents a very low level of
electrical resistance. An object having
#$ConductorResistance readily conducts electricity. See
also #$resistanceOfObject.
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conducts heat poorly
A measurable physical attribute.
#$ConductsHeatPoorly is the element of #$ThermalConductivity
that represents the level of thermal conductivity in an
object that conducts virtually no heat.
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conducts heat well
A measurable physical attribute.
#$ConductsHeatWell is the element of #$ThermalConductivity
that represents the level of thermal conductivity in an
object that conducts heat very quickly.
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conducts some heat
A measurable physical attribute.
#$ConductsSomeHeat is the element of #$ThermalConductivity
that represents the level of thermal conductivity in an
object which conducts heat, but slowly.
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certainties
The positive emotion felt when one is free from
doubt about an event or object from which the agent feeling
#$Confidence expects positive contingencies. For example,
one might say 'I feel confident that tomorrow it will
not be rainy'. Do not confuse this with a personality
disposition, e.g. 'Joe is a confident person.'
(See #$PersonalityAttribute.) This is a collection; for an
explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see
#$Happiness. More specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes
include #$Grief, #$SelfConfidence, etc.
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configurations
A specialization of #$StaticSituation. Each
instance of #$Configuration is a static situation involving
two or more #$PartiallyTangible things standing in some
sort of spatial relationship(s). For example, a #$Pile
involves a bunch of things piled on top of each other, a
#$FlowerArrangement involves an arrangement of multiple
#$CutFlowers, and a #$KnotConfiguration might involve a
particular intertwining of several segments of a single
#$CordlikeObject. For configurations like the second
example, which involve objects that are all of the same
kind, see the specialization #$ArrangementOfLikeObjects.
For configurations like the third example, which involve
relationships between different parts of a single salient
object, see #$ConfigurationOfComplexObject. Note that a
static situation involving an #$Agent might be a
configuration, but only so long as it's just the
agent's _spatial_ relationship(s) to other partially
tangibles that matters (see e.g. #$WearingSomething); static
situations in which an agent's agency or sentience is
crucial, on the other hand, are not configurations (see
e.g. #$AgentRelationship and #$InterAgentRelationship).
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congenital conditions
A collection of ailments. An instance of
#$CongenitalCondition is an #$AilmentCondition that is
present in an afflicted organism from the time of gestation
(i.e. before birth), whether or not it is a
#$GeneticCondition. Two example types of
#$CongenitalCondition are congenital herpes and congenital
heroin addiction. A #$CongenitalCondition may be caused by
behavior of the mother during pregnancy. Birth defects
(such as having an extra toe) are #$CongenitalConditions.
Injuries sustained during the delivery itself are not
#$CongenitalConditions. Thus if forceps are used and the
infant is scarred, brain-damaged or killed as a result, the
situation is not an element of this collection.
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conical
#$Conical is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute
shared by all conical objects in virtue of their shape.
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connected path system
The collection of all connected #$PathSystems that
are not in separate pieces. For any different points X and
Y in such a system SYS, there is a path PATH in SYS that
both X and Y are on. Another way to put this is that SYS is
an instance of #$ConnectedPathSystem iff for any different
points X and Y in SYS, there is a path PATH in SYS such that
(#$pathBetweenInSystem PATH X Y SYS) holds. Note that
according to this definition, a connected path system does
not have to contain a link--a path system containing a
single node will be a connected path system. If a connected
path system contains a link, nevertheless, every two
different points must be connected by a path. Note also that
because of our treatment of path (see #$pathInSystem) and
our restriction of points in SYS that are not nodes (see
#$nodeInSystem), that there is a path between every two
points in SYS is equivalent to that there is a path between
every two nodes in Sys.
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links
A collection of events. In a #$ConnectingTogether
event, two or more tangible things get physically connected
together (attached) by means of some sort of connector or
fastener. Some specializations of this include welding,
buckling-up, using nailing, tying-up, etc.
#$ConnectingTogether need not be a spec of
#$Movement-TranslationEvent since two objects being
connected may be already at rest with each other.
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connection predicate
A collection of predicates. Each element of
#$ConnectionPredicate is a predicate that specifies physical
connections between objects. Examples: #$nailedTo,
#$rivetedTo, #$connectedTo-Rigidly,
#$rotationallyConnectedTo, #$hangsFrom, #$in-Embedded.
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clasps
A collection of physical devices. An instance of
#$Connector is a device which connects two objects. A
connector (or part of it) may be a part incorporated into
one or both of the objects connected, or a connector may be
a totally separate device. Examples include elements of the
collections #$ButtonTheFastener, #$Staple, #$Nail, and many more.
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construction events
A collection of events. In each #$Constructing
event, one or more #$ConstructionArtifacts, such as a house,
are made or incrementally enlarged or remodeled.
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structures
A collection of artificial tangible objects. Each
element of #$ConstructionArtifact is a structure designed
and built by humans. This collection includes buildings and
parts of buildings, as well as things like dams, railroad
lines, and roads. Examples: the #$RomanColiseum, the
#$ArcDeTriomphe, #$HooverDam, the #$WorldTradeCenter,
#$HollywoodBowl. For further information, see
#$FixedStructure, an important subset.
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construction companies
A collection of businesses. An element of
#$ConstructionCompany is a business whose #$MainFunction is
constructing or remodeling buildings, houses, dams, bridges,
or other construction artifacts.
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consultants
A collection of persons; a subset of
#$Professional. Each element of #$Consultant works with
some business in a consulting capacity. Consultants can be
self employed, or they can work for a consulting company.
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consumable products
A collection of tangible stuff; a subset of
#$TangibleProduct. Each element of #$ConsumableProduct is a
product of which any portion can be used only once. A
portion of a #$ConsumableProduct is `used up', i.e.,
destroyed or transformed into an unusable or waste form,
during normal use. Note: `consumable' here does not
necessarily mean consumed by mouth; the consumption may be
any use of the product.
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events in which food or drink is consumed
A collection of events. Each element of
#$ConsumingFoodOrDrink is an event in which a person or
other animal ingests some portion of food or drink through
its mouth. This collection generically covers eating or
drinking, by a single person, of a meal- or snack-sized
portion of food. For more detail, see the subsets
#$EatingEvent and #$DrinkingEvent. For eating or drinking
with a social group, see #$HavingAMeal. Note:
#$ConsumingFoodOrDrink does NOT include intravenous infusion
of nutrients or chewing of gum.
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contact locations
A collection of spatial objects. Each element of
#$ContactLocation is a point at which some particular agent
(e.g., corporation or person) may be contacted by any of
several means, for any of several purposes.
#$ContactLocation includes any place to which one may direct
one or more of the following: letters, packages, phone calls
or voice messages, bills, email, faxes, pages, subpoenas.
Contact locations must be particular--e.g., my house or my
office or even my secretary, but not simply `Austin'.
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contact location type
A collection of collections. Each element of
#$ContactLocationType is a collection of places at which a
particular agent may be contacted; such collections may be
characterized in several different ways: (a) by method of
contact (e.g., #$VoicePhoneLocation, #$FaxLocation); (b) by
purpose of contact (e.g., #$BillingLocation,
#$ShippingLocation, #$EmergencyContact); (c) by the
agent's relationship to those places (e.g.,
#$HumanResidence, #$Workplace). Note that particular places
may fall under different subsets of #$ContactLocationType
for different agents; for example, one person's home
might be another's vacation location.
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container products
A collection of physical devices. An instance of
#$ContainerProduct is an object whose #$primaryFunction (or
one of whose main functions) is to be a container. Examples
are of staggering variety, including storage containers for
books, office records, food, clothing, tools, and materials;
containers for transporting the same; passenger compartments
of various kinds of vehicles; artificial constructs for
housing humans and animals; etc., etc. Instances of #$Crib,
#$Sandbox, #$OfficeSpace, and #$Coffin.
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contempts
Emotion characterized by vehement condemnation of
its object as being low, vile, feeble, or ignominious. This
is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see
#$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes
than #$Contempt are #$Hate, #$Abhorrence, etc.
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continents
A collection of topographical features. The
elements of #$Continent on the #$PlanetEarth are the six
traditional main land masses on the surface of the earth
(plus the two #$geographicalSubRegions of Eurasia, Europe
and Asia). Elements: #$ContinentOfAfrica,
#$ContinentOfAntarctica, #$ContinentOfAsia,
#$ContinentOfAustralia, #$ContinentOfEurasia,
#$ContinentOfEurope, #$ContinentOfNorthAmerica,
#$ContinentOfSouthAmerica. Former elements of this
collection include Pangaea and the two continents it broke
up into Gondwanaland and Laurasia (all of which are
instances of #$TrueContinent (q.v.)).
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Africa
The second largest continent, located north and
south of the #$Equator in the #$EasternHemisphere-Region.
Africa is connected to Asia by the narrow #$Isthmus of Suez;
it includes #$Madagascar and other offshore islands.
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Asia
The world's largest continent, joined in the
west with Europe (which may be considered a peninsula of
Asia) to form the Eurasian land mass (#$ContinentOfEurasia).
The #$ContinentOfAsia occupies much of the northern half of
the #$EasternHemisphere-Region.
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Europe
The sixth largest continent; includes adjacent
islands. The #$ContinentOfEurope is separated from the
#$ContinentOfAsia by the #$UralMountains.
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North America
The continent in the northern and
#$WesternHemisphere-Region. North America includes
#$CentralAmerica as well as the #$WestIndies-Archipelago as #$geographicalSubRegions.
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South America
The continent in the western and southern hemisphere.
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contract negotiations
The collection of negotiations intended to lead to
the formation of a contract between the participants (or the
parties they represent in the negotiations).
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control devices
A collection of physical devices. An instance of
#$ControlDevice is a device whose #$primaryFunction is to
control the behavior/functioning/properties of another thing
(usually another instance of #$PhysicalDevice). Obvious
instances of #$ControlDevice include: the remote control for
your TV (an instance of #$RemoteControlDevice), the brake
pedal on your car (an instance of #$Pedal-ControlDevice),
the light switch on your bedroom wall (an instance of
#$ElectricalSwitch); a less obvious instance of
#$ControlDevice is #$HooverDam (an instance of #$Dam).
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controlled land
A collection of geopolitical entities. Each
element of #$ControlledLand is a geopolitical entity that is
controlled to some extent by a foreign power. Examples:
#$PuertoRico, #$Bermuda, #$Guadeloupe-TheDependency, #$Tibet.
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controlling events
A collection of events; a subset of
#$PurposefulAction. An instance of #$ControllingSomething
is a purposeful action in which some #$Agent intentionally
controls some object. It is not necessary that the agent
touch the #$objectControlled, only that s/he have an
efficacious means of controlling its action -- thus,
instances of #$ControllingSomething include all instances of
#$GuidingAMovingObject (some of which involve a
#$RemoteControlDevice). Further subsets:
#$HandlingAnObject, #$Braking, #$SteeringADeviceByHand,
#$PlayingAMusicalInstrument, #$CuttingFabric,
#$CarryingWhileLocomoting, #$FlushingAToilet, etc. Whenever
a #$ControlDevice (qv) is being used, for its primary
function, presumably a #$ControllingSomething event is
taking place. Borderline examples include having a
conversation by telephone, doing the dishes by hand, and
having a cat as a pet.
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conventional classification systems
The collection of all agreed-upon or conventional
classification systems, each consisting of
#$ConventionalClassificationTypes. In such systems, a
change or reclassification is possible by a decision of an
authority, or by a changed social agreement, without
changing the intrinsic facts about the actual objects in the
category. (This applies only to named or known
classification systems or schemas, and not to everything
under the sun as might be urged by some 1990's-era
postmodernist deconstructionist literary criticism
theorists.) #$ConventionalClassificationSystems would
include biological taxonomies, standard classifications,
data dictionaries, thesauri, cultural taboo systems,
military doctrinal systems, calendar systems, etc.
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conventional classification type
The collection of all those collections that each
correspond to a category in some agreed-upon or conventional
classification system (a #$ConventionalClassificationSystem)
used by people. In such systems, a change or
reclassification is possible by a decision of an authority,
or by a changed social agreement or custom, without changing
the intrinsic facts about the actual objects in the
category. (This applies only to named, known classification
systems or schemas, and not to everything under the sun as
might be urged by some 1990's-era postmodernist
deconstructionist literary criticism theorists.)
#$ConventionalClassificationType would include categories in
biological taxonomy, standard classifications, data
dictionaries, thesauri, cultural taboo classes, military
doctrinal classes, named calendar intervals, etc.
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bulge
A surface attribute meaning that the
surface's overall shape is dominated by an outward
bulge or mound, or consists of projecting corners between
planes. In most contexts, it may have relatively small
subregions which are concave or flat, etc., so long as
overall shape is convex. Viewing something as convex
assumes a perspective. From the opposite perspective, on
the `other side', a #$Convex surface would look #$Concave.
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convex tangible object
The collection of all #$TangibleThings that are
#$Convex, i.e. have no significant #$Concave surfaces,
cavities or #$Crevices. A #$ConvexTangibleObject occupies
about the same space as its convex hull; see #$ConvexHullFn
and #$ConvexHullSpaceFn. A solid physical sphere or cube
are #$ConvexTangibleObjects but a cup or doughnut cannot be.
The size of allowable minor concavities depends on the context.
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conveyances
A collection of concrete physical objects. Each
instance of #$Conveyance is intended for moving partially
tangible things --- it could be a car, ship, plane, or other
vehicle for transporting people; it could be a conveyor belt
or a grocery bag for moving goods; it could be a gun, a bow,
or a cannon for launching projectiles. See also
#$TransportationDevice which are objects that actually move
along with the thing they are transporting, and
#$Conveyance-Stationary where the object doing the moving
remains stationary. See #$Conveying-Generic,
#$TransportationEvent and #$Conveying-Stationary for the
different kinds of conveying events. Some positive
exemplars: a gun, a car, a horse. A wire can be considered
to be a #$Conveyance, in those microtheories were
#$Electricity, #$Signals, etc. are considered to be things
that move.
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cooked
The attribute #$Cooked is a #$PreparationAttribute
(q.v.), describing how a given item of #$Food has been
prepared. Food becomes #$Cooked as the result of an event
of #$CookingFood. Specialized forms of #$Cooked include
#$Steamed, #$Baked, #$Microwaved and #$Grilled.
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cooking events
A collection of events. Each element of
#$CookingFood is an event in which some item of #$Food is
prepared by heating it. Typically, the foodstuff is heated
until it reaches a certain temperature over some period of
time, during which chemical and/or physical changes occur
which are supposed to make the foodstuff healthier or
tastier (or, in some cases, ethically acceptable). A
#$CookingFood event may last from a few minutes (e.g.,
#$SteamingFood (vegetables), #$MakingToast) to several hours
(e.g., #$RoastingFood). Note: #$SmokingFood is not a
subset of #$CookingFood. Food prepared by smoking (e.g.,
smoked ham, bacon) is `cured' by a chemical reaction
with nitrates in the smoke, rather than being cooked by
heat. Cf. #$SmokingFood, #$SaltingFood.
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cooling process
#$CoolingProcess is a collection of events, and a
subset of #$TemperatureChangingProcess. During each
#$CoolingProcess event, the temperature of the
#$objectOfStateChange is decreased by removing heat from the object.
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cords
Read #$cyclistNotes. A generic long flexible
skinny thing like string, electrical extension cords, rope, wicks.
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core constant
The collection of constants that are required to
be defined in order to support the implementation of CycL
itself. These constants are the minimal 'core' of
the Cyc knowledge base which must be assumed to be defined
in order for the inference engine to function.
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two-dimensional corners
The collection of all regions wherein two linear
edges of a two dimensional or sheet-shaped object (i.e.,
considered in this context to be sheet shaped) meet to form
an angle of substantially less than 180 degrees. Polygons
have at least three corners each.
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corners
The collection of all regions centered around a
point where two edges of a sheet-like object meet at an
angle or where three or more surfaces (together with three
or more solid edges dividing them) meet at one place forming
a solid angle. Includes 2-dimensional corners and 3
dimensional corners. Corners are either #$Convex or
#$Concave with respect to some perspective.
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corner - 3d
The collection of all regions where three or more
surfaces of an object (which is considered three dimensional
in current context), and three or more #$EdgeOnObjects,
meet. This includes corners of boxes, the tops of pyramids,
etc. Each #$Corner-3d includes some solid angle of part of
the object.
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officers
A collection of people. An instance of
#$CorporateOfficer is a person who is recognized as an
officer of a corporation, as officially recorded in the
corporate records of that corporation. Common types of
#$CorporateOfficer include #$President-CorporateOfficer,
#$VicePresident-CorporateOfficer, Secretary and Treasurer of
a corporation.
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corrosion resistance
A collection of attributes; a subset of
#$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$CorrosionResistance
represents a specific level of resistance to corrosion of
some tangible object. Degrees of #$CorrosionResistance may
be represented using #$GenericValueFunctions. Indicate a
particular object's #$CorrosionResistance with the
predicate #$resistanceToCorrosion.
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cost breakdown slot
A collection of predicates. Each element of
#$CostBreakdownSlot is a binary predicate used to describe
some pecuniary aspect of an instance of #$Buying. The first
argument to every #$CostBreakdownSlot is an element of
#$Buying and the second argument is always an instance of
#$Money. Examples: #$moneyTransferred, #$discount,
#$salesTax, #$salesCommission.
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cotemporal objects slot
#$CotemporalObjectsSlot is the collection of
#$BinaryPredicates PRED such that whenever a formula without
free variables (PRED ARG1 ARG2) is true at a moment in time,
it will be the case that the moment belongs to the temporal
extent of both ARG1 and ARG2 (i.e., that ARG1 and ARG2 are
#$TemporalThings which temporally subsume the moment). For
example, #$owns is a #$CotemporalObjectsSlot. So from the
assertion (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1992) (#$owns Nick Spot)), we
can conclude that Nick and Spot were alive throughout
(temporally subsume) 1992. In contrast, consider the
predicate #$awareOf, which is not a #$CotemporalObjectsSlot.
The assertion (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1992) (#$awareOf Fred
#$GeorgeWashington)) doesn't justify the conclusion
(#$temporallySubsumes #$GeorgeWashington (#$YearFn 1992)).
In general (with the qualifications indicated below), a
closed assertion (#$holdsIn TIME (PRED ARG1 ARG2)), with
PRED a #$CotemporalObjectsSlot, licenses the conclusions
(#$temporallySubsumes ARG1 TIME) and (#$temporallySubsumes
ARG2 TIME). And a closed assertion (#$holdsSometimeDuring
TIME (PRED ARG1 ARG2)) licenses the conclusions
(#$temporallyIntersects ARG1 TIME) and
(#$temporallyIntersects ARG2 TIME). Although what
constitutes a moment can vary with context, for most
microtheories explicit considerations of temporal
granularity (in this sense) don't come into play. In
particular, in the case of most microtheories, one
doesn't have to worry about the possibility of gaps in
the fabric of time between moments. (Such gaps would
undermine the conclusions above about temporal subsumption.)
Another qualification is that ARG1 and ARG2 are not
#$TemporallyIndexicalFirstOrderTerms; in practice, they
almost never are. See also the generalization of
#$CotemporalObjectsSlot, #$CotemporalPredicate, and the
predicate #$contemporaryInArg.
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cotemporal predicate
#$CotemporalPredicate is the collection of
#$Predicates PRED such that whenever a formula (PRED ARG1
... ARGN) is true at a moment in time, it will be the case
that the moment belongs to the temporal extent of each ARG
among ARG1, ..., ARGN that is a #$TemporalThing (i.e., that
each such ARG temporally subsumes the moment). For example,
#$owns is a #$CotemporalPredicate. So from the assertion
(#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1992) (#$owns Nick Spot)), we can
conclude (given that Nick and Spot are #$TemporalThings)
that Nick and Spot were alive throughout (temporally
subsume) 1992. In contrast, consider the predicate
#$awareOf, which is not a #$CotemporalPredicate. The
assertion (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1992) (#$awareOf Fred
#$GeorgeWashington)) doesn't justify the conclusion
(#$temporallySubsumes #$GeorgeWashington (#$YearFn 1992)).
In general (with the qualifications indicated below), an
assertion (#$holdsIn TIME (PRED ARG1 ... ARGN)), with PRED a
#$CotemporalPredicate and ARG among ARG1, ..., ARGN a
#$TemporalThing, licenses the conclusion
(#$temporallySubsumes ARG TIME). And an assertion
(#$holdsSometimeDuring TIME (PRED ARG1 ... ARGN)) licenses
the conclusion (#$temporallyIntersects ARG TIME). Although
what constitutes a moment can vary with context, for most
microtheories explicit considerations of temporal
granularity (in this sense) don't come into play. In
particular, in the case of most microtheories, one
doesn't have to worry about the possibility of gaps in
the fabric of time between moments. (Such gaps would
undermine the conclusion above about temporal subsumption.)
Another qualification is that ARG is not a
#$TemporallyIndexicalFirstOrderTerm; in practice, it almost
never is. In order to bar predicates that would otherwise
trivially qualify as instances of #$CotemporalPredicate, the
argument-type of at least one of the argument-places of a
#$CotemporalPredicate PRED must be non-disjoint with
#$TemporalThing (or, more generally, the intersection of the
argument-types of at least one of the argument-places of
PRED must be non-disjoint with #$TemporalThing). See also
the specialization of #$CotemporalPredicate,
#$CotemporalObjectsSlot, and the predicate #$contemporaryInArg.
bd5981b7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
count noun - generic
The collection of all mass nouns. Mass nouns are
syntactically singular, and often they denote stufflike
things. Example: 'water'. This collection also
includes proper mass nouns like 'Pepsi', agentive
mass nouns like 'moisturizer', etc.
c0e918e2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
counterfactual context
The collection of microtheories that are each
assumed to include at least one counterfactual assertion: an
assertion which is believed to be untrue in the real world.
It may be, however, that there is no explicit counterfactual
assertion in a given #$CounterfactualContext. In
particular, it is not required that there be any explicit
contradiction of assertions in the #$genlMts of the
#$CounterfactualContext. But intuitively speaking, most
adults would be reticent about trusting too strongly in a
propositon whose only justification was in a
#$CounterfactualContext. All works of fiction relate events
that transpire in counterfactual contexts. Examples:
#$WorldMythologyMt, #$PaddingtonBearStoriesMt, #$ChristmasMythologyMt.
bd58f4b8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
countries
A collection of geopolitical entities. An element
of #$Country is a nation-state having its own territory,
population, and government, whether or not it is fully
independent. For example, #$Scotland is an element of
#$Country, even though it is a part of the
#$UnitedKingdomOfGreatBritainAndNorthernIreland. Cf. #$IndependentCountry.
bd588879-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
districts
A collection of geopolitical entities. Each
element of #$CountrySubsidiary is a political region that is
a direct subsidiary of some country. This collection
includes states, provinces, territories, and some special
districts such as Washington, D.C. This class is somewhat
artificial but is useful when representing addresses.
c0c0184c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
counties
A collection of geopolitical entities. An element
of #$County is a lesser geopolitical region, having an area
typically larger than a #$City but smaller than a
#$State-Geopolitical. Traditionally, a #$County area was
within one day's horseback ride from the County Seat.
bd58e498-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
county governments
The collection of all #$County governments.
bd67f8fe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
course during a meal
A collection of events. Each element of
#$CourseDuringAMeal is an event in which one or more diners
at a meal consume a single course. Examples include the
elements of #$AppetizerCourse, #$MainCourse, #$DessertCourse.
c1008170-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
courts
A collection of organizations which are judicial
agents. An element of #$Court-Judicial is an established
judicial court, i.e., an enduring governmental
#$Organization whose #$primaryFunction is to settle disputes
by means of legal reasoning by one or more #$Judges.
Typically, a court's orders are enforced by some other
agency belonging to the government of which that court is a
part. The collection #$Court-Judicial includes federal,
state, county, and municipal courts, appellate and chancery
courts, tax courts, courts of claims, courts-martial (if
non-temporary), admiralty courts, courts of chivalry,
American Indian tribal courts, and the Permanent Court of
International Justice. It excludes Gypsy/Rom Kris courts,
nonjudicial administrative county courts, stannaries, and
temporary #$Tribunals.
c08b79f4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
courtesy title
The collection of #$Titles, such as Mr., Ms.,
Mrs., Miss, Dr., etc., which precede names in Anglo-American
addressing custom.
bd58fa97-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
cracking events
A collection of change events. In each
#$Cracking, something becomes cracked. I.e., two or more
areas of the thing are separated from one another (though
perhaps not divided wholly into parts). In order to undergo
a #$Cracking, the #$objectOfStateChange must be in a #$SolidStateOfMatter.
bd58f8e2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
creation events
A collection of events. In each element of
#$CreationEvent, at least one instance of #$Entity (the
#$outputsCreated) is brought into existence.
bd58de89-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
creation or destruction events
A collection of events. During each element of
#$CreationOrDestructionEvent, one or more instances of
#$Entity come into or go out of existence. Elements of this
collection are the sorts of events that have #$inputs,
#$outputs, #$products, #$wasteProducts, and #$byProducts.
Examples of #$CreationOrDestructionEvent would include a
particular campfire (a #$CombustionProcess), manufacturing a
particular car, etc.
bd675149-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
credentials
A collection of intangible objects which consist
of propositional information about an agent. #$Credential
is a subset of #$PropositionalInformationThing (q.v.). Each
element of #$Credential is specific information about one
agent, provided by another agent; the information content of
a credential consists of favorable, enabling, or empowering
propositional declarations. As represented in Cyc,
credentials are intangible information, but each element of
#$Credential usually has some associated physical document
(e.g., a diploma associated with a college degree, a
driver's license). A credential may certify that the
holder (i.e., the subject of the credential) has a
particular skill (e.g., legal bar certification, ability to
drive); has completed certain training (e.g., GED schooling,
Ph.D. requirements; is allowed to do a certain thing (e.g.,
travel visa, permission slip); and so on. Recommendations
are considered a kind of credential.
bd58b0a1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
credit cards
A collection of plastic cards. Each element of
#$CreditCard is a piece of plastic that enables authorized
users to spend the card-issuing company's money, drawn
as a (usually unsecured) loan through an associated instance
of #$CreditCardAccount under a pre-arranged credit
agreement. The credit card company credits the vendor of
the purchased goods or services and bills the card user,
usually with interest.
bd58ceea-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
crevices
The collection of all long, slender cavities or
cracks or furrows in otherwise solid objects. The width of
a crevice is significantly less than its length. The depth
of a crevice is often greater than its width, and is never
significantly less than its width.
c0fcdf4c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
crevice - topographical - earth
The collection of topographical features of the
planet Earth characterized by long, slender cavities or
cracks or furrows. The width of a crevice is significantly
less than its length. The depth of a crevice is often
greater than its width, and is never significantly less than
its width.
bf4d23f7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
crime detection
This is the actual act of detecting a crime.
bd6857bf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
crucifix shaped
#$CrucifixShaped is the instance of
#$ShapeAttribute shared by all three dimensional
cross-shaped objects.
c0514749-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
cubical
#$Cubical is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute
shared by all three-dimensional objects for which each face
it is the case that (#$shapeOfObject ?FACE #$SquareShaped).
c14b222b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
items of currency
A collection of physical objects. An instance of
#$Currency is a physical object generally accepted as legal
tender (i.e., not checks or credit cards) and used as a
means of transferring a quantity of #$Money between some
elements of #$Agent. Elements of #$Currency may be coins,
items of precious metal, paper bills for which precious
objects are payable by a government to the bearer on demand,
or unbacked paper bills required by a government to be
accepted for payment of debts. Elements of #$Currency are
typically backed by and issued by national governments.
Note: This collection includes all instances of legal
tender, worldwide and historically. But, for better or
worse, the notion of legal tender is context-dependent.
Normally what counts as currency is relative to the country
one is in; legal tender in the United States is not the same
as legal tender in China. (Though US dollars may have
excellent value on the black market.) What counts as legal
tender depends on historical events as well, since a
government may change, withdraw, or cancel some types of
currency it previously authorized. Also, conquest of one
country by another usually brings about the collapse of the
loser's currency. A Confederate ten dollar bill, e.g.,
is not an element of #$Currency in the context of twentieth
century Alabama, even though it belongs to #$Currency in a
different context.
bd58cc42-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
curvature of surface
The collection of all surface curvature
attributes. These may apply to a particular piece of a
surface of an object, or to the whole surface. For
real-world (non-mathematical) surfaces, there is ordinarily
some tolerance for minor surface deviations that depends on
the context. Thus a 'flat' surface may have
relatively small bumps and crevices.
c0f2ab26-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
customary system of links
The collection of all customary or conventional
network systems consisting of interconnected links
(instances of #$Path-Customary) and nodes of obvious types,
where the elements of the system can be assumed without
specifying them as sets. Examples include pipe systems,
road systems, vascular systems, wiring systems, mechanical
linkages, etc. The links of any #$CustomarySystemOfLinks
are assumed to share characteristics, e.g. in a road system,
pipes are not links nor are streetlights, road paint, or
other non-roadways, just the roadways forming the network.
Also, what constitutes a #$JunctionOfPaths or #$pathTerminus
in the system should be obvious from the system type. The
links are related to the assumed system by
#$linksOfCustomarySystem. This is in contrast to
#$PathSystem in which the sets of point, nodes, links, and
loops (if any) have to be specified for the system.
c0ee5ac3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
cutting implements
A collection of devices. An instance of
#$CuttingDevice is a device whose #$primaryFunction is to
(enable its user to) cut another object. Subsets of
#$CuttingDevice include the collections #$Razors,
#$Scissors, #$LawnMowers,and more.
bd589153-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
Cyc administrator
This constant is for use by Cyc administrators
responsible for installation, setup and maintenance of Cyc images.
c0bf7a98-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
cyc h l truth value
The truth/strength combinations used in the Cyc HL
implementation of #$CycLAssertions and arguments.
bd58f7f9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
cyc l asserted assertion
The subcollection of semantically well-formed
#$CycLAssertions which are supported by at least one belief
argument, meaning that the assertion was explicitly asserted
to Cyc, as opposed to having been deduced by Cyc's
inference engine. An assertion can have more than one
argument, and can therefore be both a
#$CycLAssertedAssertion and a #$CycLDeducedAssertion.
bed06ab6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
CycL assertions
A collection of semantically well-formed
#$CycLSentences which express some proposition in the Cyc
Knowledge Base. Each instance of #$CycLAssertion is either
(1) an #$HLAssertion: an assertion reified in the Cyc
Knowledge Base (i.e., a formula and its associated
datastructure, actually in the Cyc KB), or (2) an
#$ELAssertion: an Epistemological Level #$CycLSentence that
can be canonicalized into one or more already extant
#$HLAssertions. #$CycLAssertion is used as an argument type
for meta-predicates such as #$overrides.
bd5dbcd4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
cyc l assertion direction
The set of possible directions for Cyc
#$CycLAssertions; the direction indicates how the
#$CycLAssertion will be propagated during inference.
bd58e1fc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
cyc l atomic assertion
The subcollection of #$CycLAssertions which have a
#$Predicate as their operator. Excludes assertions with
logical operators in the arg0 position.
bfd86bf1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
cyc l atomic sentence
The collection of syntactically well-formed atomic
sentences, also called 'atomic logical formulas',
in the CycL language. Each instance of #$CycLAtomicSentence
involves the application of a #$Predicate to some arguments.
c130750e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
cyc l atomic term
The collection of all atomic denotational terms in
the CycL language. All such terms may denote something in
the universe of discourse if semantically meaningful and
fully bound (variables are #$CycLAtomicTerms). They are also
atomic, meaning that they cannot be broken down via the CycL
syntax. The string aabaab is a #$CycLAtomicTerm even
though it can be broken down into substrings, just as 212 is
a #$CycLAtomicTerm even though it can be broken down into
digits. This notion of atomicity is only with respect to
the CycL grammar, and digits and substrings are not part of
the CycL grammar.
be1d78c8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
cyc l closed atomic sentence
The collection of syntactically well-formed atomic
sentences in the CycL language which have no free variables.
Each instance of #$CycLClosedAtomicSentence involves the
application of a #$Predicate to some arguments.
bdcc8689-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
cyc l closed atomic term
The collection of all atomic closed denotational
terms in the CycL language. All such terms may denote
something in the universe of discourse if semantically
meaningful. They are also atomic, meaning that they cannot
be broken down via the CycL syntax. The string aabaab is
a #$CycLClosedAtomicTerm even though it can be broken down
into substrings, just as 212 is a #$CycLClosedAtomicTerm
even though it can be broken down into digits. This notion
of atomicity is only with respect to the CycL grammar, and
digits and substrings are not part of the CycL grammar.
bda21728-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
cyc l closed denotational term
The collection of all CycL expressions which may
denote something in the universe of discourse.
#$CycLSentences are not considered part of the universe of
discourse in this way. Not all closed denotational terms
pick out something in the universe of discourse;
counterexamples are (#$BorderBetweenFn #$Canada #$Mexico)
and (#$JuvenileFn #$isa #$genls #$JuvenileFn). Other
examples of closed denotational terms include #$Muffet,
(#$JuvenileFn #$Dog), (#$TheSetOf ?X (#$objectHasColor ?X
GreenColor)), and 212.
c04da45a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
cyc l closed expression
The collection of CycL expressions which have no
free variables.
c03209e1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
cyc l closed formula
The subcollection of #$CycLFormulas which have no
free variables.
c017ff79-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
cyc l closed non atomic term
The subcollection of denotational
#$CycLNonAtomicTerms which have no free variables.
Examples: (#$JuvenileFn #$Platypus), (#$JuvenileFn #$isa
#$genls), (#$TheSetOf ?X (#$objectHasColor ?X
#$GreenColor)). Counterexamples: (#$JuvenileFn ?X).
c0cc2458-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
cyc l closed sentence
The subcollection of #$CycLSentences which have no
free variables. Implicitly universally quantified sentences
are not instances of #$CycLClosedSentence.
be27a8ec-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
ART
#$CycLConstant is the collection of all CycL named
constants used to denote terms. Colloquially, CycL
constants are those atomic terms which are prefixed by
'#$' in their printed representation. For
example, #$Dog is an instance of #$CycLConstant while other
terms like (#$GovernmentFn #$France) and the number 42 are not.
bf3491c4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
cyc l deduced assertion
The subcollection of semantically well-formed
#$CycLAssertions which are supported by at least one
argument which is a dedction by Cyc's inference engine,
as opposed to having been explicitly asserted to Cyc. An
assertion can have more than one argument, and can therefore
be both a #$CycLAssertedAssertion and a #$CycLDeducedAssertion.
beff1a9a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
cyc l denotational term
The collection of all CycL expressions which may
denote something in the universe of discourse if they are
meaningful and closed (having no free variables). Semantic
well-formedness is not a requirement; (#$JuvenileFn #$isa ?X
#$genls #$JuvenileFn) is a denotational term. However, if a
#$CycLFormula, semantic properties of the arg0 may determine
its membership in this collection. e.g. (#$JuvenileFn
#$Dog) is a denotational term, but (#$Dog #$JuvenileFn) is
not. Other examples of denotational terms include #$Muffet,
?X, (#$JuvenileFn ?X), (#$TheSetOf ?X (#$objectHasColor ?X
GreenColor)), and 212.
bd9733c2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
cyc l expression
The collection of all syntactically well-formed
expressions in the CycL language. This includes formulas,
sentences, denotational terms, etc.
be90c21d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
cyc l expression - askable
The subcollection of syntactically well-formed
#$CycLExpressions which obey arity constraints, but but do
not necessarily obey other semantic constraints (e.g.
argument type constraints). The name 'Askable'
derives from #$CycLSentence-Askable, but instances of
#$CycLExpression-Askable are not necessarily askable as a
query unless they are also instances of
#$CycLSentence-Askable. See #$CycLQuery for more details.
bd601781-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
cyc l expression - assertible
The subcollection of syntactically and
semantically well-formed #$CycLExpressions. The name
'Assertible' derives from
#$CycLSentence-Assertible, but instances of
#$CycLExpression-Assertible are not necessarily assertible
into the KB unless they are also instances of #$CycLSentence-Assertible.
c091e184-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
cyc l formula
The collection of CycL expressions which involve
the application of a relation to some arguments; e.g.,
(#$isa #$Muffet #$Poodle) and (#$BirthFn #$Muffet) are both
instances of #$CycLFormula. Two important specs of
#$CycLFormula are #$CycLNonAtomicTerms, also called
'denotational formulas', and #$CycLSentences, also
called 'logical formulas'. Note that this notion
of a CycL formula may differ from standard definitions of
'formula' in formal logic, which define a formula
as either any string of symbols, or a syntactically
well-formed string of symbols. A CycL formula is a relation
applied to some arguments.
c03ec3ba-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
cyc l g a f assertion
The subcollection of semantically well-formed
atomic #$CycLAssertions which have no free variables. GAF
stands for Ground Atomic Formula. Atomic Formula (or, more
specifically, atomic sentence) means a #$Predicate applied
to some arguments. Ground means no variables. GAF
Assertions are ground at the HL (no HL variables) and closed
at the EL (no free EL variables). For example, (#$isa
(#$TheSetOf ?X (#$colorOfObject ?X #$GreenColor)) #$Thing)
is ground at the HL and closed (but not ground) at the EL.
GAF assertions typically express facts about the world.
c0f63e9a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
cyc l generic relation formula
The subcollection of #$CycLFormulas which have a
#$Relation in their arg0 position which is not known to be
either a function, predicate, or logical operator.
Examples: (?RELATION #$Dog #$Cat), ((RelationDenotingFn
#$Muffet) #$Dog).
be2eb4e1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
cyc l indexed term
Elements of #$CycLIndexedTerm are objects that are
indexed in the Cyc kb (i.e., forts and assertions).
bd84623c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
NART
The subcollection of #$CycLReifiableNonAtomicTerms
that are reified in the KB. Example: (#$JuvenileFn #$Dog).
Counterexample: (#$JuvenileFn #$Platypus), because that term
is not currently reified in the KB. These are often called
NARTs, which stands for 'non-atomic reified term'.
c0c6b0d2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
NAT
The collection of non-atomic denotational terms in
the CycL language. Also called 'denotational
formulas'. A non-atomic term, or 'NAT', is a
term which is neither a variable nor a constant. NATs are
terms formed by applying a function to its (zero or more)
arguments. Like constants, each NAT denotes some thing in
the universe of discourse. Currently, there are two main
kinds of NAT: #$HLNonAtomicReifiedTerms, or
'NARTs', which are a type of
#$HLReifiedDenotationalTerm, and are implemented with data
structures that have indexing allowing all uses of the NAT
to be retrieved; and #$ELNonAtomicTerms, or
'NAUTs', which have no such indexing and remain in
the form of an EL expression in the formulas in which they occur.
bf1f951d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
cyc l non atomic term - askable
The subcollection of syntactically well-formed
#$CycLNonAtomicTerms which obey arity constraints, but but
do not necessarily obey other semantic constraints (e.g.
argument type constraints). These terms 'make enough
sense' to be a term in a #$CycLQuery. Denotational
terms are not askable themselves. Each instance of this
collection involves a #$Function-Denotational applied to
some number of arguments, as permitted by the arity of the
relation. #$CycLNonAtomicTerms are also called
'denotational formulas', to be distinguished from
'logical formulas', also known as #$CycLSentences.
Note that an instance of #$CycLNonAtomicTerm-Askable does
not mean that the term must be used in a query; only that
it can be used in a query. See #$CycLQuery for more details.
bdda1e3f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
cyc l non atomic term - assertible
The collection of syntactically and semantically
well-formed #$CycLNonAtomicTerms. These non-atomic terms
meet the criteria necessary to be part of an assertion in
the Cyc KB. They are not assertible themselves. For a
thorough discussion of what constitutes a well-formed CycL
formula, see the Cyc documentation. Each instance of
#$CycLNonAtomicTerm-Assertible involves a
#$Function-Denotational applied to some arguments. Note
that a semantically well-formed #$CycLQuery may contain
instances of #$CycLNonAtomicTerm-Assertible; just because a
nat is 'assertible' does not require it to be
used in an assertion. See #$CycLPropositionalSentence for
more details.
be2e0d29-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
cyc l non atomic term - closed functor
The subcollection of denotational
#$CycLNonAtomicTerms which have no free variable in the arg0
position. Examples: (#$JuvenileFn #$Platypus),
(#$JuvenileFn #$isa #$genls), (#$TheSetOf ?X (#$colorOfType
?X #$GreenColor)), (#$JuvenileFn ?X). Counterexample:
(?SOMEFN #$Gold).
bf26025d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
cyc l open denotational term
The collection of all CycL expressions which have
at least one free variable, and which might denote something
in the universe of discourse if their variable(s) were
bound. #$CycLSentences are not considered part of the
universe of discourse in this way. Examples include ?X,
(#$JuvenileFn ?X), and (#$JuvenileFn #$isa ?X #$genls
#$JuvenileFn), even though the latter is semantically ill-formed.
c0d211d2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
cyc l open expression
The collection of CycL expressions which have free variables.
bfab7ef3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
cyc l open formula
The subcollection of #$CycLFormulas which have
free variables.
be0a552b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
cyc l open non atomic term
The subcollection of denotational
#$CycLNonAtomicTerms which have free variables. Examples:
(#$JuvenileFn ?X), (#$JuvenileFn ?X ?Y ?Z). Counterexample:
(#$TheSetOf ?X (#$objectHasColor ?X #$GreenColor)).
c010ce47-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
cyc l open sentence
The subcollection of #$CycLSentences which have
free variables. This only takes into account explicit
closure; if a sentence is implicitly universally quantified,
it is still an instance of #$CycLOpenSentence.
be00bf6e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
cyc l propositional sentence
The collection of semantically well-formed CycL
sentences that express propositions. Any seemingly free
variables in such sentences are implicitly universally
quantified at the outermost level.
c05a7c46-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
cyc l query
The collection of all well-formed CycL queries.
Example: (#$and (#$isa ?X #$Cat) (#$isa ?X #$Dog)). Weaker
well-formedness constraints are imposed on CycL queries than
on assertions (see #$CycLSentence-Assertible). CycL queries
are syntactically well-formed CycL sentences, also
well-formed with respect to arity, which express a query in
CycL. Free variables are not implicitly universally
quantified; they are interpreted as variables for which
bindings are sought.
c0d57acd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
cyc l reformulation rule predicate
The collection of #$Predicates which may appear as
the operator in a #$CycLReformulationRule.
c129e5bc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
cyc l reifiable denotational term
A collection of Cyc terms. All #$CycLConstants are
elements of #$CycLReifiableDenotationalTerm, as is any NAT
(#$CycLNonAtomicTerm, see #$Function-Denotational) whose
functor is an instance of #$ReifiableFunction. E.g., since
#$GovernmentFn is an instance of #$ReifiableFunction, it is
true that (#$GovernmentFn #$France) is a
#$CycLReifiableDenotationalTerm. (#$JuvenileFn #$Platypus)
is a #$CycLReifiableDenotationalTerm; it is not in the KB
but is reifiable. #$CycLVariables are not considered reified
or reifiable terms. These terms may denote something in the
universe of discourse if they are semantically meaningful.
e.g. (#$BorderBetweenFn #$Canada #$Mexico) is a
#$CycLReifiableDenotationalTerm even though it does not
denote anything in the universe of discourse.
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cyc l reifiable non atomic term
A collection of Cyc terms that are NATs
(#$CycLNonAtomicTerms; see #$Function-Denotational) whose
functor is an instance of #$ReifiableFunction. E.g., since
#$GovernmentFn is an instance of #$ReifiableFunction, it is
true that (#$GovernmentFn #$France) is a #$CycLReifiableNonAtomicTerm.
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forts
The collection of denotational terms in the CycL
language which are reified in the KB. Examples include
#$Muffet and (#$JuvenileFn #$Dog); a counterexample would be
(#$JuvenileFn #$Platypus) because that term is not currently
reified in the KB. These are often called
'FORTs', which stands for 'first-order
reified terms'
beee8a4d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
cyc l represented atomic term
The collection of all represented atomic
denotational terms in the CycL language. This consists of
variables and Cyc constants.
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cyc l represented term
The collection of all denotational terms in the
CycL language which are either represented atomic terms or
are composed of represented atomic terms. This includes Cyc
constants, variables, and NATs.
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cyc l rule assertion
The subcollection of semantically well-formed
#$CycLAssertions whose formulas are rules. More precisely,
the formulas are not GAFs (see #$CycLGAFAssertion), so they
either have more than one literal (and therefore are
non-atomic) or they quantify over some free variables (and
therefore are non-ground). Any free variables are implicitly
universally quantified.
bddb0a48-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
CycL sentences
The collection of syntactically well-formed CycL
formulas which involve a logical relation (a #$Predicate or
#$TruthFunction) applied to some arguments. #$CycLSentences
do not necessarily obey arity constraints or other semantic
constraints (e.g. argument type constraints).
#$CycLSentences are also called 'logical
formulas', to be distinguished from 'denotational
formulas', also known as NATs (#$CycLNonAtomicTerms).
Note that this notion of a CycL sentence is broader than the
standard definition of 'sentence' in formal logic,
which defines a sentence as a closed, well-formed formula.
CycL sentences may be open (having free variables). They
may be semantically ill-formed but must be syntactically
well-formed. Also, queries (see #$CycLQuery) are CycL sentences.
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cyc l sentence - askable
The subcollection of syntactically well-formed
#$CycLSentences which obey arity constraints, but but do not
necessarily obey other semantic constraints (e.g. argument
type constraints). These sentences 'make enough
sense' to be asked as a #$CycLQuery. Each instance of
this collection involves a logical relation (a #$Predicate
or #$TruthFunction) applied to some number of arguments, as
permitted by the arity of the relation. #$CycLSentences are
also called 'logical formulas', to be
distinguished from 'denotational formulas', also
known as NATs (#$CycLNonAtomicTerms). Note that this notion
of a CycL sentence is broader than the standard definition
of 'sentence' in formal logic, which defines a
sentence as a closed, well-formed formula. CycL sentences
may be open (having free variables), but if they are
asserted to Cyc, the free variables are implicitly
universally quantified. Note that an instance of
#$CycLSentence-Askable does not mean that the sentence must
be used in a query; only that it can be used in a query. See
#$CycLQuery for more details.
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cyc l sentence - assertible
The collection of syntactically and semantically
well-formed #$CycLSentences. These sentences meet the
criteria necessary to be asserted into the Cyc KB. Example:
(#$and (#$isa #$Pittman #$HumanCyclist) (#$residesInRegion
#$Pittman #$CityOfAustinTX)). For a thorough discussion of
what constitutes a well-formed CycL formula, see the Cyc
documentation. Each instance of #$CycLSentence-Assertible
involves a logical relation (a #$Predicate or
#$TruthFunction) applied to some arguments. #$CycLSentences
are also called 'logical formulas', to be
distinguished from 'denotational formulas', also
known as NATs (#$CycLNonAtomicTerms). Note that this notion
of a CycL sentence is broader than the standard definition
of 'sentence' in formal logic, which defines a
sentence as a closed, well-formed formula. CycL sentences
may be open (having free variables), but if they are
asserted to Cyc, the free variables are implicitly
universally quantified. Note that a semantically
well-formed #$CycLQuery may be an instance of
#$CycLSentence-Assertible; just because a sentence is
assertible does not require it to be used in an assertion.
See #$CycLPropositionalSentence for more details.
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cyc l sentence - closed predicate
The subcollection of #$CycLSentences whose arg0 is
not a free variable although free variables may occupy other
argument positions.
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cyc l term
The collection of all syntactically well-formed
expressions in the CycL language that can be used as terms,
i.e. that can serve as arguments to CycL relations.
Since the grammar of the CycL language allows any CycL
expression to be used as a term, #$CycLTerm and
#$CycLExpression are coextensional collections.
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cyc l unreified reifiable non atomic term
A collection of Cyc terms that are
#$CycLReifiableNonAtomicTerms but are not meant to be
reified at the top level (but sub-nats are still reified).
#$CycLUnreifiedReifiableNonAtomicTerms are handled specially
by the canonicalizer. As an example of how this works, see
#$termOfUnit. Its arg1 is a #$CycLReifiableNonAtomicTerm and
its arg2 is an #$CycLUnreifiedReifiableNonAtomicTerm.
becacce8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
cyc l variable
The collection of all variables in the CycL
language, such as ?WHAT or ?var0.
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cyclical interval group type
(#$isa ?X #$CyclicalIntervalGroupType) means that
?X is a collection of interval types whose instances recur
in a set pattern throughout all of calendar history. ?X
must partition all of time: the elements of ?X must be
mutually disjoint, and unioned altogether they must
encompass all time. For example, ?X could be the set of the
seven calendar days (Monday through Sunday), or the set of
the twelve calendar months (January through December).
I.e., (#$isa #$DayOfWeekType #$CyclicalIntervalGroupType)
and (#$isa #$MonthOfYearType #$CyclicalIntervalGroupType).
`Recurring in a set pattern' generally means that one
can put the elements of ?X in order, say X1, X2,..., Xn, and
there will be an instance of X1 immediately followed by an
instance of X2 (that instance x2a of X2 will be
#$contiguousAfter that instance x1a of X1), and there will
be an instance of X3 immediately following that particular
instance of X2, and there will be an instance of X4
immediately following that instance of X3, etc. One final
note: when we arrange elements of ?X into such a pattern
X1,...Xn (whose repetitions then `tile' all time), n
may be larger than the cardinality of ?X. E.g., ?X might be
the set with just the 2 elements WeekendDay (the union of
the set #$Saturday and the set #$Sunday) and WeekDay, and
then the arrangement that tiles all time is 5 contiguous
WeekDays followed by 2 contiguous WeekendDays.
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cyclists
The set of actors (mostly people) entitled to
inspect and modify the Cyc knowledge base
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cyclists mt
A #$Microtheory for stating basic hierarchical
(#$isa and #$genls) information pertaining to users of #$Cyc.
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cylindrical
#$Cylindrical is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute
shared by all cylindrical objects, i.e. all objects that
have a circular base and for which all cross sections
parallel to the base have the same area as the base.
bf57fbe1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
daily personal cleaning
A collection of events. Each
#$DailyPersonalCleaning encompasses the standard cleaning
and grooming activities that an animal engages in over the
course of a day. Such a `daily routine' is almost sure
to include many brief grooming and cleaning actions, such as
licking one's paws, combing one's hair, washing
one's hands, shaving, bathing, etc., and those are
sub-events of that #$DailyPersonalCleaning event. For
example, a human's #$DailyPersonalCleaning might have a
#$TeethCleaning as one of its sub-events, along with a
#$TakingABath, two instances of #$CombingHair, etc. Note:
Those specialized kinds of events, like #$CombingHair, are
NOT subsets of #$DailyPersonalCleaning, since it would be
abnormal for someone to JUST comb their hair each day (and
do absolutely no other daily cleaning activity whatsoever).
Note: In the context #$HumanActivitiesMt --- where all the
performers of actions are, by default, human beings ---
#$DailyPersonalCleaning designates human grooming activities
only. In that microtheory, dog-grooming performed by human
beings does not constitute #$DailyPersonalCleaning, even if
it happens on a daily basis for some pampered poodle, as it
is not PERSONAL (i.e, self-) cleaning.
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data microtheory
A collection of microtheories. An instance of
#$DataMicrotheory contains information about #$Individuals,
such as specific #$Persons, #$Organizations,
#$GeographicalRegions, #$ConceptualWorks, etc. Assertions
that do not refer to such individuals normally should be
asserted in a more general microtheory.
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abstract databases
The collection of all databases, as abstract
repositories of information rather than as physical storage
devices. A database generally has some means of accessing
the data from structured records, frames or relational
structures, using some query language. A particular
#$Database-AbstractContent may exist in multiple copies, and
may be distributed over several different physical data
storage sites: see also #$Database-Physical.
bfe46ab6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
databases
A collection of information bearing objects
(IBOs); a subset of #$StructuredInformationSource. Each
element of #$Database-Physical is an IBO that stores many
pieces of information, organized for easy scanning and
access. Typically, a data base involves one or more
formatted data record schemes, together with some device for
searching and retrieving data. Note that, as an IBO, a
#$Database-Physical is some particular, tangible copy of a
database. To refer to the abstract 'content' of a
database, use #$Database-AbstractContent. Instances
represent databases, specifically the 'physical'
aspect of the database rather than its meaning. Each
physical database will be related to its tables (represented
as instances of #PhysicalTableSchema). It will typically
have information specifying access methods. The current
vocbulary does not make the distinction between the abstract
structure, perhaps shared by many copies, and the copies
themselves, perhaps containing different data.
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dates
#$Date is a subset of #$TimeInterval. A #$Date is
any #$TimeInterval which can be defined purely by its
location on the calendar. Thus a #$Date could be a
particular calendar day, a particular calendar quarter, a
particular calendar month, a particular decade, etc. So the
subsets of #$Date include #$CalendarMinute,
#$CalendarQuarter, etc., as well as #$CalendarDay.
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dawns
Each instance of #$Dawn is a dimly-lit period
before a #$Sunrise.
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daytime working hours
#$DaytimeWorkingHours is a set of time intervals.
The length of each of those intervals, and their
#$startingPoint and #$endingPoint, are defined by the bulk
of a working population performing their daily jobs. The
schedule varies by context -- i.e. which group of workers
are being considered -- and the boundaries are fuzzy. This
fuzziness makes the concept more useful in many ways,
though, not less useful.
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de verbal noun
The collection of all nouns derived from verbs,
including (but not limited to) those ending in
'-ing', '-er/or', and 'tion'.
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corpses
A subset of #$OrganicStuff (and not, of course, of
#$Animal, whose elements must be alive). Each element of
#$DeadAnimal is a corpse or partial remains of an individual
animal, somewhat intact, and prior to any butchering,
burning, cooking, dissolving, or fully decomposing.
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dead languages
A subset of #$NaturalLanguage. Each element of
#$DeadLanguage is a natural language that is no longer
spoken as a native language.
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decagon shaped
This is the shape attribute shared by all ten
sided two dimensional figures.
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December
The collection of all Decembers, the twelfth and
final month of the year in the #$JulianCalendar.
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deciding which instrument predicate to use
Which instrument predicate you use depends on what
level of generality you wish your statement to apply at.
One help is to look at the argument types of each instrument
predicate and decide. Do you want it to apply to every
#$PartiallyTangible which is an instrument? Then use
#$instrument-Generic since #$PartiallyTangible is its
#$arg2Isa. Are you writing a rule which really only applies
to #$PhysicalDevices Then use #$deviceUsed. But be
careful! When you use a more specific predicate such as
#$deviceUsed it may have special extra conditions in its
definition aside from the #$PhysicalDevice #$arg2Isa
constraint. Also if your first stab at the rule involves
#$deviceUsed in the antecedent, see if it applies more
generally to #$instrument-Generic.
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deciduous plants
A collection of plants. Each element of
#$DeciduousPlant is a plant which sheds all of its leaves
once a year, seasonally, and subsequently grows new ones.
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decompose
The collection of events in which one or more
objects decompose more or less completely. See also the
more general concept #$DecompositionProcess, in whose
instances objects at least partially decompose.
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decomposition process
A collection of events in which some object
decomposes. I.e., in a #$DecompositionProcess event, some
object's matter undergoes chemical reactions (sometimes
mediated by microorganisms) that eventually result in the
object losing its shape and material characteristics. This
may sometimes superficially resemble #$Melting, but it is a
different process.
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decryptions
The collection of actions in which an encrypted
IBO (#$InformationBearingObject) is transformed so that it
can be accessed.
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types of food
A collection of collections. Each instance of
#$DefaultDisjointFoodType is a collection of beverages or
foodstuffs (a subset of #$Food or #$FoodIngredientOnly).
More to the point, this collection-of-collections is a
#$SiblingDisjointCollection (qv). So every two instances of
#$DefaultDisjointFoodType are either disjoint, or are in a
known subset/superset relationship, or have some known
(reified) common specialization. Virtually every
commonly-named type of food will be an element of this
set-of-sets. E.g., the collections #$HotDog, #$ChickenSoup,
#$Cocoa-ThePowder, #$Prune, #$ToasterTart, #$MilkPowder, and
so on. One could easily define a collection of foodstuff
and beverages, such as
The-Food-That-Was-Eaten-In-Dallas-Yesterday, that would not
be a member of this set-of-sets, but most such collections
are not worth naming and keeping around. See the concept
#$SiblingDisjointCollection for more information about this
sort of arrangement.
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default disjoint script type
This is a #$SiblingDisjointCollection (qv). So
the elements of #$DefaultDisjointScriptType are kinds of
actions (subsets of #$Event) that can be assumed to be
mutually disjoint from each other (unless one is known to be
a subset of the other, or there is a known common subset.)
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default false
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default monotonic predicate
A collection of predicates. Each element of
#$DefaultMonotonicPredicate is a predicate whose use as the
predicate of a locally asserted ground formula causes that
formula to be entered, by default, as :MONOTONIC. Examples:
#$isa, #$genls, #$disjointWith, #$equals, #$arity, #$arg1Isa.
c10c3008-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
default true
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degenerates
A collection of events. In each
#$DegenerationEvent, some object loses its function(s)
through a process of deterioration and/or a series of
discrete breakdowns.
bd58c357-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
densities
A collection of physical attributes. Each element
of #$Density is a measurable physical property of a tangible
object, namely, its mass per volume. Densities may be
represented relative to certain substances, e.g.,
#$SaltWaterDensity, #$FreshWaterDensity, #$DenseAsOil.
Densities of objects are reported using the predicate #$densityOfObject.
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dental practitioners
The collection of doctors that are trained with
diagnosing and treating diseases of the gums and teeth.
bd58df82-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
deposition processes
A collection of events. In each instance of
#$Depositing, a gas is cooled to (or its pressure lowered
to) the point where the gas molecules solidify into a solid.
bfe97da9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
derived numeric attribute type
A collection of collections. Each element of
#$DerivedNumericAttributeType is a collection of measurable
attributes that are measured in complex units, including
#$Volume, #$Area, #$Acceleration, etc. The types of
attributes in #$DerivedNumericAttributeType are
`derived' from other, fundamental attributes (such as
#$Distance and #$Mass) which are measured in simple units.
Cf. #$FundamentalNumericAttributeType.
bd58dae0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
desert climates
The attribute of having a desert climate. Wide
termperature extremes from very hot in day to cold at night.
Very little precipitation on a year-long basis, although
there may be desert storms.
bd589427-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
office clerks
A collection of persons; a subset of
#$Professional. This is a general category of workers that
generally sit at desks, as opposed to those who do factory
work or outside work, etc. Subsets include #$Administrator,
#$ComputerOperator, and #$Secretary.
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destruction events
A collection of events. In each element of
#$DestructionEvent, at least one instance of #$Entity (the
#$inputsDestroyed) ceases to exist.
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single-user devices
A collection of devices. One can classify
devices according to how many simultaneous users they
typically have. An instance of #$Device-SingleUser is any
device that typically has/requires exactly one (i.e., one
and only one) user. A screwdriver (an instance of
#$Screwdriver) is a #$Device-SingleUser, but a grand piano
(an instance of #$GrandPiano) is not. A borderline
non-example is a car --- although only one person operates
it, several can `use' it at once, i.e. derive the
value of its primary function which is transportation. So
a car is not a #$Device-SingleUser. A borderline example is
a telephone -- although it requires two or more users
(each on telephones) for meaningful use, each phone
generally has just one user at a time. So a telephone is
a #$Device-SingleUser but a telephone-circuit is not.
c10093ce-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
user-powered devices
An #$Artifact which has been deliberately designed
to perform a particular function, and which depends upon
the physical efforts of the user to perform that function
in part or in whole. A paradigm example would be a
bicycle. However, the definition also leaves room for some
counterintuitive cases--combs and forks are also
user-powered devices, on this analysis. Borderline cases
would be devices which require effort on the part of the
user to perform part of the function but not all of it.
For example, many gas-powered lawnmowers have to be pushed
by hand, but use an internal combustion engine to impart the
necessary velocity to the cutting surfaces.
bd5894f7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
device-running events
A collection of events. An instance of
#$DeviceRunning is an event in which some device is running.
This collection includes events which are complete cycles of
a device's normal function (see
#$SingleCompleteRunOfADevice) as well as random time slices
(#$timeSlices) of them running. Examples include instances
of the collections #$AirplaneTakeOff, #$SkateBoarding,
#$OffRoadMotorcycleRiding, etc. Some stranger examples ---
which are not instances of #$SingleCompleteRunOfADevice ---
include: all the the ignition phases of the firing of my
Honda's engine during November of 1996; my TV when it
was on and showing a commercial this year; my TV when it was
on and I was watching it this week.
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device state
A collection of states that devices can be in,
including: #$DeviceOn, #$DeviceOff, #$RecordingStates,
#$CockedState, #$Folded, #$OffHook, #$Unlocked, and many others.
bd590b25-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
dexterous
#$Dexterity is the
#$ScriptPerformanceAttributeType for describing actions in
which the performer's hands move accurately, quickly,
and with economy of motion.
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diagnosing and repairing something
The collection of all actions of diagnosing and
repairing something, in a very broad sense. Such events can
range from fixing a #$PhysicalDevice (e.g., the last time
you took your car in to be fixed), to killing pests that
infest a place. All such actions involve an intrinsic
change in the thing which undergoes repairs. Notice that a
diagnosis action alone, or a repair action alone, would not
be elements of this collection; they could be #$subEvents of
an element of this collection.
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dietary deficiency conditions
The collection of physiological conditions brought
on by consuming less of a nutrient than the body requires.
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digestion event
A collection of events. For most animals, a
#$DigestionEvent starts at the mouth and, for most
vertebrates, ends at the anus. This concept should not be
confused with #$DigestingInStomach, whose instances occur
only in an organism's #$Stomach. A #$DigestionEvent
spans the whole #$DigestiveSystem, from start to
finish.--Nichols, June 23, 1997
bd588d98-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
digestive systems
The collection of all animals' digestive
systems. A #$DigestiveSystem is a system of organs and
other body parts (typically of #$Vertebrates) which work
together to accomplish the digestion function.
bd58b41a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
dimensionless units of measure
A subset of #$UnitOfMeasure.
#$DimensionlessUnitOfMeasure is the collection of
measurement functions whose results are elements of
#$ScalarInterval which have no dimension; i.e., they are
simply numbers, instances of #$IntervalOnNumberLine.
Examples include #$Percent, #$Unity, #$Per1000. (#$Percent
50) returns the point-interval, one-half (0.5). (#$Unity 3
4) returns the interval that is the range of numbers between
3 and 4, inclusive.
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Directed Acyclic Graph
The collection of all those #$DirectedGraphs
(node-and-link structures in which each link has one
direction) each of which has no directed cycle in it. This
is the intersection of #$DirectedGraph and
#$DirectedAcyclicPathSystem (which is the same as the
intersection of #$SimpleGraph-GraphTheoretic and
#$DirectedAcyclicPathSystem). A #$DirectedAcyclicGraph is
often used as a representation of a #$PartialOrdering.
bed5ca59-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
directed acyclic path system
The collection of all #$DirectedPathSystems each
of which has no directed cycle in it (see
#$directedCycleInSystem). Note that each instance of
#$DirectedAcyclicPathSystem has no loops in it, though it
may have a (undirected) graph cycle in it.
bdd9cff1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
directed graph
The collection of all directed simple graphs,
i.e., node-and-link structure in which every link has one
direction and no multiple links (between a pair of nodes) or
loops are allowed, as studied in graph theory. This is the
intersection of #$SimpleGraph-GraphTheoretic and
#$DirectedMultigraph, which is the same as the intersection
of #$SimpleGraph-GraphTheoretic and #$DirectedPathSystem.
beb3df26-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
directed multigraph
The collection of all directed multigraphs, i.e.,
node-and-link structures in which every link has one
direction. There can be loops and multiple links between a
pair of nodes. These are studied in graph theory. In Cyc,
this is the intersection of #$Multigraph and #$DirectedPathSystem.
c0ba0c32-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
directed path system
An instance of #$PathSystemType-Structural and a
subcollection of #$Semi-DirectedPathSystem. Each instance
of #$DirectedPathSystem is a path system SYS in which every
link LINK is given exactly one direction (specified by
(#$linkFromToInSystem LINK X Y SYS), (#$PathFromFn LINK
SYS), or (#$PathToFn LINK SYS)). Note that only when a
semi-directed path system is also a directed path system
should we use the functions #$PathFromFn and #$PathToFn.
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directed movements
A collection of events; a subset of
#$Movement-TranslationEvent. Each instance of
#$DirectedTranslation is a movement event that is
#$performedBy an #$Agent --- that agent intends for the
#$objectMoving to reach a particular #$target. Examples:
William Tell shooting the apple off his son's head,
John Wilkes Booth shooting Abraham Lincoln, the last time
you tossed a frisbee to someone, a pilot landing an
airplane, and a skiier skiing one run of the downhill course.
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direction expression
A collection of vectors; a subset of
#$UnitVectorInterval. Each element of #$DirectionExpression
is a vector representing a direction. Typically these
expressions are used to indicate direction between two
objects or locations. An important subset of this
collection is #$GeographicalDirection; e.g.,
#$South-Directly, #$NorthWest-Directly.
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dirtiness
A collection of attributes. Dirtiness is a
measurable attribute that many tangible objects have. Each
element of the collection #$Dirtiness represents a specific
level of dirtiness (or cleanliness!); e.g., #$Dirty,
#$ReallyDirty, #$ALittleDirty, #$Clean, #$Sterile. Indicate
a particular object's #$Dirtiness with the predicate #$dirtinessOfObject.
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letdowns
The emotion or state of feeling defeated in
expectation or hope. This is a collection; for an
explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness.
bd58b543-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
disapproving
The emotion or state of disapproving of something;
a negative attitude towards some situation, proposal,
person, or thing, implying a judgment based on explicit or
implicit standards (rational, moral, pragmatic, or etc.).
This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical
#$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. More specialized
#$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Disapproval are #$Contempt,
#$Hate, #$Abhorrence, etc. More subtly, it is often true
that feelings of #$Jealousy or #$Envy manifest in
superficial shows of #$Disapproval. #$Disapproval is a
#$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness.
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disasters
A collection of events. In each #$DisasterEvent,
a large group of people (or, in decreasing order of
likelihood of usage of this concept, a large group of
animals, plants, corporations, etc.) are at very high risk
of injury or property damage, or in which a lot of injury
and property damage occurs even though the risk was low.
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disgust
A feeling of repulsion or aversion towards
something considered distasteful or repugnant. This is a
#$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see
#$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes
than #$Disgust include feelings of #$Abhorrence.
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disjoint set or collection
A collection of mathematical sets and collections
the members of which are themselves mathematical sets or
collections. A set or collection, SETORCOL, of sets or
collections is an instance of #$DisjointSetOrCollection just
in case the elements of SETORCOL are mutually disjoint --
that is, no two elements of SETORCOL have any elements in common.
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disk 3 d shaped
#$Disk3DShaped is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute
shared by all three dimensional cylindrical objects whose
height is considerably less than its radius. A coin would
be an example. Objects having this attribute may often be
considered as two-dimensional for the purposes of practical reasoning.
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dislikes
A feeling of disaffection or disaffinity for a
person or thing. This is a #$Collection --- for an
explanation of that, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized
#$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Dislike are #$Disgust,
#$Contempt, #$Hate, #$Resentment, etc.
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disputes
A collection of events with multiple participants.
In each #$DisputeEvent, some participants seek to achieve
states of affairs that other participants seek to prevent.
Disputes may or may not get settled. Settlement of a
dispute may be by fighting, by competition, by using a
mediator or court, by chance, by mutual reasoning, etc.
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dissatisfaction
Feeling of discontent, due to a lack of
fulfillment of an agent's desires, needs, or
requirements. This is a collection; for an explanation of a
typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. Some more
specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Dissatisfaction
are #$Disappointment, #$Frustration, #$Impatience, #$Anger,
etc.
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dissolving events
A collection of events. In each instance of this
collection, a solvent and a solute mix to form a solution.
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distances
A collection of physical attributes. Each element
of #$Distance is the length of a path in space extending
from one point to another. In some contexts, for example as
in the argument 2 position of #$altitudeAboveSeaLevel, this
distance includes directional information. In these
contexts, elements can take on positive or negative values.
Elements of #$Distance may be either a fixed interval, such
as the height of the #$WashingtonMonumentInWashingtonDC or
the altitude of the #$DeadSea, or a range, such as
#$WithinAudibleDistance (see #$ScalarInterval for more
explanation). See #$UnitOfDistance for the units used by Cyc
to measure distances. See #$Distance-Absolute for measures
of distance that necessarily do not include directional
information, i.e. are always non-negative.
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distributing meta knowledge predicate
This collection is a subset of
#$MetaKnowledgePredicate, instances over multiple assertions
resulting from the polycanonicalization of an assertion.
Suppose one asserts (dist-mk-predicate arg1 arg2) and arg1
polycanonicalizes into assertion-1 and assertion-2, then
because (isa dist-mk-pred
#$DistributingMetaKnowledgePredicate) the kb will be
modified to include both (dist-mk-pred assertion-1 arg2) and
(dist-mk-pred assertion-2 arg2). NOTE: The constant name
might suggest that these predicates are predicates about
knowing, but this is not the sense in which
'MetaKnowledge' is here intended.
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distributions
A collection of events. Each element of
#$DistributionEvent is an event in which tangible or
intangible objects are distributed from a source to various
destinations via some distribution network.
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docks
The collection of long flat walkways that jut out
over water from shorelines. A Dock's main function is
to provide a place to secure boats and to provide a place
where passengers and cargo can be loaded and unloaded.
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doctors
The collection of all medical doctors - MDs and Osteopaths.
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documentation constant
A constant whose purpose involves facilitating
Cyclists in their understanding of the system, tracking work
being done, noting cleanup work to be done, etc. Such a
constant usually is not involved in inference. Instances
may be excluded from knowledge bases in which available
memory is a premium without affecting the performance of applications.
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documentation predicate
The predicates in the system used for facilitating
#$Cyclists in their understanding of the system, tracking
work being done, noting cleanup work to be done, etc. Such
a constant usually is not involved in inference. Instances
may be excluded from knowledge bases in which available
memory is a premium without affecting the performance of
applications. #$DocumentationPredicate is used in code to
determine which documentation to show to the user when they
request to see documentation for a FORT.
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dogs
The collection of all dogs of all breeds.
Elements of #$Dog may be members of #$DomesticPet or of
#$WildAnimal; e.g., #$Dog includes the dingo dogs of
#$Australia. However, #$Dog excludes the members of #$Wolf,
#$Fox, and the other non-dog subsets of #$CanineAnimal.
#$Dog is an instance of #$BiologicalSpecies, Canis familiaris.
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pets
The subset of #$DomesticatedAnimal whose elements
are animals kept by humans primarily for their
companionship. (They may, however, do some chores such as
catching mice.) Many members of #$DomesticPet live in the
homes of their owners.
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domesticated animals
A subset of #$Animal; the collection of all
animals which are kept by humans for labor, transportation,
food, or as pets, and whose relations with humans are more
or less cooperative. #$DomesticatedAnimal does NOT include
instances of #$Tiger being kept in zoos, though it arguably
includes Shamu or Flipper. Cf. #$WildAnimal, #$CaptiveAnimal.
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domesticated animal food
A collection of tangible stuff; a subset of
#$TangibleProduct. Each element of #$DomesticatedAnimalFood
is a foodstuff produced by human beings and intended for
consumption by domesticated animals. This collection
includes feed manufactured for horses, cattle, chickens, and
other farm animals, as well as `pet foods'.
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doorways
A collection of portals. Each element of
#$Doorway is a portal in some instance of
#$ShelterConstruction, suitable for people (and perhaps
vehicles) to enter and exit. For example, doorways to
houses, office buildings, elevators, automobiles, airplanes,
garages, etc.
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doors
A collection of tangible objects. Each element of
#$DoorwayCovering is a physical object used to cover some
kind of portal, including but not limited to doorways in
buildings. This collection also includes doors of cars,
buses, subways, elevators, garages, airplane
hangars--coverings over any doors that people (and perhaps
vehicles) pass through.
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down - directly
The direction straight down. In the terrestrial
context, #$Down-Directly points in the same direction as
Earth's gravitational force vector.
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downward
The element of #$VectorInterval that comprises the
cone-shaped set of vectors pointing (from some reference
point) within approximately forty-five degrees of #$Down-Directly.
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dresses
The collection of all dresses, a kind of
women's clothing
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beverages
The collection of drinkable substances; a
collection of edible stuff and a subset of #$FoodAndDrink.
Each element of the collection #$Drink is a liquid of a type
that is ingestible and commonly consumed by humans or
animals. Drinks are ingested without chewing. Examples of
#$Drink include all elements of the collections
#$Water-Ingestible, #$Tea-Hot, #$HotChocolate, #$Lemonade,
#$Beer. . By default they are liquids. Borderline examples
include a thick milkshake or soup, even if there are solid
objects suspended in it. Thus #$LiquidTangibleThing is not
necessarily (monotonically) a #$genls of #$Drink, though it
is true by default that a #$Drink be an instance of
#$LiquidTangibleThing. I.e., by default, elements of
#$Drink are in a #$LiquidStateOfMatter. Another borderline
example of a #$Drink is a glassful of poison or urine; it
may be unpalatable or unsafe to drink a #$Drink. Note that
the #$Drink includes the portion of liquid, but not the
container such as the glass or coffee cup or bowl. So one
borderline non-example is a glass of water -- as opposed to
a glassful of water; the former includes the glass, the
latter doesn't. Other borderline non-examples
include: an ice cube, a grape sno-cone, a scoop of ice cream
with hot fudge sauce on it, and a tiny bit of liquid such as
a single raindrop even if it enters one's mouth.
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drink
A collection of events. In each instance of this
collection, a single individual consumes a portion of some
drink. A #$DrinkingEvent typically consists of several
instances of #$DrinkingASip. See #$EatingEvent.
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prescriptions
The legal document in which a doctor authorizes a
patient to purchase a certain amount of a drug and take it
according to some specified schedule.
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medications
The collection of all drugs produced to be
products. The collection includes instances of drugs
prescribed by a physician, purchased as over-the-counter
medicines, or used for recreational purposes
(#$AlcoholicBeverage, #$Nicotine, #$Caffeine, or illicit
#$DrugProducts). Note, that this is a #$Product
(intentionally created or used) not merely a
#$ChemicalCompoundType. Thus salt #$Water would not be a
subset of #$DrugProduct, even though saline solution would be.
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drugs
The class of substances that can be introduced
into organism's bodies to produce certain physiological
effects. Includes both stuffs and objects made and/or
marketed as #$DrugProducts, as well as naturally-occurring
stuffs and objects that have physiological effects.
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drug therapies
A collection of medical care events in which drugs
accomplish a medical purpose. An instance of #$DrugTherapy
is the result of an instance of #$AdministeringADrug (q.v.).
An instance of #$DrugTherapy is the event of the
patient's body undergoing the physiological effects of
the drug it was given. Note: #$DrugTherapy events do not
include the administration of the drug; rather, they are the
results of such administrations. Cf. #$AdministeringADrug.
c0fd5e28-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
dry tropical forest
Instances are areas of semi-deciduous forest
growing in semi-arid areas of South America and the Indian
subcontinent. Rainfall in these areas usually averages less
than 250mm per annum. Thorny scrub and low- to medium-sized
trees with thick bark and deep roots characterize the
vegetation. Source: The Times Atlas of the World (1995).
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dry tropical scrub and thorn region
Attribute of areas of low-growing, widely spaced
shrubs, bushes, and succulents, found in extensive areas of
Central and South America, Africa, the Indian subcontinent,
and Australia. Source: The Times Atlas of the World (1995).
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dry
A collection of events in which involves a
reduction in the moistness of something -- either its water
content or its surface wetness -- by evaporation, absorption
(e.g. with towels), or some other process. Typical objects
of a #$Drying event include instances of: paint, food,
dishes, clothes, humans. The event of a clothes dryer
running is a #$Drying.
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dualist - physical - and generic geography mt note
#$GeographicalAgents (#$Country, #$City,
#$Neighborhood, ...) are #$Agents which can be considered to
have a specific territorial expanse. In some cases, it is
useful to consider the territory and the agent to be
different entities, while in others it is useful to use the
agent as a referent for the territory. CYC allows for both
of these interpretations, in different contexts. In a
physical geography microtheory (#$PhysicalGeographyMt and
its submicrotheories) #$Agents are disjoint from places and
'(#$TerritoryFn <#$Agent>)' is used to
specify the territory. In 'dualist' microtheories
(submicrotheories of #$DualistGeopoliticalMt) the elements
of #$GeopoliticalEntity and #$GeographicalAgent are both
#$Agents and #$GeographicalRegions. These microtheories
need not reify the #$physicalExtent of the entity, but just
state geographic aspects directly about the agent/region
combination. Generic geography microtheories (e.g.
#$WorldGeographyMt and #$UnitedStatesGeographyMt) are used
for assertions that do not require the specification of
whether or not a #$GeographicalAgent is to be treated as a
#$GeographicalRegion. For example, state
(#$geopoliticalSubdivisions COUNTRY CITY) or
(#$surroundsHorizontally #$AtlanticOcean
#$Iceland-TheIsland) in a generic geography microtheory,
(#$bordersOn #$Mali #$Niger) in a 'dualist'
microtheory, and (#$isa #$WallisAndFutunaIslands
#$Archipelago) in a physical geography microtheory if it is
being defined as a colony in a dualist microthory.
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ductilities
A collection of attributes; a subset of
#$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Ductility describes
a specific capacity of a physical material to be stretched,
drawn, or hammered thin without breaking. Different degrees
of ductility may be represented using a
#$GenericValueFunction. Ductilities of objects are
indicated with the predicate #$ductilityOfObject.
bd589773-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
dusks
Each #$Dusk is a dimly-lit period of time which is
#$contiguousAfter a #$Sunset, and is the #$Event which
starts a #$Night.
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deaths
A collection of events. Each element of #$Dying
is an event in which a living organism (i.e., an instance of
#$Organism-Whole) ceases to live and thus ceases to exist.
The physical portion of the organism may remain, but that is
not considered an instance of #$Organism-Whole (cf.
#$DeadAnimal). Note that the expiring animal is related to
its dying event by #$bodilyDoer (q.v.)--in contrast to the
role an organism plays when it is the #$objectActedOn in a
#$Killing-Biological event (which will have some #$Dying
event among its #$subEvents), and cf. #$bodilyActedOn.
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e l assertion
The collection of assertions in the EL language.
When EL assertions are presented to the KB, the
#$CycCanonicalizer transforms them into #$HLAssertions.
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e l expression
The collection of all syntactically well-formed
expressions in the EL language. All of their
subexpressions, if any, must also be in the EL language.
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e l expression - askable
The subcollection of syntactically well-formed
#$ELExpressions which obey arity constraints, but but do
not necessarily obey other semantic constraints (e.g.
argument type constraints). The name 'Askable'
derives from #$ELSentence-Askable, but instances of
#$ELExpression-Askable are not necessarily askable as a
query (after being converted to HL form by the
#$CycCanonicalizer) unless they are also instances of
#$ELSentence-Askable. See #$CycLQuery for more details.
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e l expression - assertible
The subcollection of syntactically and
semantically well-formed #$ELExpressions. The name
'Assertible' derives from #$ELSentence-Assertible,
but instances of #$ELExpression-Assertible are not
necessarily assertible into the KB (after being converted to
HL form by the #$CycCanonicalizer) unless they are also
instances of #$ELSentence-Assertible.
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ELF
The collection of expressions in the EL language
which involve the application of a relation to some arguments.
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NAUT
The collection of non-atomic denotational terms in
the EL language. Each instance of #$ELNonAtomicTerm has as
its functor either an instance of #$Function-Denotational or
a function-denoting function. Also it optionally has other
EL terms as additional arguments. If the functor is an
instance of #$ReifiableFunction, an #$ELNonAtomicTerm can be
reified, whereupon it becomes an #$HLNonAtomicReifiedTerm,
or 'NART'.
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e l non atomic term - askable
The subcollection of syntactically well-formed
non-atomic terms in the EL language which obey arity
constraints, but but do not necessarily obey other semantic
constraints (e.g. argument type constraints). These terms
'make enough sense' to be used as part of a
query, after being converted into HL form by the
#$CycCanonicalizer. Just because a term is
'askable' does not require it to be used in a
query, and denotational terms are not askable themselves.
Each instance of this collection involves a
#$Function-Denotational applied to some number of arguments,
as permitted by the arity of the relation. See #$CycLQuery
for more details.
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e l non atomic term - assertible
The collection of syntactically and semantically
well-formed non-atomic terms in the EL language. These
sentences meet the criteria necessary to be part of an
assertion into the Cyc KB, after being converted into HL
form by the #$CycCanonicalizer. Instances of this
collection are not themselves assertible. Just because a
non-atomic term is assertible does not require it to be
used in an assertion. Each instance of this collection
involves a #$Function-Denotational applied to some number of
arguments, as permitted by the arity of the logical
relation. For a thorough discussion of what constitutes a
well-formed CycL formula, see the Cyc documentation.
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e l reifiable denotational term
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e l relation
A subset of #$Relation such that instances are
only permitted at the EL; that is, the canonicalizer will
transform expressions that reference instances of
#$ELRelation into equivalent expressions that do not
reference instances of #$ELRelation; this transformation is
guided by the value (arg2) of #$expansion for each #$ELRelation
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e l sentence
The collection of syntactically well-formed
sentences, also called 'logical formulas', in the
EL language. Each instance of #$ELSentence involves a
logical relation (a #$Predicate or #$TruthFunction) applied
to some arguments. #$ELSentences do not necessarily obey
arity constraints or other semantic constraints (e.g.
argument type constraints).
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e l sentence - askable
The subcollection of syntactically well-formed
sentences in the EL language which obey arity constraints,
but but do not necessarily obey other semantic constraints
(e.g. argument type constraints). These sentences
'make enough sense' to be asked as a query, after
being converted into HL form by the #$CycCanonicalizer. Of
course, just because a sentence is askable does not require
it to be used in a query. Each instance of this collection
involves a logical relation (a #$Predicate or
#$TruthFunction) applied to some number of arguments, as
permitted by the arity of the relation. Note that an
instance of #$ELSentence-Askable does not mean that the
sentence must be used in a query; only that it can be used
in a query. See #$CycLQuery for more details.
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CycL formulas
The collection of syntactically and semantically
well-formed sentences in the EL language. These sentences
meet the criteria necessary to be asserted into the Cyc KB,
after being transformed into #$HLAssertions by the
#$CycCanonicalizer. Of course, just because a sentence is
assertible does not require it to be used in an assertion.
Each instance of this collection involves a logical relation
(a #$Predicate or #$TruthFunction) applied to some number of
arguments, as permitted by the arity of the logical
relation. Example: (#$and (#$isa #$Pittman #$HumanCyclist)
(#$residesInRegion #$Pittman #$CityOfAustinTX)). For a
thorough discussion of what constitutes a well-formed CycL
formula, see the Cyc documentation.
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EL formula template
The collection of expressions which are valid CycL
formulas except that their EL variables are not
canonicalized into HL variables.
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e l template
The collection of expressions for which EL
variables are not canonicalized into HL variables,
#$ELRelations are not expanded, and functions are not reified.
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EL variables
The collection of all variables in the EL
language, such as ?WHAT or ?X.
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ears
The organ of hearing, which occur in pairs on most animals
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earth stuff
A collection of tangible things. Each element in
#$EarthStuff is a portion of the stuff that the ground of
Earth (at or near its land surface) is made of, including
rocks, boulders, sand grains, soil, mud, etc., and mixtures
of those things (such as islands or whole continents).
Examples: #$Australia, #$CapeCod, ZionHill, #$GreatSmokyMountains.
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east - directly
Due East, an element of #$TerrestrialDirection.
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East
The general direction of East. The element of
#$VectorInterval that comprises the cone-shaped set of
vectors pointing (from some reference point) within
approximately forty-five degrees of #$East-Directly.
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eating event
A collection of events. Each element of
#$EatingEvent is an event which involves the consumption of
a substantial portion of food by a single individual (human
or other animal). An instance of #$EatingEvent is a meal
or snack taken in its entirety; it is a series of individual
#$EatingAMorsel events. Note: If a group of people gets
together and eats lunch, that activity is represented by an
instance of #$HavingAMeal; during that `super-event'
each participant engages in his/her own instance of
#$EatingEvent, and all of those are #$subEvents of the
#$HavingAMeal event.
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echolocations
#$EcholocationPerception is the collection of
spatial #$Perceivings in which a #$PerceptualAgent (such as
a bat or a submarine) generates sounds (potentially ultra-
or sub- sonic in frequency), hears the sounds reflected from
surfaces, and thereby acquires information about the
position of other objects in its environment.
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ecological regions
A collection of geographical regions. Each
element of #$EcologicalRegion is a region having one or more
characteristic ecosystems. From knowledge of those
ecosystems, we can posit whether certain organisms can
forage, reproduce, and live successfully there. Information
about ecological regions typically also includes what kinds
of organisms are in fact found there. In theory, any
arbitrary continuous region could be analyzed as an
ecological region, but most regions identified in practice
have some kind of sameness or systematic interconnection in
their topology, climate, and biology. Examples: the
#$WesternDesertOfEgypt, the #$GreatBarrierReef, the #$Amazon-Region.
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edges
The collection of all edges on objects that are
instances of #$PartiallyTangible. For a two-dimensional
object, its boundaries other than corners are it edges. For
a three dimensional object the edges are the outer portions
of those extremities, excluding any corners
(#$Corner-2or3d), that are much more acute in cross section
in one direction than in most other directions at the same
point. Some objects, like spheres, hairs, poles and typical
burrs, have no edges. A discus has one, round, edge has
four edges. A mountain ridge might have only a single edge.
A solid polyhedron has six or more edges.
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edge on object - generic
This is the collection of all edges on spatial
objects, tangible or intangible. Edges define the
boundaries of two-dimensional objects and the edges of the
surface boundaries of three-dimensional objects. Corners
define where one edge ends and another begins. See
#$EdgeOnObject for a discussion of some examples of edges on
physical objects.
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edible things
A collection of partially tangible stuff which all
normal instances of some spec of #$Organism-Whole can
consume and successfully metabolize, with or without
resulting harm to themselves, a significant portion of any
instance of. This collection includes virtually all animal
and vegetable matter and instances of #$OralDrug. It does
not necessarily include things that are ingested but not
metabolized, such as the stones that birds swallow to aid in
digestion, or dirt, paint chips, and coins ingested by
children. The function #$EdibleByFn is used to specify the
collections of edible stuff that are ingestible by all
normal instances of certain specs of #$Organism-Whole,
including #$Person. Note that whether an edible substance
*also* has a detrimental effect if eaten is a separate
question. Something can be both edible and poisonous.
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educational levels
A collection of attributes. Each
#$EducationLevelAttribute, when applied to a person,
indicates their level of education or current involvement in
a course of study; if applied to a course of study, it
indicates the level of it. The very same attributes apply
in both cases, though; some sample elements of this
collection are: #$PhDLevel, #$TwelfthGradeLevel,
#$BachelorOfArtsLevel, #$MedicalDegreeLevel, etc.
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degrees
A collection of abstract (intangible) objects
which consist of information about an agent. Each element
of #$EducationalDegree is a credential conferred, by some
instance of #$EducationalOrganization, on a student who has
successfully completed a prescribed course of study there.
#$EducationalDegree includes high school, associate,
baccalaureate, licensate, magisterial, professional, and
doctoral degrees, etc.
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schools
A collection of educational organizations. An
element of #$EducationalOrganization may be a school, system
of schools, college, seminary, etc., -- a place where
teaching and/or training are programmed and provided as a
service for students. An educational organization may be
public or private. This collection includes #$AustinISD
(i.e., the #$CityOfAustinTX Independent School District),
#$StanfordUniversity, #$BrynMawrCollege,
#$UniversityOfPennsylvaniaSchoolOfMedicine, and many other institutions.
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Egypt
Egypt is an #$IndependentCountry in the northeast
part of the #$ContinentOfAfrica; Egypt is east of #$Libya,
north of the #$Sudan, south of the eastern
#$MediterraneanSea and west of the #$RedSea. This constant
includes Egypt throughout time, in both its political and
physical aspects.
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elasticity
A collection of attributes; a subset of
#$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Elasticity
represents a specific ability of a physical material to
quickly and completely return to its original shape after
deformation that does not induce breakage, without permanent
change to its original dimensions. For example, billiard
balls have a high degree of elasticity in this sense.
Elasticities of objects are indicated with the predicate #$elasticityOfObject.
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electrical charges
A collection of physical attributes. Each element
of #$ElectricalCharge is an amount of net electrical charge
(positive or negative) possessed by a particular instance of
#$PartiallyTangible. Elements of #$ElectricalCharge may be
either a fixed interval, such as the charge on one electron,
or a range, such as a usable charge on a flashlight battery;
see #$ScalarInterval. Also see #$UnitOfCharge for the units
used by Cyc to measure electrical charges.
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electrical components
A collection of electrical components. An
instance of #$ElectricalComponent is an #$ElectricalDevice
which is normally considered to be a part of some larger,
more clearly distinguished #$PhysicalDevice (e.g., clearly
distinguished in the sense that it is sold, moved, etc. as a
unit). The #$ElectricalComponent must be connected with
other parts in order to perform its #$primaryFunction.
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electrical conductor
A collection of tangible things; a subset of
#$PhysicalConductingMedia. Each element of
#$ElectricalConductor is a physical thing that can conduct
electricity; e.g., a power cord, an electrical plug, a piece
of metal.
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electrical devices
A collection of physical devices; the most general
collection of electrical devices. Such devices require an
input of electrical current (as #$energySource) in order to
perform their intended functions. Instances of
#$ElectricalDevice include both complex devices (e.g.,
elements of the collections #$StereoSystem or #$Computer)
and simpler ones (e.g., elements of #$ElectricalComponents).
Note: in some contexts, crystal radios might be classified
as inert (unpowered) electrical devices; the same for some
sorts of passive radar detectors. These are exceptional
cases, but still elements of this collection. In other
contexts, the power for these devices can be viewed as being
supplied from the outside, hence they are clearly
`powered' in such contexts.
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electrical resistance
A collection of attributes; a subset of
#$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$ElectricalResistance
is an attribute which measures the resistance to electrical
flow through an object. Examples: #$InsulatorResistance,
#$ConductorResistance, #$SemiconductorResistance, #$SuperconductorResistance.
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electromagnetic radiation sensors
A subset of #$Sensor, namely those sensors that
detect #$ElectromagneticRadiation.
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electromagnetic radiation
A collection of events; a subset of
#$WavePropagation. Each element of
#$ElectromagneticRadiation is an event that arises from the
interaction of an electrical field and a magnetic field.
Examples include the elements of the collections
#$VisibleLight, #$RadioWaves, and #$XRays.
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electrons
A collection of objects; a subset of
#$SubAtomicParticle. Every instance of #$Electron is a
subatomic particle with an #$ElectricalCharge of -1.
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electronic devices
A collection of devices which use electronic
circuitry. More specifically, any instance of
#$ElectronicDevice in which electricity passes through a
vacuum or semiconductor.
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chemical elements
A collection of tangible substances; a subset of
#$TangibleThing. Every instance of #$ElementStuff is a
piece of tangible stuff, composed of a quantity of atoms,
all of which are of the same chemical element. That is,
every atom in an individual piece of #$ElementStuff has the
same number of protons in its atomic nucleus as does every
other atom in that piece. For example, all pieces of carbon
are instances of #$ElementStuff. All pieces of two of
#$Carbon's subsets, #$Diamond and #$Graphite, also are
instances of #$ElementStuff. On the other hand, instances
of #$Water, because they are constituted of both (some)
#$Hydrogen and (some) #$Oxygen atoms, do not belong to the
collection #$ElementStuff.
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element stuff type by number of protons
A collection of collections.
#$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons partitions the
collection #$ElementStuff. Each instance of
#$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons is a subset of
#$ElementStuff which is defined ONLY by the atomic
composition of its instances -- neither the isotopic
composition or physical state of the substances, nor any
other additional feature, determines membership in a
collection which #$isa #$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons.
All that matters is that the instances of that type (i.e.,
collection) of stuff are entirely composed of atoms having a
particular number of protons in each atomic nucleus. Thus,
the collection #$Carbon is an instance of
#$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons, but neither the
collection #$Diamond nor the collection #$Graphite is (even
though they are subsets of #$Carbon), because their members
have additional qualifications.
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ellipsoidal
This instance of #$ShapeAttribute is held by all
three dimensional objects such that the planar sections
along its respective internal axes are #$Elliptical. In
other words, the shape of objects with this attribute should
be roughly describable by taking some two dimensional
ellipse and rotating it around its major axis in three
space. Note that #$Spherical is a specialization of this attribute.
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elliptical
#$Elliptical is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute
shared by all elliptical objects in virtue of being
elliptical. Note that #$Circular is a specialization of
this attribute, i.e. circular things are elliptical insofar
as they are ellipses with eccentricity zero.
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embarrassment
Mental disturbance and confusion at self-exposure.
#$Embarrassment is often an impediment to freedom of
thought, speech, or action. This is a collection; for an
explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see
#$Happiness. A more specialized #$FeelingAttributeType than
#$Embarrassment is #$Shame.
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embassies
The collection of all embassies, the official
diplomatic representations of a country A in a foreign
country B. Not to be confused with the buildings in which
such offices are hosted. See #$Embassy-TheBuilding.
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embryos
The collection of not yet fully-formed organisms,
including mammals before birth, birds before hatching, and
plants before sprouting from their seeds. Note that the
criteria of the collection #$Embryo do not correspond
exactly with the meaning of the English word
'embryo', since #$Embryo includes zygotes,
blastulas, the set of cells derived from the embryo after
the fetus is formed (#$AmnioticSac + #$Fetus +
#$Placenta-FetalPortion), etc.
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emirates
The collection of all Emirates, that is, those
geopolitical entities, or territories, each of which is
ordinarily ruled by an #$Amir-HeadOfState or an Emir (Amir)
who is not necessariy a #$HeadOfState of an
#$IndependentCountry, but rules a subsidiary region. See
especially the #$UnitedArabEmirates.
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emission
A collection of processes; a subset of
#$GeneralizedTransfer. Each element of #$Emission is an
event in which something `comes out' of an object that
actively contributes to that thing's emission (e.g., it
is a #$providerOfMotiveForce). The source is indicated with
the predicate #$emitter. An entire #$Translocation is
associated with an emission, and these are related through
the predicate #$transferOutSubEvent. If the thing which
`comes out' is an instance of #$PartiallyTangible, then
the event belongs to a more specific collection,
#$EmittingAnObject (q.v.). If the associated element of
#$Translocation is an instance of #$WavePropagation, then
the emission belongs to the more specialized collection,
#$EmittingAWave (q.v.).
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wave emissions
A collection of events; a subset of #$Emission.
Each element is an event in which a wave is emitted at a
#$fromLocation. For example, Themistocles ordering his
fleet to withdraw; Miles Davis playing the trumpet; an
emergency flare burning by the side of the road. See also #$WavePropagation.
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emissions
A collection of events; and a subset of
#$Emission. An instance of #$EmittingAnObject is an
emission event in which there is some #$PartiallyTangible
which is the #$objectEmitted, i.e., the thing which `comes
out' of the #$emitter of the event. The
#$objectEmitted goes from (#$fromLocation) a place inside of
the #$emitter to (#$toLocation) some place that is not
within the #$emitter. The #$emitter plays an active role
(#$doneBy and #$providerOfMotiveForce) in the emission.
Examples: the birth of a baby, a bullet shot from a gun, a
venonous snake depositing poison. Negative examples: a
person leaving a building (the building is not active),
throwing a ball (the ball was not inside the person before
the throwing).
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sound emissions
A collection of events; a subset of
#$EmittingAWave. Each element of #$EmittingSound is an
event in which an instance of #$Sound is emitted from some
#$waveSource. Examples: an explosion generating a sound
wave; a plucked violin string resonating; a baby crying; a
person saying `Hello'.
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employees
A collection of persons; a subset of
#$Professional. Each element of #$Employee works directly
for some business. Disjoint with #$SelfEmployedWorker.
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employee-hiring events
A collection of events; a subset of
#$MakingAnAgreement. Each element of #$EmployeeHiring is an
event in which some agent--either an organization or
individual--hires a person to work as its employee. See also
#$employees, #$WorkAgreement.
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employment termination
A collection of events; a subset of
#$EndingAnAgreement. Each element of
#$EmploymentTermination is an event in which some employee
ceases to work for his or her employer. The termination may
be initiated by either party, or it may have been specified
in the original #$WorkAgreement (q.v.). Different kinds of
#$EmploymentTermination are specified by the subsets
#$Resigning, #$EmployeeLayoff, #$RetirementEvent, etc.
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empty space region
A specialization of #$SpaceRegion whose instances
are connected regions of empty space located in the
empirically observable universe. The meaning of empty
depends on context. In a high-energy physics microtheory
where empty is defined as containing no particles, an
empty space region would be a complete vacuum (see also
#$Vacuum). In #$AmbientConditionsMt an empty space region
would be occupied by a piece of #$Atmosphere. An undersea
context could treat empty space regions as filled with
seawater. An instance of #$EmptySpaceRegion is intangible,
and not to be confused with the material -- if any -- that
occupies it (cf. #$FreeSpaceContent).
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encrypting events
The collection of actions in which some
transformation is applied to an IBT
(#$InformationBearingThing) which renders it unaccessible to
all but the intended audience, since the method required to
decrypt the IBT is secret.
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end of an agreements
A collection of events. Each element of the
collection #$EndingAnAgreement is an event in which some
instance of #$Agreement comes to an end. For example,
instances of #$EmploymentTermination and #$EndingMembership.
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energy conversion process
A collection of events. In each instance of
#$EnergyConversionProcess, energy is converted from one form
to another.
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engines
A collection of #$PoweredDevices. An instance of
#$Engine is a device that changes some form of energy into
motion (usually rotation). An engine may operate by burning
some type of fuel (as do jet engines and internal combustion
engines), or it may be powered by electricity, fluid flow, etc.
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engineers
A collection of persons; a subset of
#$Professional. Each element of #$Engineer is a
professional who works in some branch of engineering.
Elements of #$Engineer include the members of the subsets
#$ElectricalEngineer, #$ChemicalEngineer, #$CivilEngineer,
#$MechanicalEngineer, etc.
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English Language
The Germanic Language native to England, now
spoken in the United Kindom, the United States, and many
other countries.
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english paraphrase mt
This is the default context used for generating
English paraphrases for CycL expressions. Many of the
assertions required for English paraphrase generation
can be found in this context, including those with the
predicates #$genFormat and #$genPhrase.
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English words
The collection of all lexical words in English; a
subset of #$LexicalWord. Different inflectional forms of a
word do not count as different words; for example,
#$Eat-TheWord encompasses the strings 'eat',
'eating', 'ate', etc.
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enjoyment
The agreeable emotion of taking pleasure or
satisfaction in an experience. This is a collection; for an
explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see
#$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes
are #$Delight, #$Celebratory-Emotion, etc.
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enlisted people
A collection of people, a subset of
#$MilitaryPerson. Each element of this collection is
somebody who is an enlisted person in some
#$MilitaryOrganization, such as a private.
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entertainment events
The collection of activities which are performed
by one party primarily to amuse or entertain others. Every
instance of #$EntertainmentEvent necessarily has among its
subevents both an instance of (#$PerformingFn
#$EntertainmentEvent) and an instance of (#$AttendingFn
#$EntertainmentEvent). It is thus distinguished from
#$RecreationalActivity: a #$RecreationalActivity need not
involve any #$Entertainers, whereas an instance of
#$EntertainmentEvent will always involve both an
entertainer, and an entertainee. Note: This is more general
than #$EntertainmentPerformance because it may not entail a
formal performance per se. E.g., #$JokeTelling is a spec of
#$EntertainmentEvent because it involves a joke-teller, the
entertainer, and a listener, the entertainee. Such an event,
however, can occur under informal circumstances, and need
not be a formal performance. Thus #$JokeTelling is not a
spec of #$EntertainmentPerformance.--Huffer, Dec 2, 1998
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entertainment or arts professional
A collection of persons; a subset of
#$Professional. Each element of
#$EntertainmentOrArtsProfessional is a person who uses some
sort of creative or artistic abilities in the main function
of his or her job. #$EntertainmentOrArtsProfessional
includes both performing artists and producers of tangible
artworks, either creative or commercial. This collection
does NOT include people working on the business side of
those professions, such as producers or art dealers, whose
#$jobAttributes are more similar to those of other business
professionals (e.g., managers, marketers, sales
representatives) than to the artists'; cf. #$EntertainmentOrArtsAdministrator.
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performances
The collection of public and private entertainment
performances, like plays, street performances, ballets,
movies. Each #$EntertainmentPerformance is a presentation
or exhibition, to a human audience, with artistic or
entertainment value. Note: Movies are included even
though the Performers aren't performing in the same
point in space-time. But we draw the line at still
photographs; i.e., those are not considered #$EntertainmentPerformances.
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entities
X is an #$Entity if it is a `maximal'
#$SomethingExisting. What we mean by that is that there
cannot be another #$SomethingExisting of which X is merely a
subabstraction (see #$subAbstrac). So #$AlbertEinstein is
an entity, but AlbertEinsteinWhileAtPrinceton is not. In
other words, an #$Entity represents the entire existence of
a thing, not just one or more `temporal chunks' or
#$timeSlices of a thing.
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equiangular
This is the attribute shared by all objects that
are polygon shaped (see #$PolygonShaped) and in which all
angles between edges (see #$angleBetweenEdges) have the same measure.
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equilateral shaped
This is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute shared by
all polygon-shaped objects each of whose edges has the same length.
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ethnic groups
A collection of collections. An #$EthnicGroupType
is a set of people whose group-organization, practices or
characteristics are based on ethnic origins. E.g., some
#$EthnicGroupTypes are: #$EthnicGroupOfVietnamese,
#$EthnicGroupOfIndiansOfTheUS, etc.
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eukaryotic cells
The collection of eukaryotic cells, #$Cells which
serve as the basic structural unit of eukaryotic organisms.
These cells have a membrane-bound nucleus and other
organelles. Multicellular Organisms generally have
#$EukaryoticCells; #$EukaryoticCell DNA has introns.
Certain #$EukaryoticCells, like the red blood corpuscles of
#$Persons with heathy #$Spleens, lack nuclei.
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evaluatable functions
A collection of Cyc functions. Each element of
#$EvaluatableFunction is a Cyc function which is associated
(via #$evaluationDefn) with a piece of Heuristic Level
(SubL) code that computes the result of applying the
function to legal arguments. See #$PlusFn for a good
example. An evaluatable function is evaluated only if none
of its arguments is unbound. See also the more general #$EvaluatableRelation.
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evaluatable relation
Instances of #$EvaluatableRelation are functions
and predicates for which there is some piece of system code
that can be invoked to evaluate an expression using the
function or predicate. Functions having this property
should be an instance of the more specific
#$EvaluatableFunction; in those cases, the result of
evaluating the expression is a new term. For example,
(#$PlusFn (#$Inch 3) (#$Inch 1)), when evaluated, results in
the term (#$Inch 4). Predicates which are evaluatable have
a piece of system code associated which can be used to
obtain the truth value for any ground formula formed with
the predicate. For example, (#$greaterThan (#$Inch 3)
(#$Inch 1)) evaluates to ``true''. The predicate
#$evaluationDefn is used to state the name of the piece of
system code to be used to evaluate expressions formed with
an #$EvaluatableRelation.
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evaporations
The collection of events in which a piece of stuff
is transformed from a #$LiquidStateOfMatter to a
#$GaseousStateOfMatter by evaporation as opposed to boiling.
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even numbers
The set of all even numbers (integers) including
positive and negative even numbers and zero, but not
including any infinite 'numbers'.
bff46760-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
evenings
Each #$Evening is started by a #$Dusk and is
#$temporallyCoterminal with the #$CalendarDay it's a
part of. Each #$Evening is #$contiguousAfter an
#$Afternoon, and each #$Overnight is #$contiguousAfter an #$Evening.
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events
This is one important subset of #$TemporalThing.
The elements of #$Event are events or actions, things that
we say are `happening', changes in the state of the
world. #$Event is also a subset of #$Intangible, since an
event consists of the `actions' per se, and THEY then
refer to the tangible objects which participate in them.
In contrast, the collection #$SomethingExisting (another
important subset of #$TemporalThing) has elements which have
temporal extent yet are `static', such as a rock at the
bottom of a pond. Note: While
`#$SomethingExisting vs. #$Event' might seem at first
to be an obvious partition of things with temporal extent,
there are interesting borderline cases -- such as
agreements -- which Cyc treats as instances of
#$SomethingExisting, but which could also be represented as
instances of #$Event. And there are still other cases,
such as the pure disembodied elements of #$TimeInterval,
which are elements of #$TemporalThing yet belong neither to
#$SomethingExisting nor to #$Event.
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evergreens
A collection of plants. Each element of
#$EvergreenPlant is a plant that retains leaves or needles
throughout all the seasons of the year. Cf. #$DeciduousPlant.
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everything p s c
A problem solving context in which all assertions
in the entire KB are visible. This context is only
appropriate for use in queries which do not care about the
consequences of possible contradictions due to conflicting
information from mutually inconsistent microtheories. See
also #$InferencePSC.
be7f041b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
exception relation
A collection of mathematical objects, which are
the #$LogicalConnectives used to express exceptions to
rules. Elements include #$exceptWhen and #$exceptFor.
bec28bcc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
exchange of user rights
A collection of events. In an instance of
#$ExchangeOfUserRights, two #$Agents (the #$exchangers)
perform two distinct (though related)
#$TransferringPossessions with each other. Two objects are
exchanged. Each agent gains possession -- in the form of
some #$UserRightsAttribute -- of something (an
#$objectOfPossessionTransfer) from the other. Each transfer
is related to the other as some kind of condition, a
precondition or an intended result; e.g., the news seller
will hand over a paper if given fifty cents, and I give the
news seller my fifty cents so that he will turn over a
newspaper to me. The two #$TransferringPossession events
are #$subEvents of the #$ExchangeOfUserRights event.
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excitement
A feeling of arousal that stirs up, moves
profoundly, or serves as a challenge to one's power,
eliciting the desire to do or perceive something. This is a
#$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see
#$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes
than #$Excitement include #$Enthusiasm,
#$Celebratory-Emotion, #$Triumph-TheFeeling, etc.
bd58c086-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
exclusive user rights
An attribute of an object with respect to an
#$Agent, meaning that the agent who holds this kind of
#$UserRightsAttribute to an object has the sole right to use
that object. There can be only one such #$Agent at a given
time; that agent may be an #$Organization or an individual
person. When you rent a car, you expect
#$ExclusiveUserRights of it for the duration of your rental,
even though you don't own the car.
bd58fef2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
executives
A collection of people. An instance of
#$Executive is a person who holds an executive managerial
positions in some #$Organization. Among the members of
#$Executive are top managers of organizations, including
corporate officers (#$ChiefExecutiveOfficer, etc.), Chiefs
of Staff, Generals, Admirals and others like Chief Corporate
Counsel, Managing Partner, Producer, Chief Scientist, Chief
Engineer, as well as other upper and upper-middle managers.
bd58fadf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
exercises
The collection of events in which humans move
their bodies for the purpose of general physical
conditioning and/or strengthening muscles. comment by
#$Nichols on June 25, 1996
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exhalations
Expelling air from the lungs
bd589d08-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
existing object types
A collection of collections. Almost every element
of each element of #$ExistingObjectType (exceptions are
allowed) is temporally stufflike yet is objectlike in other
ways, including spatially. ``OBJTYPE is an
#$ExistingObjectType'' implies: a) for most
instances OBJ of OBJTYPE, for any proper physical part PART
of OBJ, PART is not an OBJTYPE. b) for all instances OBJ of
OBJTYPE, for most proper physical parts PART of OBJ it will
not be the case that PART is an OBJTYPE. Any one of
many #$timeSlices of a copy of `Moby Dick' sitting on
your shelf is still a copy of `Moby Dick' sitting on
your shelf. Most tangible objects are temporally stufflike
in this fashion. That book is, of course, not spatially
stufflike; spatially, it is objectlike: if we take a
scalpel and slice the book into ten pieces, each piece is
not a copy of `Moby Dick'. So (#$isa #$BookCopy
#$ExistingObjectType) is true, because each book is
temporally stufflike but spatially objectlike. See the
comment for #$StuffType to find out more about the
distinctions between, and the need for, these four
collections: #$StuffType, #$ObjectType, #$ExistingStuffType,
and #$ExistingObjectType.
bd65d880-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
existing stuff types
A collection of collections. Each element of
#$ExistingStuffType is a collection of things (including
portions of things) which are both temporally and spatially
stufflike; they may also be stufflike in other ways, e.g.,
in some physical property. Division in time or space does
not destroy the stufflike quality of the object (down to a
certain granularity). ``STUFF is an instance of
#$ExistingStuffType'' implies: a) for most
instances, OBJ, of STUFF, for any proper physical part PART
of OBJ, PART is also an instance of STUFF. b) for all
instances, OBJ, of STUFF, for most proper physical parts
PART of OBJ, PART is also an instance of STUFF. For
example, every piece of wood is temporally stufflike: if
W-168 is a piece of wood during 1996, then it's also a
piece of wood for the one-minute time-slice 9:05am 7/7/96.
It's also spatially stufflike: if we take that piece of
wood W-168 and cut it in half, we have two things which are
both pieces of wood. The fact that every piece of wood is
both temporally and spatially stufflike is represented in
Cyc by the assertion (#$isa #$Wood #$ExistingStuffType).
Other examples of #$ExistingStuffType: #$AppleJuice,
#$IceCream, #$Diamond, #$WaxedPaper, #$StriatedMuscle. See
the comment for #$StuffType to learn more about the
distinctions between, and the need for, these four
collections: #$StuffType, #$ObjectType, #$ExistingStuffType,
and #$ExistingObjectType.
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experiencing hunger
Being hungry
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explosions
A collection of events. Each instance of
#$Explosion is an event that involve an extremely violent,
chaotic release of energy. It is not exactly controlled,
even in the best circumstances, though it may be contained
and channelled to do useful work (such as within the
cylinders of a car engine, or such as when a hole is blasted
for a backyard swimming pool.)
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extensional representation predicates
A collection of predicates. Each element of
#$ExtensionalRepresentationPredicate is a predicate used to
form assertions about the properties of individual objects.
These predicates implement the extensional structure of the
Cyc ontology; e.g., #$attorneys, #$objectTakenCareOf,
#$actorPartsAffected, #$vestedInterest.
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exteriors
The collection of all entire outer physical
surfaces of tangible objects. Excludes mere patches or
portions of the whole surface of an object.
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eyes
The collection of all eyes of #$Animals. Eyes are
the organs of #$VisualPerception.
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foot-pound-second units of measure
A subset of #$UnitOfMeasure. #$FPSUnitOfMeasure
is the collection of all the measurement functions whose
results use the FPS (i.e., foot-pound-second) system of
measure to describe physical quantities. Examples:
#$Gallon-US, #$SquareMile, #$CubicFtPerSec.
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faces
The collection of all faces of animals. A
#$FaceOfAnimal generally consists of the region where the
eyes of the animal are located. In most terrestrial
animals, this is the front region of the animal's head,
and also turns out to be where the nose, mouth, etc., are located.
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autumns
The collection of Fall seasons. In the
#$TemperateClimateCycle, Fall is usually the time of
harvesting and beginnings of shutting down of growth. Also
the time of harvest celebrations. #$FallSeason represents
the climatic aspects of Fall; for its purely temporal
aspects, see #$CalendarAutumn.
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some statement in the KB is false
An element of #$TruthValue. #$False is logical
falsehood in Cyc; this is the abstract logical notion--not
to be confused with Lisp's NIL, nor with the English
word `false'.
bd5880d8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
family units
A collection of organizations. Each element of
#$Family-SocialEntity is a group of people or of animals
related by birth and mating. The kinship relation is closer
than simply being members of the same species. Such a
family may function together as an #$Organization. See also
the specialization #$Family-Human.
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family relationships
A collection of predicates. Each element of
#$FamilyRelationSlot is a binary predicate used to represent
relationships among members of human families. Examples:
#$spouse, #$siblings, #$grandmothers, #$grandfathers,
#$relatives, #$cohabitingFamilyMembers.
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famines
A collection of events; a subset of
#$DisasterEvent. Each instance of #$Famine is an event
taking place in a contiguous geographical area in which a
lot of people are undergoing #$Starvation.
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farmer
A collection of persons; a subset of
#$Professional. Each element of #$Farmer is a person who
makes (or significantly supplements) his or her income by
farming. This includes growing vegetables, grain, or fruit
crops, dairy farming, or raising livestock (e.g., cattle,
pigs, sheep, fish) for their meat or other animal products
(e.g., wool).
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scares
Unpleasant emotion manifested by painful agitation
in the presence or awareness of danger. Fear implies
anxiety and loss of courage. This is a collection; for an
explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see
#$Happiness. A more specialized #$FeelingAttributeType
than #$Fear is #$Dread.
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February
The collection of all Februaries, the second
month of the year in the #$JulianCalendar.
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emotions
The collection of attributes describing emotions
and mental feelings. An element of this set would be a
particular `amount' of happiness, of confidence, of
fear, etc. Obviously there are no real `units of
measure' for these quantities, but one can certainly
say that the `amount' of happiness one felt at
one's wedding was `more' than the happiness they
felt at their college graduation ceremony, etc. There are
functions, such as #$LowAmountFn, which take a
#$PrimitiveAttributeType (such as the instances of
#$FeelingAttributeType) and return as their value a
certain-sized amount of that attribute-type; e.g.,
(#$LowAmountFn #$Confidence) is an expression whose value is
a low amount of confidence, and that in turn will be an
element of #$Confidence, and also an element of
#$FeelingAttribute, and also an element of #$AttributeValue,
etc. See especially the various subsets of
#$FeelingAttribute. Note that #$FeelingAttribute is NOT an
element of #$FeelingAttributeType. Since
#$FeelingAttributeType is a subset of
#$PrimitiveAttributeType, any element of
#$FeelingAttributeType (such as #$Happiness) should have a
total order among all its elements. All the elements of
#$FeelingAttribute can't be placed in a total order
(for example, how can we compare 'low happiness'
with 'low contempt'?), so it should not be an
element of #$FeelingAttributeType.
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types of emotion
A collection of collections. Each
#$FeelingAttributeType is a type of attribute that describes
some sort of emotion and/or mental feeling. Some elements
of #$FeelingAttributeType are: #$Envy, #$Curiosity,
#$PrideOfAccomplishment, etc. See also #$FeelingAttribute.
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female animals
The collection of all female animals.
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human females
The collection of all female persons.
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feminine
#$Feminine is a gender, indicating either that an
#$Animal or #$Plant is female, or that a word has what is
called feminine gender.
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ferries
The subcollection of #$Watercraft that contains
all ferryboats, i.e., boats that are used to carry people,
goods or vehicles across rivers, lakes, canals or channels
etc. or even from one side of a harbor to another, but
normally not used to cross oceans.
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fictional contexts
The collection of #$CounterfactualContexts which
are (1) created intentionally, not by error or chance or
gradual evolution and accretion in a culture, and (2)
typically are the information content of some
#$InformationBearingThing, and (3) are not expected (by
their creator) to be believed as factual, nor do their
creators believe them to be factual. In addition to
asserting fictional propositions about existing things, a
#$FictionalContext may include terms for nonexistent things.
Examples: #$LordOfTheRings, #$AdventuresOfHuckleberryFinn.
be011058-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
fields of study
A collection of microtheories. Each element of
#$FieldOfStudy is a microtheory containing the knowledge,
theory, hypotheses, evidence, and problems covered in a
particular field of study (in propositional form).
Examples: #$Linguistics, #$Ethology,
#$ArtificialIntelligence, #$BusinessAdministration,
#$Nursing-FieldOfStudy, etc. Fields of study are typically
the subject of teaching and/or research within instances of
#$AcademicDepartment, although the correlation between
#$AcademicDepartment and #$FieldOfStudy is not one-to-one.
Note also that elements of #$FieldOfStudy are intangible
objects (i.e., contexts with propositional content), while
academic departments are partially tangible organizations.
For the activity of specialized study in a field, see #$CourseOfStudy.
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financial accounts
A collection of intangible objects. Each element
of #$FinancialAccount is an instance of #$Account (q.v.)
which is denominated in units of #$Money. Examples: savings
accounts, credit card accounts, vendor accounts.
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financial account tender object
A collection of objects. Each element of
#$FinancialAccountTenderObject is an object, e.g., a check
or a credit card, that serves as a vehicle for offering
payment in funds drawn on an associated instance of
#$FinancialAccount. The liquidity of an element of
#$FinancialAccountTenderObject depends on the
#$accountBalance or #$accountStatus of the financial account
which that object legally represents. This collection
excludes the elements of #$Currency and #$TravellersCheck.
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fidelity investments
A collection of partially tangibles. An element
of #$FinancialAssetHoldings is a group of financial assets
(e.g., stocks, bonds, ... ) owned by individual or corporate
#$Agent(s). As a default, we assume that the monetary value
of each group equals the sum of the monetary values of the
individual assets in that group.
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financial institutions
A collection of organizations engaged in financial
activities as their main concern and as a business. An
element of #$FinancialCompany is a commercial service
organization that buys, sells, trades, converts, or lends
money, in the form of currency or negotiable financial
instruments (such as stocks, bonds, commodities futures,
etc.), as (one of) its major function(s). The collection
#$FinancialCompany does not include businesses, such as
retailers, which simply exchange goods or non-financial
services for money. Examples: Chase Bank, University
Federal Credit Union, Fidelity Investments (but NOT the
IMF). Cf. the superset #$FinancialOrganization for
non-business organizations engaged in financial activities
(such as the IMF).
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financial organizations
The collection of all #$Organizations that are
primarily or significantly engaged in the
#$FinancialIndustry or whose activities focus on that
industry. Instances of both
#$CommercialServiceOrganizations (e.g., banks and brokerage
houses) and #$NonProfitOrganizations (e.g.,
#$InternationalMonetaryFund) may be instances of
#$FinancialOrganization. Specializations of
#$FinancialOrganization include #$BankCompany,
#$FinancialExchange, and #$InvestmentOrganization.
bd590577-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
fingers
The collection of all digits of all #$Hands
(q.v.). Fingers are (typically) flexibly jointed and are
necessary to enabling the hand (and its owner) to perform
grasping and manipulation actions.
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fiscal quarter
Each instance of this collection is a 3-month-long
interval of time kept track of by an #$Agent as part of its
financial accounting procedures. Since the start dates and
end dates may vary depending on the organization, instances
will be things like Fiscal3rdQuarterOf1995ForCycorp.
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fiscal years
Each instance of this collection is an annual,
year-long interval of time kept track of by an #$Agent as
part of its operational and financial accounting procedures.
Since the start dates and end dates may vary depending on
the organization, instances of this collection are time
intervals like FiscalYearOf1989ForMicrosoft
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fish
A collection of cold-blooded animals; a subset of
#$Vertebrate. Each element of #$Fish has gills, cranium,
and fins, and spends all or almost all of its life under
water. The collection #$Fish excludes so-called star-fish
and cuttle-fish, etc., as well as fish-shaped examples of
#$Mammal such as porpoises and whales. #$Fish is an
instance of #$BiologicalClass.
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fixed arity relation
The collection of all #$Relations of fixed arity
in CycL. This collection is disjoint with #$VariableArityRelation.
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fixed arity skolem func n
The subcollection of #$SkolemFuncNs whose arity is fixed.
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fixed arity skolem function
The subcollection of #$SkolemFunctions whose arity
is fixed. This is by far the most common type of skolem
function, because variable- arity skolem functions are only
created when a sequence variable is in the scope of the skolem.
bd5880fe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
fixed free-standing structures
A collection of artifacts. Each element of
#$FixedStructure is a humanly-constructed, freestanding
object that exists in a fixed location; e.g., buildings,
pyramids, the Great Wall of China, dams, elevated roadways,
canals, etc. Such structures may have parts which are also
elements of #$FixedStructure (e.g., bridge pilings) and
parts which are not freestanding (e.g., the span of a
bridge, or a room in a building).
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flammabilities
A collection of attributes; a subset of
#$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Flammability
represents a specific readiness with which some tangible
substance burns. Different degrees of #$Flammability are
represented either using #$GenericValueFunctions or
qualitatively (e.g., #$NonFlammable, #$BurnsEasily,
#$ExplosivelyFlammable). Flammability of an object is
indicated with the predicate #$flammabilityOfObject.
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flat surfaces
The collection of all surfaces that are
substantially flat (by the tolerance standards of the the
context). This means that there are no
'significant' concave depressions or convex bulges
or bumps, and that the surface approximates some portion of
a Euclidian plane in space. Note that the surface may have
holes or cracks and may be disconnected, in multiple
(substantially coplanar) pieces. A typical table top is a #$FlatPhysicalSurface.
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flexible
A physical attribute. #$Flexible is the
#$PhysicalStructuralAttribute of a tangible object that can
be flexed, twisted, contorted. #$Flexible objects which
retain their contorted shape are described as #$Bendable (q.v.).
bd58c716-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
floors
A physical floor in a building, NOT the level
(storey). The latter is called #$LevelOfAConstruction. The
floor can include any floor in a building such as the floor
of a room on the third floor as well as the floor covering
the entire 1st level of the building. This includes just
the horizontal surface -- not the subfloor. It also
doesn't include floor coverings like carpet or tile.
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paths of flow
A collection of pathways; a subset of
#$Path-Generic. Each element of #$FlowPath is a path whose
extent is delineated by the movement of a fluid over an
area; for example, the path of a lava flow or the
#$AlaskanPipeline. Elements of #$FlowPath may (but need
not) be constrained by objects or forces that channel the
flow of fluid; see also the subset #$FluidConduit.
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flowering plants
An instance of #$BiologicalClass and a sub-taxon
of #$PterophytinaSubdivision. Each instance of
#$FloweringPlant is a plant whose seeds are enclosed in
ovaries; consequently, this is the collection of flowering
plants in the botanical sense. For flowering plants
actually in bloom, see #$FloweryPlant.
bd58c76b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
flowers
A collection of plants. Each element of
#$FloweryPlant is a flowering plant that is actually and
visibly in flower (i.e., has flowers showing). The
collection #$FloweryPlant includes flowering bushes and
trees with visible flowers. This collection represents a
commonsense category, not the official #$BiologicalTaxon #$FloweringPlant.
bd58a916-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
fluid reservoirs
A collection of containers having an opening,
which may be small and resealable (as in a #$Bottle) or
large and open, as in a #$Tub; a subset of
#$ContainerProduct. An instance of #$FluidReservoir is a
container which was designed to hold fluids. These include
elements of the collections #$Spoon, #$ToiletBowl,
#$GlassBottle, etc. Note a special negative case: natural
`reservoirs', such as #$Lakes, are not
#$ContainerProducts -- though the #$Dams that create them
are artifacts, the reservoir water is contained in the
natural landscape -- and hence such reservoirs are not
subsets of #$FluidReservoir.
bd58f745-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
fluid tangible thing
A collection of tangibles. Each element of
#$FluidTangibleThing is a tangible thing that flows,
including gases, liquids, and semisolid and granular
tangible things which are #$Pourable (e.g., sand, see also
#$GranularFluid). Examples: the AirInAustin, #$LakeErie,
the snow drifted in my driveway, the sand on the beach at
Hippie Hollow, mercury in the thermometer on the balcony.
Note that the granules of a granular #$FluidTangibleThing
are not necessarily themselves #$FluidTangibleThings. Cf. #$LiquidTangibleThing.
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fog
The collection of clouds (instances of
#$CloudOfH2O) that cover a #$GeographicalRegion at ground-level.
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foggy
A current condition in which pieces of atmosphere
near the ground that are so full of water vapor that
visibility is noticeably reduced. Note that when standing
on a mountain or skysraper in the clouds, the attribute of
the surrounding air is Foggy.
bd58e5f8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
foldable
A physical attribute. #$Foldable is the
#$PhysicalStructuralAttribute of being foldable in a
flexible way, like towels or paper. Note a distinction
between #$Foldable objects and #$Collapsible objects:
#$Collapsible objects are #$Rigid objects collapsed by means
of #$HingedJoints, while #$Foldable objects are flexible overall.
bd58b488-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
food items
A collection of edible stuff; a subset of
#$FoodAndDrink. Each element of the collection #$Food is a
particular portion of food of a type which can, and
habitually is, eaten (not drunk or inhaled) by humans or
animals. Here the notion of ``eating'' is
important --- not drinking or inhaling or osmosing; an
element of #$Food will generally require biting, chewing,
etc. A borderline example is a bowl of Jello; a borderline
non-example is a very thick milkshake. Even closer to the
border is a bowl of vegetable soup so thick and chunky that
each spoonful requires chewing. The edibles in #$Food
provide calories and/or other nutrients that humans or
animals need (e.g., protein, vitamins); this is often true
with a #$Drink as well, but probably less than half the time
(since most drinking is of water).
bd58bd8b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
dishes
A collection of food and drink, a specialization
of (#$FoodOrDrinkForFn #$Person). An assertion of the form
(#$isa FOOD #$Food-ReadyToEat) means that it is normal for
people to eat or drink FOOD more or less in its current
state. Instances can require unwrapping, cutting, pouring,
buttering, or cooling before being consumed, but not cooking
or other complex or sophisticated preparation that is
typically done in a kitchen or other food-preparation area
rather than at the table or site of consumption. If a cook
would inspect it and pronounce it 'done,' it is
probably an instance of #$Food-ReadyToEat.
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items of food or drink
A collection of edible stuff. Each element of
#$FoodAndDrink is a substance which instances of some spec
of #$Organism-Whole normally consume a significant part of.
Thus (#$genls STUFF #$FoodAndDrink) means it is normal for
instances of STUFF to be eaten or drunk. Instances of
#$FoodAndDrink need not be in the state they typically are
in when they are eaten, but they must be in an edible state.
For substances that constitute normal food or drink for a
particular spec of #$Organism-Whole (e.g. #$Person), use #$FoodOrDrinkForFn.
bd58e69c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
food group type
A collection of collections. Each element of
#$FoodGroupType is a collection of foodstuffs classified
according to their nutritional contents. When restricted to
human foods, the elements of #$FoodGroupType are familiar as
the teaching tools used in public health education in order
to promote nutritionally balanced diets. Examples include:
#$DairyProduct, #$CerealFoodGroup,
#$FruitAndVegetableFoodGroup, #$MeatAndLegumeFoodGroup.
bd589d1c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
food ingredients
A collection of tangible stuff; a subset of
#$EdibleStuff. Each element of #$FoodIngredientOnly is an
edible substance that is used in making other food but
isn't eaten by itself. These may or may not require
some preparation. For example, #$TableSalt, #$VegetableOil,
and #$Ketchup are subsets of #$FoodIngredientOnly, because
all of their instances are used only as ingredients or
condiments. In contrast, #$Egg-Chickens is not a subset of
#$FoodIngredientOnly; some of its instances serve as
ingredients in cooking other dishes, (and those instances
are elements of #$FoodIngredientOnly,) but other eggs are
simply eaten after poaching or frying (and those instances
belong to the collection #$Food, not #$FoodIngredientOnly).
Types of food, such as #$Pizza, whose instances are never
merely ingredients, are just subsets of #$Food.--Nichols,
Nov 22, 1996
bd58da2a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
food or drink composite
A collection of edible stuff. Each element of
#$FoodOrDrinkComposite is an edible substance that is made
up of two or more foodstuffs as constituents. Typically,
some recipe is, explicitly or implicitly, associated with
the production of such substances. #$FoodOrDrinkComposite
includes both some instances of #$FoodIngredientOnly (e.g.,
a dollop of ketchup) and some instances of #$FoodAndDrink
(e.g., a slice of a cheese pizza).
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kitchen appliances
A collection of objects; a subset of
#$PhysicalDevice. An instance of
#$FoodOrDrinkPreparationDevice is a device whose
#$primaryFunction is to prepare food or drink somehow, such
as a colander, a spice mill or a pot.
bd588d6a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
food professionals
A collection of persons; a subset of
#$Professional. Each element of #$FoodProfessional is a
worker in the food and drink industry. This collection
includes bakers, brewers, butchers, and bartenders--everyone
from Julia Child to Joe the bartender.
bd58af0e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
food service companies
A collection of business organizations; a subset
of both #$CommercialServiceOrganization and #$Business. An
element of #$FoodServiceOrganization is a business which
prepares and/or serves food as its major function(s).
Important subsets of #$FoodServiceOrganization include
#$Restaurant and #$CateringCompany. Note that grocery
stores -- and airlines -- are not themselves considered
elements of #$FoodServiceOrganization, even though some of
those may have #$subOrganizations or sub-contractors which
are#$FoodServiceOrganizations. Bars or taverns, in contrast
to #$Restaurants that also prepare and serve food, are also
not considered #$FoodServiceOrganizations.
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utensils
A collection of objects. Each element of
#$FoodUtensil is an implement or a container used in
preparing or consuming food. Among its subsets are:
#$Spoon, #$CarvingKnife, #$CookingUtensil, #$FoodVessel,
#$CuttingBoard, and #$ChopStick.
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food vessel
A collection of container products; a subset of
#$FoodUtensil. An instance of #$FoodVessel is a container
designed for holding, storing, or preparing food. For
example, a dinner plate, a cake pan, a wok, a plastic food
storage container, etc. Subsets include the collections
#$CookingVessel, #$EatingVessel, #$FoodStorageContainer, and
numerous others.
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feet
The collection of all vertebrates' feet. A
foot is a terminal part of a #$Vertebrate #$Leg. Feet are
used in locomotion, support, balance, kicking, etc.
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legal forms
A collection of information bearing objects
(IBOs); a subset of #$StructuredInformationSource. Each
element of #$Form-StandardizedIBO is an IBO having some
standard set of labelled `fields' left blank for the
user to fill in with individualized information. Forms
usually accompany some sort of bureaucratic procedure, which
they may be used to initiate or to certify. Examples
include the elements of #$JobApplicationForm, #$DepositSlip,
#$InsuranceClaimForm, #$OrderForm, #$TaxReturn,
#$BirthCertificate, #$DiplomaDocument,
#$ATMTransactionReceipt, #$MarriageLicenseDocument,
#$DeathCertificate, etc.
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formal codes of conduct
A collection of microtheories; a subset of
#$CodeOfConduct. Each element of #$FormalCOC is a code of
conduct which is imposed by an organization. Formal codes
of conduct typically are explicitly stated and publicly
promulgated among the group subject to them; also, they are
associated with prescribed methods of enforcement and
punishment of violators. Thus, the collection #$FormalCOC
includes the laws of any legal jurisdiction, the rules of
deportment imposed by educational institutions, the
practices of some strict religious sects, etc. In
contrast, informal codes of conduct are norms that are not
prescribed or enforced by formal means; for example,
etiquette (#$MannersCodeOfConduct) and ethics (#$EthicsCodeOfConduct).
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packaged products
A collection of products. Each element of
#$FormalProduct is a complete packaged product, including
everything the customer gets when the product is purchased,
e.g., the #$mainProduct, packaging, enclosures, warranties,
etc. The typical packaged product as the retailer stocks it
on the shelf and sells it at the register.
bd58eebe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
formal product type
A collection of collections. Each element of
#$FormalProductType is a collection of products (i.e.,
tangible products, services, information products, etc.),
all of which conform to a standardized product specification
(i.e., a `form'). In Western-style capitalistic
markets, elements of #$FormalProductType are often
associated with a particular brand name (and perhaps model),
since competing providers of products design them to be
distinctive. For example, the collection
#$InternalCombustionEngine is not an element of
#$FormalProductType, but a specific collection of engines
manufactured by (e.g.) Mazda would be. On the service side,
the collection #$HairCuttingEvent is not a
#$FormalProductType, but a subset of hair stylings for men
(e.g., at a particular designer's salon) might be.
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format
Elements of the collection #$Format are attributes
that are used to constrain the multi-valued nature of a
#$Predicate. Consider a predicate PRED which takes five
arguments, and fix any four of those arguments -- say
arguments 1, 2, 4, and 5. The number of different legal
values there can be for the third argument (given that
we've already chosen the other four) is determined by
which #$Format attribute has been specified for the 3rd
argument place of PRED.. (1) If the #$arg3Format for
PRED is #$SingleEntry, then there can be at most one single
term that's legal (and thus at most one assertion), for
those given values of arguments 1, 2, 4, and 5. To
illustrate, let's consider a predicate with a lower
#$arity, say (#$mother CHILD MOM), which says that the
mother of CHILD is MOM. The #$arg2Format for #$mother
should be #$SingleEntry, since an animal can have only one
biological mother. (2) If the #$arg3Format of PRED is
#$SetTheFormat, then there may be any number of assertions
with different terms in the third argument position, but
sharing the same values for arguments 1, 2, 4, and 5. E.g.,
the #$arg1Format for #$mother should be #$SetTheFormat,
since a female can have multiple children. (3) If the
#$arg3Format of PRED is #$IntervalEntry, then there may be
multiple assertions sharing the values of 1, 2, 4, and 5,
but with different terms in the 3rd argument; however, all
the values for the 3rd argument must be overlapping elements
of #$ScalarInterval (q.v.). E.g., the height of a person
might be specified in several ways, with slightly different
margins of error (or approximation), which is fine, but all
those alternate values had better have SOME overlap since
the person really just has one particular true height at any
given time.
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forward - assertion direction
The forward direction for Cyc assertions; the
assertion is forward propagated.
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fragilities
A collection of attributes; a subset of
#$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Fragility represents
a specific property which determines how easily a physical
object breaks. Different fragilities may be designated
using a #$GenericValueFunction. Fragilities of objects are
indicated with the predicate #$fragilityOfObject.
bd58f203-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
frames of reference
Each element of #$FrameOfReference is a
representation of the context in which certain data are to
be interpreted. Such contexts are typically physical (i.e.,
spatiotemporal), but contexts may also be purely
mathematical. A Cartesian coordinate system represents a
frame of reference.
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France
The nation of France as it has existed throughout
time; both political and physical aspects. Unlike other
nations, France directly includes some overseas possessions.
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free sheet
A collection of certain pieces of tangible stuff.
A #$FreeSheet is a #$SheetOfSomeStuff which has two sides
open to the environment. I.e. over most of each of its
surfaces, it is not #$sheetSurfaceConnected with something else.
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free space content
Instances of #$FreeSpaceContent are connected,
tangible, fluid individuals occupying regions of free
space (i.e. instances of #$EmptySpaceRegion): space regions
through which solid objects can move more or less freely.
Examples include the #$Air in the interior of a room or the
sky above a city. In an underwater context, a piece of free
space content is likely to be an instance of #$Water. Often,
a #$FreeSpaceContent is associated with a geographical
region or some physical boundaries that define its edges.
But a (partially) tangible #$FreeSpaceContent is not to be
confused with the intangible #$EmptySpaceRegion it occupies.
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freezing events
A collection of events. In each instance of this
collection, an object is cooled to (and then below) its
#$freezingPoint and is thereby changed from a
#$LiquidStateOfMatter to a #$SolidStateOfMatter.
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French Language
The Romance language which is the primary language
spoken in #$France.
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frequencies
A collection of physical attributes; a subset of
#$Rate. Each element of #$Frequency is a measurement of the
number of times something happens during some time interval.
Elements of #$Frequency may be either fixed values, such as
103 kiloHertz, or a range, such as #$Yearly, #$Hourly, or
#$Rarely. See #$UnitOfFrequency for the units used by Cyc
to measure instances of #$Frequency, e.g. (#$TimesPerSecond
35), (#$KiloHertz 103). Instances of #$Frequency are
important in the characterization of types of #$WavePropagation.
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fresh water lake
A collection of topographical features. Each
instance of #$FreshWaterLake is a freshwater land-locked
body of water [#$Lake]. Examples: #$LakeMaracaibo,
#$LakeWinnipeg, #$LakeTanganyika, #$LochNess-Lake,
#$LakeErie, #$LakeTahoe. Note that inland saltwater
#$Lakes, commonly referred to as `seas', belong to the
collection #$InlandSea (rather than to #$FreshWaterLake);
e.g., #$CaspianSea, #$BlackSea, #$DeadSea.
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fried
The attribute #$Fried is a specialized form of
#$Cooked. Food that is #$Fried has been prepared in an
event of #$Frying.
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friendliness
Emotion manifested by interest in another person
(or, more rarely, in some nonhuman agent), good will towards
that individual, and an inclination to favor him or her (or
it). This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that,
see #$Happiness. Some more specialized
#$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Friendliness are #$Love and #$Love-Romantic.
bd58b648-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
fronts
The collection of all the entire front sides (as
conventionally understood) of all objects that have distinct
#$Sides, one of which faces in the frontwards direction.
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fruits
A subset of #$PlantPart. Each element of #$Fruit
is a plant structure that contains the seeds of angiosperms.
Many fruits have fleshy walls having high concentrations of
sugars or fats, and these are often eaten by humans and
other animals. Fruits usually develop from the ovary wall,
although some fruits include other tissues; e.g., the flesh
of apples and of strawberries develops from the receptacle,
and the fruits of pineapple and fig develop from a whole
inflorescence (group of flowers). See also #$EdibleFruit.
bd58e5d4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
frustrations
A feeling of irritation and dissatisfaction
arising from unresolved problems or unfulfilled needs. This
is a collection; for an explanation of a typical
#$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness.
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frying
Cooking food by partial or total immersion in hot
oil until desired level of doneness.
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full time
Attribute of being a full-time worker.
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full use rights
An attribute of an object with respect to an
#$Agent, meaning that if the #$Agent has this right to the
object, it does not place any restrictions on what the
#$Agent may do with the object. If there are restrictions
on what the #$Agent may do with the object, they arise from
other sources, such as formal and informal laws of behavior.
E.g., even if you have #$FullUseRights to your car, you
can't violate traffic laws, kill people with it, blow
it up in a parking lot, etc.
bd58928f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
functions
#$Function-Denotational is the collection of
functions the CycL expressions for which can be used to
form non-atomic terms (NATs). Specifically, when such a
function-denoting expression is appropriately combined
with other expressions (i.e. the former is in the 0th
argument position and the latter are of the correct number
and type) the resulting expression is a new CycL term -- a
NAT -- that may then freely appear as a component in other
CycL expressions. The NAT will itself denote the value
(if any) of the function denoted by the former expression
for the sequence of arguments denoted, respectively, by
the latter expressions. For example, #$GovernmentFn is a
unary denotational function, and so the CycL constant
'#$GovernmentFn' requires one (syntactic) argument
(such as the constant '#$France') to form a NAT
(in this case, the expression '(#$GovernmentFn
#$France)'). This NAT, which denotes the government of
France, can in turn serve as a (syntactic) argument in any
CycL expression in which (a term for) an instance of
#$RegionalGovernment can occur. Alternatively, we could
have created a specific new term `GovernmentOfFrance',
asserted that its denotation is an instance of
#$RegionalGovernment, and so on. But two related
advantages to having NATs in CycL are that they (i) allow
for a drastic reduction in the total number of constant
terms needed in the CycL vocabulary and (ii) provide a
convenient and systematic way to form appropriate new
terms as needed out of existing vocabulary (which terms can
then inherit from various existing rules and other
assertions involving the terms' component
expressions). <PARAGRAPH> Important subcollections
of #$Function-Denotational include
#$IndividualDenotingFunction (whose instances always return
instances of #$Individual), #$CollectionDenotingFunction,
#$SetDenotingFunction, and #$FunctionDenotingFunction
(which is itself a subcollection of the first). NATs
formed using terms that denote instances of
#$FunctionDenotingFunction often denote instances of
#$Function-Denotational themselves. Thus, like most other
things, denotational functions can be denoted in CycL either
by constants (e.g. '#$GovernmentFn') or --
although this is less common -- by NATs (e.g.
'(#$FunctionToArg 2 #$biologicalMother)'). Note
that the collection #$Function-Denotational does _not_
include all functions whatsoever. Functions that, given
their natures and the nature of the CycL language, could not
sensibly be denoted by any NAT-forming CycL expression are
not denotational functions. Examples include certain
provably-existing exotic mathematical functions, such as
(probably) any one-to-one function from the positive
integers to the rational numbers. (For a more general
collection that does include such functions, and for a more
general explication of the notion of function itself, see
#$Function-MathematicalObject and its comment). Note also
that #$Function-Denotational does not include any of the
so-called #$TruthFunctions (q.v.): #$Predicates,
#$Quantifiers, or #$LogicalConnectives. For these
relations (as construed in CycL) are not really functions at
all, even though it can be heuristically useful to think
of them as if they were functions from sequences of
arguments to truth values.
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mathematical type of functions
The collection of functions and a specialization
of #$Relation-MathematicalObject. Each instance of
#$Function-MathematicalObject is a many-one relation that
represents a mapping from one set of things (the
function's #$relationDomain) to another set of things
(its #$relationRange). As a many-one relation, a function
maps each thing in its domain to exactly one thing in its
range. A function is either unary, binary, ternary, or
whatever (see #$functionalArity; but cf.
#$relationalArity), depending on the nature of the members
of its domain. In general, the domain of an N-ary
function is a set of ordered N-tuples (construed in CycL
as #$Lists of length N). The function is said to take the
items from any of these N-tuples as its N _arguments_ and
to return a member of its range as its corresponding
_value_. A key specialization of
#$Function-MathematicalObject is #$FixedArityFunction
(which is also a specialization of
#$Function-Denotational). Instances include the elements of
#$Distribution and the (non-denumerably many) one-to-one
correspondences that exist between the positive integers and
the rational numbers. See also #$valueOfFunctionForArgs,
#$DomainOfFunctionFn, and #$RangeOfFunctionFn.
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function from quantities to quantities
A collection of mathematical functions. Each
element of #$FunctionFromQuantitiesToQuantities is a
function that takes one or more numbers as its arguments,
and it returns a number as its value. Examples: subtraction
(#$DifferenceFn), square root (#$SqrtFn), absolute value
(#$AbsoluteValueFn), and logarithm (#$LogFn).
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function or functional predicate
A collection of mathematical objects each instance
of which is either a denotational function or a predicate
that is functional in at least one argument place (see
#$FunctionalPredicate). Examples: #$SkolemFunction,
#$IntervalMaxFn, #$ElectricalPotentialDifference,
#$revenueFromType, #$costRateForType, #$permeabilityOfSubstThroSubst.
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mathematical functions
bd58809d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
functional predicate
A specialization of #$Predicate instances of which
are functional in at least one argument-place (see
#$functionalInTheNthArg). Given any sequence of legal
arguments placed in such a predicate's other argument
positions, there is at most one legal argument such that,
when it is placed in the predicate's functional
position, the resulting formula is true. More precisely:
Suppose PRED is an N-ary instance of #$FunctionalPredicate
that is functional in its Kth place. Given any
(N-1)-tuple <O(1), ..., O(K-1), O(K+1), ..., O(N)>
consisting of things that are, respectively, legal
arguments (i.e. satisfy the argument-constraints) for the
N-1 argument-places in PRED other than its argK-place,
there is at most one thing -- call it O(K) -- such that
(PRED O(1) ... O(N)) is true. (The one exception to the
above is when the argument-format for PRED's
functional argument-place is #$IntervalEntry (q.v.). In
that case there might be more than one instance of
#$ScalarInterval that, when put in this argument-place,
yields a true formula; but all of these scalar intervals
must be related to one another by #$overlapsIntervals.)
For example, #$biologicalMother is functional in its
second argument-place, since every animal has one and only
one biological mother. It can happen that, for some ways
of fixing PRED's other arguments, there will be
_nothing_ that would yield a true formula when put into
PRED's functional argument-place; for example, while
a spatial thing has at most one length (see
#$lengthOfObject), if it is (say) a sphere it has none. A
binary #$FunctionalPredicate that is functional in its
second argument is an instance of #$FunctionalSlot (q.v.).
bd58dc77-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
functional slots
A specialization of #$FunctionalPredicate each
instance of which is a binary predicate that is functional
in its second argument position. More precisely, a
functional binary predicate PRED is an instance of
#$FunctionalSlot if and only if, for any legal occupant
THING1 of PRED's arg1 position, there is at most one
legal occupant THING2 of PRED's arg2 position such that
(PRED THING1 THING2) holds. #$FunctionalSlot is in effect
one half of the intersection of #$BinaryPredicate and
#$FunctionalPredicate, containing those whose second
argument is functional. Examples: #$latitude,
#$countryOfAddress, #$stateOfDevice, #$femaleParentActor.
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fundamental numeric attribute type
A collection of collections. Each element of
#$FundamentalNumericAttributeType is a collection of
measurable attributes, including #$Distance,
#$Time-Quantity, #$Currency, #$Mass, etc. The types of
attributes in this collection are `fundamental' when
contrasted with other attributes which are derived from them
(such as #$Volume, #$Speed, etc.). Cf. #$DerivedNumericAttributeType.
bd59059d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
fungus
The collection of fungi, the stationary,
saprophytic, and symbiotic or parasitic eukaryotic organisms
constituting an instance of #$BiologicalKingdom in many
systems of classification. #$Fungus includes as subsets the
collections #$Mushroom, #$Yeast, and #$RingwormFungus.
Unlike most other instances of #$Plant, mushrooms are
incapable of performing processes of #$Photosynthesis.
bd589909-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
pieces of furniture
A collection of durable artifacts which are used
in #$HumanShelterConstructions to make human dwelling places
more comfortable. An instance of #$FurniturePiece is a
whole piece of furniture, such as a table, chair, or chest
of drawers; an arm of a sofa is not a #$FurniturePiece. Its
subsets can be classified according to the main functions
their elements serve: (1) providing support for
people's bodies while they are seated or reclining
(e.g., #$Bed-PieceOfFurniture, #$Sofa-PieceOfFurniture,
#$FootStool, #$FixedTheaterSeat); (2) providing work/action
surfaces (e.g., #$Desk-PieceOfFurniture, #$DiningRoomTable);
(3) providing organized and/or protective storage for
people's stuff (e.g., #$Dresser-PieceOfFurniture,
#$Bookcase-PieceOfFurniture); (4) providing extra
illumination or some other function in living and work areas
(e.g., #$ElectricLamp). Most pieces of furniture belong to
the collection #$NonPoweredDevice (q.v.) in that they
don't need any energy input in order to do their
function. Note: Yes, of course lamps, fancy console TVs,
hospital beds, etc. are exceptions to that last rule -- they
require power. But in a sense they are really objects
performing multiple independent functions. A fancy console
TV is a piece of furniture even when it's turned off;
it just so happens to fulfill two roles, one as a piece of
furniture and one as an appliance. When it's turned
on, in fact, its users are intended to stop noticing it as a
piece of furniture.)
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fusion event
A collection of events. In each #$FusionEvent,
two or more objects fuse together, yielding a product.
bd58ad78-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
transfers of user rights
A collection of events. In an instance of
#$GainingUserRights, some #$Agent gains possession of
something. Thus, in such an event, that agent newly
acquires a right (viz., some #$UserRightsAttribute) to use
some item. The item in question is identified as the
#$objectOfPossessionTransfer, and the agent is the
#$toPossessor (i.e., the one to whom the possession comes).
The #$Agent may or may not be a #$deliberateActors in the
event; e.g., buying a car is done on purpose, but receiving
a car as a gift isn't. If either of those two events
happen to you, though, it is an element of the collection #$GainingUserRights.
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gamma rays
A collection of events; a subset of
#$ElectromagneticRadiation. Each element of #$GammaRay is
an instance of electromagnetic radiation that has a
#$wavelength less than 1x10^-2 #$Angstroms. Low power
#$GammaRays overlap with high power #$XRays.
c05ce4b7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
gaseous
A basic physical state of matter.
#$GaseousStateOfMatter characterizes pieces of matter that
are at a high enough temperature or low enough pressure for
the type of matter involved that the molecules are not
bonded even weakly to their neighbors, and readily break
free. Gaseous objects are characterized at the macroscopic
level by having diffuse boundaries (when outside of
containers), no shape independent of a container, and by
great expandability and compressibility. Examples of
things that typically have this attribute are: the helium
in a child's balloon; the oxygen in Earth's
atmosphere; the water vapor in Earth's atmosphere.
bd58bd5f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
gaseous objects
A collection of tangible substances. Each element
of #$GaseousTangibleThing is a tangible thing which shares
many of the properties that matter in a
#$GaseousStateOfMatter exhibits; i.e., its shapes would
completely conform to the boundaries of a vessel containing
it, and it is compressible (however, not all instances of
#$GaseousTangibleThing can be said to have
#$GaseousStateOfMatter, because that's reserved for
pure compounds). Examples of #$GaseousTangibleThing: pieces
of matter in #$GaseousStateOfMatter like the helium in a
child's balloon; mixures of gasses such as
#$TheAtmosphereQuaSinglePieceOfStuff; and suspensions of
liquids and solids in gas such as #$Fog and #$Smoke. Cf.
#$FluidTangibleThing, #$LiquidTangibleThing.
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genders
The collection of genders that organisms can have.
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general microtheory
The collection consisting of every #$Microtheory
intended to contain general axioms useful for multiple
purposes. This excludes microtheories which deal with
specific situations, such as instances of
#$ProblemSolvingCntxt, microtheories that represent the
information content of one specific
#$InformationBearingObject such as the US Declaration of
Independence, or those which are purely lexical
microtheories. Examples of this collection are
#$HumanSocialLifeMt, #$BuyingMt, and #$NaiveAnimalsMt.
Negative examples include #$GeneralLexiconMt (purely
lexical) and #$PeopleDataMt (no general axioms).
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transfers
This collection is a subset of #$Event. Each
element of #$GeneralizedTransfer is an event in which
something (tangible or intangible) is transferred from one
`place' to another. #$GeneralizedTransfer includes
changes in physical location, in ownership or possession,
transfer of information, and propagation of wave phenomena
through space. See also the related predicate
#$transferredThing, and the specialized subsets of this collection.
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extents
#$GenericQuantity is a specialization of
#$ScalarInterval. Each instance of #$GenericQuantity is a
generic measure that is not numerically specified.
Examples: #$Low, #$Medium, #$High, #$HighToVeryHigh. When
such quantities are related to their subject by a
specialized predicate (e.g., #$feelsTowardsEvent,
#$goalImportance), they may represent amounts in specialized
areas, including strength of emotional responses and
importance of goals. See also #$GenericValueFunction, #$followingValue.
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generic shape type
A collection of collections. Instances of
#$GenericShapeType are collections representing types of
shapes that make no committment to being either purely
abstract or to being located in the physical world.
Therefore, each instance of GenericShapeType is going to
have some abstract and some localized instances.
#$GenericShapeType is distinguished from #$AbstractShapeType
(q.v.), which is the collection of those collections that
are instances of #$ShapeType, and all of whose elements are
abstract. There is no 'LocalizedShapeType'.
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generic value function
A collection of Cyc functions; a subset of
#$IndividualDenotingFunction. Each element of
#$GenericValueFunction is a function that can be applied to
an element of #$LinearOrderAttributeType and returns some
`generic' amount (e.g., high, medium, low) of that
attribute. Such functions are particularly useful for
qualitative, hard-to-quantify attribute types, e.g.,
#$Happiness, #$Fragility, #$Absorbency, #$Glamor, etc. They
save us from having to create individually the various
levels of attributes like #$Happiness, #$Fragility, etc.
Instead, for example, we need only refer to (#$HighAmountFn
#$Happiness) as an alternative to painstakingly reifying
`HighHappiness' and hand-entering all the formulas that
such a constant requires (e.g. #$isa, #$followingValue,
etc.). The compositionality afforded by the elements of
#$GenericValueFunction allows this overhead to be taken care
of automatically. (Rode, 11/9/1998) See also
#$GenericQuantity and #$GenValueFn.
bf2a2ba8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
genetic conditions
A collection of physiological conditions. An
instance of #$GeneticCondition is an abnormal condition
which developed in a particular organism due to that
organism's genetic configuration. Such conditions are
not contagious as infections are, but they may be
hereditary. They are often harmful, in fact they are often
#$AilmentConditions, such as encephalitis. Occasionally,
though the mutation is beneficial, in which case it would be
wrong to also label it an #$AilmentCondition.
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genl attributes format
If a predicate P has #$GenlAttributesFormat for
argument position N, then given some particular list of
terms that occupy the other argument positions of P, there
may be multiple assertions with different terms in position
N (keeping the other arguments fixed), but only so long as
the terms in position N are all interrelated by the
predicate #$genlAttributes. For example, the #$arg3Format of
#$directionBetweenObjects is #$GenlAttributesFormat. This
allows us to state both (#$directionBetweenObjects
#$PotomacRiver #$HudsonBay #$North-Generally) and
(#$directionBetweenObjects #$PotomacRiver #$HudsonBay
#$North-Directly) in a #$Microtheory in which
(#$genlAttributes #$North-Directly #$North-Generally).
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genl preds format
If a predicate P has #$GenlPredsFormat for
argument position N, then given some particular list of
terms that occupy the other argument positions of P, there
may be multiple assertions with different terms in position
N (keeping the other arguments fixed), but only so long as
the terms in position N are all interrelated by the
predicate #$genlPreds. For example, the #$arg3Format of
#$soleFunction is #$GenlPredsFormat. This allows us to
state both (#$typeSoleFunction #$Bus-RoadVehicle
#$TransportInvolvingADriver #$transporter) and
(#$typeSoleFunction #$TransportInvolvingADriver #$vehicle)
in a #$Microtheory in which (#$genlPreds #$vehicle #$transporter).
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genls format
If a predicate P has #$GenlsFormat for argument
position N, then given some particular list of terms that
occupy the other argument positions of P, there may be
multiple assertions with different terms in position N
(keeping the other arguments fixed), but only so long as the
terms in position N are all interrelated by the predicate
#$genls. For example, the #$arg1Format of #$soleProductType
is #$GenlsFormat. This allows us to state both
(#$soleProductType #$AlfaRomeoTheCompany #$SportsCar) and
(#$soleProductType #$AlfaRomeoTheCompany #$AlfaRomeoCar) in
a #$Microtheory in which (#$genls #$AlfaRomeoCar #$SportsCar).
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directions
A specialization of #$UnitVectorInterval.
#$GeographicalDirections derive from the
'intrinsic' directional axes of a terrestrial
frame of reference: North, South, East, West, geographic
'Up' and geographic 'Down'. Like all
#$VectorIntervals, they may be specified precisely--e.g.,
#$North-Directly or as intervals--e.g., #$North-Generally.
With respect to 'up' and 'down', care
should be taken to distinguish a
#$TopAndBottomSidedObject's 'intrinsic' up
and down from 'up' and 'down' with
respect to the surface of the Earth or some other planet.
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geographical regions
A collection of spatial regions that include some
piece of the surface of a planet (usually #$PlanetEarth).
Each element of #$GeographicalRegion is a
#$PartiallyTangible entity that may be represented on a map
of the planet. This includes purely topographical regions
like mountains and underwater spaces, places defined by
demographics, e.g., language areas, and territory otherwise
demarcated, e.g. #$TimeZones. In dualist geopolitical
contexts [see #$DualistGeopoliticalMt], instances of
#$GeopoliticalEntity are also considered to be instances of
#$GeographicalRegion. In all cases the region in question
must contain some tangible component with which it is
possible to make physical contact. The elements of
#$GeographicalRegion contrast in this respect with the
elements of #$GeographicalThing-Intangible, which are wholly
imaginary . Examples of #$GeographicalRegions:
#$RockyMountainStates-USRegion, the #$ContinentOfAustralia,
#$SinaiPeninsula, and -- in dualist geopolitical contexts
-- #$YaleUniversity and #$CityOfPittsburghPA. Some
important types of regions are represented by the subsets
#$LanguageArea, #$TimeZone, #$PostalCodeRegion,
#$EcologicalRegion, #$ConstructionSite, and -- in dualist
geopolitical contexts -- #$GeopoliticalEntity. No elements
of #$GeographicalRegion are wholly indoor locations.
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geometric forms
A subset of #$SpatialThing. Each element of
#$GeometricThing is a spatial thing that can be described
mathematically. Examples include spatially localized
objects, such as the equator, and abstract objects, such as
abstract shapes of various dimensions.
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abstract shapes
A specialization of #$GeometricThing each of
whose instances is abstract in the sense of being intangible
(see #$Intangible) as well as lacking spatial and temporal
location. Each instance of #$GeometricThing-Abstract is an
abstract region of an abstract space (the latter having two
or more dimensions). Geometric figures that are located in
this (or another) universe are not instances of this
collection, but of #$GeometricThing-Localized.
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geometric thing - intangible
The collection of all intangible #$GeometricThings
whether they are spatially localized or purely abstract.
This is the #$collectionIntersection of #$GeometricThing and
#$Intangible. Positive examples are any intangible things
that are characterizable in geometric terms, such as the
intangible space determined by an Egyptian pyramid, a
platonic sphere, or the center of mass of the solar system
at the first instant of the twentieth century (a point).
Important specializations are #$GeometricThing-Localized
(all spatially localized instances) and
#$GeometricThing-Abstract (all instances not spatially
located in any universe).
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geometric thing - localized
A collection of spatially localized (but
intangible) objects #$SpatialThing-Localized. Positive
examples are any things that both have some location or
position in the Universe, and are characterizable in
geometric terms, such as the intangible spaces determined
by, for example, the pyramids of Egypt (pyramids), the Sun
(a sphere), or the center of mass of the solar system at the
first instant of the twentieth century (a point).
#$GeometricThing-Localized is identical with (#$LocalizedFn
#$GeometricThing) (see the #$cyclistNotes on this page for
why we need this constant reified anyway).
#$GeometricThing-Localized includes as specs (#$LocalizedFn
#$Circle), (#$LocalizedFn #$Square), and in general all the
'localized realizations' of the generic geometric collections.
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political entities
A collection of #$LegalAgents which control
#$GeographicalRegions. Each element of #$GeopoliticalEntity
includes the governing body of the institution as well as
the institution itself. In a dualist microtheory (e.g.
#$WorldGeographyDualistMt) an instance of
#$GeopoliticalEntity includes a politically defined
geographical region taken together with its people,
artificial habitats, etc., as well. (#$TerritoryFn
GEOPOLITICAL_ENTITY) is used to refer to the land mass of
GEOPOLITICAL_ENTITY in #$WorldGeographyMt. Important
subsets include #$Country, #$IndependentCountry,
#$State-Geopolitical, #$City, #$Province. Examples:
#$CityOfTokyoJapan, #$BronxNY-Borough, #$Alaska-State,
#$Rwanda, #$Singapore, #$InnerMongolia,
#$Somerset-CountyEngland, #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina.
Although the name #$GeopoliticalEntity may suggest
otherwise, elements are not necessarily elements of #$Entity.
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German
In its standard version, the dominant form of High German.
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Germany
Germany, a medium-sized #$IndependentCountry in
the north of the #$ContinentOfEurope. Germany throughout
time, both political and physical aspects.
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gerundive noun
The collection of all gerunds, that is deverbal
nouns formed (in English) with the suffix '-ing'.
Gerundive nouns usually denote a type of action (with mass
agreement) or an instance thereof (with count agreement).
bdde941c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
gestures
A collection of configurations; a subset of
#$VisualInformationSource. Each element of #$Gesture is a
configuration of animal body parts that has some meaning to
an observer with an understanding of the interpretive
convention. A gesture may include some tool or prop.
Gestures may be fleeting (e.g., a hello wave) or may last a
long time (e.g., the gesture embodied in the
#$StatueOfLiberty). Note that, as defined in Cyc, a gesture
is a meaningful configuration of body parts, NOT the actions
producing the arrangement; for representation of the
actions, see #$MakingAGesture.
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gifts
A collection of events. In an instance of
#$GiftGiving, one #$Agent intentionally gives all use rights
over an object (see #$UserRightsAttribute) to another
#$Agent without taking payment in return.
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giving events
A collection of events. In an instance of
#$GivingSomething, one #$Agent gives a tangible thing to
another #$Agent. Every #$GivingSomething event can also be
thought of as a receiving event. Note: The common case in
which one #$Agent gives ownership of an object to another
#$Agent is represented by the subset #$GiftGiving.
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glass
A collection of tangible things. Each element of
#$Glass is a piece of glass; e.g., a wine bottle, a plate
glass window, a microscope slide, a crystal water goblet,
the mirrors of a reflecting telescope.
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going to sleep
The collection of events in which an #$Animal goes
from the state of being awake to being in a state of sleep.
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golf carts
The collection of all motorized vehicles that are
designed for golfers to use to drive around on #$GolfCourses
while they are playing #$GolfGames. GolfCarts drive very
slowly compared with #$Automobiles.
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governmental regulations
A collection of microtheories; a subset of
#$FormalCOC (the set of formal codes of conduct). Each
instance of #$GovernmentCOC is a formal regulation of
behavior imposed upon agents -- including citizens,
tourists, businesses, government entities, etc., in so far
as they are subject to it -- who are located within the
legal jurisdiction where that code of conduct holds.
#$GovernmentCOC includes both individual laws and whole
legal codes. Some examples of #$GovernmentCOC include: the
Napoleonic Code, the United States Constitution and all
Federal, State, and local laws of the United States, and the
particular laws against stealing found in most, if not all,
countries. Enforcement of a particular instance of
#$GovernmentCOC is authorized by the government associated
with that code and carried out by its agents within their
jurisdiction(s). See also #$LegalCode and #$Law.
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government leader note
The distinction between #$HeadOfGovernment and
#$HeadOfState is a subtle one. #$HeadOfGovernment is the
set of #$Leaders who actually run the government.
#$HeadOfState is the set of #$Leaders who are mainly
ceremonial figures, fulfilling diplomatic roles such as
hosting foreign dignitaries. For a given #$Country, these
two roles may be filled by the same person, such as
#$BillClinton for the #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica in 1996, or by
two separate individuals; for example, in 1996 the
#$HeadOfState for #$GreatBritain-TheIsland would be
#$QueenElizabethII, while the #$HeadOfGovernment would be
John Major (#$PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment). Cyc constant
names indicate which government role is associated with a
particular title; e.g., #$Sultan-HeadOfGovernment vs. #$Sultan-HeadOfState.
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government military organizations
The collection of all #$MilitaryOrganizations
which belong to, and are directed by, the governing body of
a geographical region or international organization. The
government organization may be a national government, state
or provincial government, or an international governing body
such as the #$UnitedNationsOrganization. The military
forces may include armies, navies, air forces, military
border patrols, coast guards, etc. This collection excludes
private armies and mercenary forces.
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national governments
A collection of regional government organizations.
An element of #$GovernmentOfCountry is the government of
some element of #$Country; e.g.,
#$UnitedStatesFederalGovernment. See also the Cyc function
#$GovernmentFn, which can be used to refer to the government
of a political region. The governments of smaller regions
within a country may or may not be #$subOrganizations of
that country's government; in `federal' systems
the smaller regions often have partly autonomous
governments, as do the elements of #$State-UnitedStates.
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granular
A physical attribute. #$Granular is the
#$PhysicalStructuralAttribute that describes a solid that
consists of granules and has a grainy texture; e.g., sand,
sugar, salt.
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grasping implements
A collection of tools. An instance of
#$GraspingImplement is a tool which is intended to be used
to grasp (and often to subsequently immobilize or control
the location/movement of) some other solid object. Examples
include each #$Vise, each pair of #$Forceps, each
#$MonkeyWrench, each pair of #$Tweezers, etc. But not a
balloon, a syringe, a doorstop, a cage, etc. A marginal
positive example would be a magnetic tool designed to pick
up something without actually touching it.
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grasping something with a tool
A collection of the events in which a tool is used
to grasp some object.
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thanksgivings
A feeling of appreciation towards another agent
for a benefit or favor received from him/her. This is a
#$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness.
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salutes
The collection of actions performed by one #$Agent
to greet another. Includes verbal and physical greetings.
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grilled
The attribute #$Grilled is a specialized form of
#$Cooked. Food that is #$Grilled has been prepared in an
event of #$GrillingFood, using a #$BBQGrill or an #$ElectricGrill.
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barbecues
Cooking food on a #$BBQGrill or an #$ElectricGrill.
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headquarters
A collection of smallish geographical regions.
Each element of #$GroundsOfOrganization is an area which
contains buildings inhabited by some organization.
Examples: the campus of the #$UniversityOfTexasAtAustin or
the grounds of #$SetonNorthwestHospital. Note that the
`grounds' of an organization, especially an
organization with urban locations, might not include a yard.
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groups
A collection of objects. Each element of #$Group
is a composite object, made up of individual members which
may be either events or objects. A group is related to its
members by the predicate #$groupMembers (q.v.). Note that
elements of #$Group are NOT collections; consider: a group
has temporal extent and may have spatial extent and
location, while a collection is timeless and abstract.
Nonetheless, it is possible to define a collection parallel
to any group, so that the #$groupMembers of that group are
also instances (#$isa's) of the correlated collection;
e.g., each toe on my left foot is both an element of the
collection of my left toes and a member of the group of toes
on my left foot. But that group (of my left toes) is a
spatiotemporal thing, while the correlated collection (of my
left toes) is NOT. Another example: if I consider a certain
flock of pigeons as having a location, a spatial extent, and
a time of existence, then I am considering (the pigeon
flock) a group and NOT a collection. As a default, a group
whose #$groupMembers are elements of #$SomethingExisting is
itself an element of #$SomethingExisting; and a group whose
#$groupMembers are elements of #$Event is itself an element
of #$Event. Finally, unlike a collection, a group cannot be
empty; a group must have some #$groupMembers, or there is no
group (at that point in time). Examples of #$Group:
#$QueensGuard, #$ThreeWiseMen, #$SantasReindeer, #$InternationalCommunity.
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Guest
This constant is for use by guests (users who may
not have full rights of access) who want to interact with Cyc.
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guide
A collection of events; a subset of both
#$ControllingSomething and #$Movement-TranslationEvent. An
instance of #$GuidingAMovingObject is an event in which an
agent guides or steers an object which is in motion. For
example, someone steering a car or a motorcycle, controlling
a surfboard, or flying a kite. If all you `guide' is a
rotation, then that is not quite a #$GuidingAMovingObject
event. Also, if no motion actually takes place, then it
would be stretching things to call that a `guiding.'
So a marginal example is #$Running (you are guiding
yourself) and two marginal non-examples are: spinning in
place, and running in place.
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guilt
Negative, self-accusatory feeling of
responsibility and blameworthiness for having caused harm by
a past action, usually with conscious intent. Note that
this is not `guilty vs. innocent', but rather the
feeling of guiltiness. An unremorseful killer, though
guilty (as opposed to innocent) of the murder, may not feel
any #$Guilt (i.e., guiltiness) about it. This is a
collection; for an explanation of a typical
#$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness.
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gulfs
A collection of topographical features. Each
element of #$Gulf is a part of a sea extending into a land
mass. Many gulfs are the outlet for a large river system.
Examples of #$Gulf include the #$SaronicGulf,
#$GulfOfMexico, #$GulfOfArkangelsk, #$GulfOfCalifornia, and #$PersianGulf.
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gusty
A #$WeatherAttribute indicating that the wind at
an #$OutdoorLocation is subject to sudden changes in
direction and intensity.
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h l assertion
The collection of assertions in the HL language,
used internally by Cyc's inference engine.
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h l expression
The collection of all syntactically well-formed
expressions in the HL language. All of their
subexpressions, if any, must also be in the HL language.
c1359f2c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
h l indexed term
The collection of indexed terms in the HL
language, used by the internals of Cyc. All these terms
have special indexing support in Cyc's inference
engine. Indexed terms are currently (September 2000)
constants, NARTs, and assertions.
bfff7db5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
NART
The collection of all non-atomic denotational
terms in the HL language, used internally by the inference
engine. These are HL formulas with an instance of
#$ReifiableFunction as their functor and optionally other HL
terms as their arguments. These HL NATs are often called
NARTs , which stands for Non-Atomic Reified Term. The
difference between HL NATs and reifiable EL NATs should be
transparent to users of Cyc, because the #$CycCanonicalizer
automatically transforms all reifiable EL NATs into HL NATs.
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FORT
The collection of reified denotational terms in
the HL language. These terms are used by the internals of
Cyc, such as the inference engine. They are often called
'FORTs', which stands for 'first-order
reified terms'.
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h l reified formula
The collection of reified formulas in the HL
language. This includes HL NARTs and HL assertions.
c0f093d9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
h l variable
The collection of all variables in the HL
language, used internally by the inference engine and not
normally visible to users of Cyc.
bed98018-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
furnishings
A collection of artifacts. #$HOCObject is a very
general collection for all artifacts that are found in
places where humans live or work, i.e., in some element of
#$HumanOccupationConstruct (= HOC). Since these objects are
considered to be found indoors, they are all roughly
`human-sized'. Elements include everything from
furniture to tools, appliances to artwork, medical examining
tables to church altars and pews.
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hail
The collection of instances of
#$PrecipitationProcess in which solid particles or small
chunks of water ice fall to the earth from clouds.
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hailstones
The collection of solid particles or small chunks
of ice emitted from clouds in instances of #$HailProcess.
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hands
The collection of all terminal parts of a
#$Vertebrate forelimb which are structurally suited to
function as a grasping organ (as in people, newts, etc.).
E.g., FerdinandTheBull has his forelimbs end in hooves,
which are not capable of grasping things, so those are NOT
considered #$Hands.
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manual tools
The collection #$HandTool is a subset of #$Tool.
Each element of #$HandTool fills all the requirements for a
generic tool, plus the requirement that a hand tool is a
portable object which is hand-guided throughout its
operation. Examples include the elements of #$Screwdriver,
#$ManualDrill, and #$BlowDryer. See also #$Tool, #$PortableObject.
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use of a device
A collection of #$Events; a subset of
#$HandlingAnObject. An instance of #$HandlingADevice is an
event in which a device is manipulated (with the operator
holding and touching the device) in order to use it for its
#$primaryFunction. Instances include elements of the
subsets #$Pruning, #$PlayingAMusicalInstrument,
#$OperatingAHouseholdAppliance, #$PumpingGasEvent,
#$WritingByHand, and many more. Just carrying pruning
shears around is not a #$HandlingADevice event.
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handle
A collection of events; a subset of both
#$ControllingSomething and #$PhysicalContactEvent. An
instance of #$HandlingAnObject is an event in which an
object is touched and manipulated by some #$Agent. Examples
of #$HandlingAnObject include instances of
#$HoldingAnObject and of
#$CausingAnotherObjectsTranslationalMotion. So just holding
a rock in your hand is a #$HandlingAnObject; so is washing
your cereal bowl (an instance of #$WashingDishes), cutting a
loose thread on your shirt (an instance of
#$CuttingAThread), and carrying the rock from one place to
another (an instance of #$CarryingWhileLocomoting.) One
very important class of #$HandlingAnObject instances involve
operating some hand-held device --- i.e., events which are
instances of the collection #$HandlingADevice. I.e., the
performer handles an object which happens to be a device,
but not just lugging it around but actually employing it for
its intended #$primaryFunction --- not merely to look at it
or rearrange or relocate it. For example, if you move a
fork from the dishwasher to the silverware drawer,
that's just #$HandlingAnObject; if you use that fork to
eat some food, though, that is an instance of #$HandlingADevice.
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happily
The enjoyment of pleasurable satisfaction that
goes with well-being, security, effective accomplishments,
or satisfied wishes. As with all #$FeelingAttributeTypes,
this is a #$Collection -- the set of all possible amounts of
happiness one can feel. One instance of #$Happiness is
`extremely happy'; another is `just a little bit
happy'. Note: Obviously there are no real units of
measure for this quantity, ways of objectively measuring the
amount of happiness possessed or gained or lost, etc., but
still this has proven to be a useful way for Cyc to
represent and reason with emotions. E.g., one can have a
rule that says that most people have a greater `amount'
of happiness at their wedding than at their high school
graduation, etc. There are functions, such as
#$LowAmountFn, which take a #$PrimitiveAttributeType (such
as the instances of #$FeelingAttributeType) such as
#$Happiness and return as their value a certain-sized amount
of that feeling; e.g., (#$LowAmountFn #$Happiness) is an
expression whose value is a positive but small amount of
happiness, and that in turn will be an element of
#$Happiness (and also will be an element of
#$FeelingAttribute and an element of #$AttributeValue, etc.)
#$FeelingAttributeTypes organize into a lattice; e.g., there
are several more specialized forms of #$Happiness that are
present in Cyc's ontology, such as #$Elation,
#$Delight, #$Triumph-TheFeeling, etc.
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harbours
The collection of those parts of a #$BodyOfWater,
each of which is protected from the open sea and deep enough
to furnish fairly safe anchorage.
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hard copies
A collection of information bearing objects
(IBOs). Each element of #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject
is an IBO in a `hard' format, e.g., written on paper,
on wood, on palm leaves, engraved in metal, carved on
stone. Humans can read hardcopy IBOs without using a
computer or electronic device to access them. Thus,
#$HardcopyInformationBearingObject does NOT include the
tangible IBOs which are embodied in magnetic media (e.g.,
data or music on tapes or disks). Examples of
#$HardcopyInformationBearingObject: a billboard, a greeting
card, a restaurant check, a magazine, an engraving by
Rembrandt, a ten dollar bill, a price tag, or a hardcopy of
a #$Map with no text on it.
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hardnesses
A collection of attributes; a subset of
#$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Hardness is an
attribute describing how much pressure a tangible material
can withstand before deforming or fragmenting. Hardnesses
may be characterized using a #$GenericValueFunction (q.v.),
or relative to certain substances, e.g., #$HardAsARock.
Hardnesses of objects are reported using the predicate #$hardnessOfObject.
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tools
A collection of tools. An instance of
#$HardwareTool is an object used to perform a task, usually
by applying a particular kind of force on another object.
The tool is used to produce a physical effect in the
position, structure, or arrangement of the other object.
Subsets of #$HardwareTool include #$Hammer, #$Screwdriver,
#$HandSaw. An electric drill is also a #$HardwareTool.
Borderline nonexamples include eating utensils, robot
servants, screws, nails, and levers.
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pick
A collection of events. Each instance of
#$HarvestingAPlant is an event in which a plant is
harvested. Harvesting may involve separating some part of
the plant and leaving the rest in place (e.g., fruit trees),
or it may involve removing the entire plant from its growing
location (e.g., carrots).
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hats
A collection of objects. Each element of #$Hat is
either a hat or other headgear or hatlike object. Subsets
include #$Helmet, #$SwimmingCap, and #$Sombrero.
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hatred
An intense feeling of hostility and aversion,
usually deriving from fear, anger, or a sense of injury, and
usually coupled with enmity and malice. This is a
#$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness.
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mealtimes
A collection of events. Each element of
#$HavingAMeal is an event in which one or more diners
consume a meal. In addition to #$HavingBreakfast,
#$HavingLunch, and #$HavingDinner, this includes
#$HavingASnack (among other subsets). Typically, instances
of #$HavingAMeal include people eating some food and
drinking one or more beverages.
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heads
The collection of all heads of #$Animals. [Note:
the hyphenated name reflects the need to have other terms in
the knowledge base like #$Head-Vertebrate, representing a
subset of this set, about which some useful specialized
information is stated.]
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vertebrate heads
The collection of all heads of #$Vertebrates
(animals with backbones). Vertebrate heads all have faces
(see #$FaceOfAnimal) and connect to the animal's torso
via a neck; these things are not generally true for most non-vertebrates.
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heads of government
A collection of persons. Each element of
#$HeadOfGovernment is a person who holds a political
position as the titular head of the government in some
element of #$Country. Titles that such a person might hold
include Prime Minister, President, Premier, King or Queen,
Minister of State, Sultan, Chacellor, Chairman. Examples:
John Major, Benjamin Netanyahu, Bill Clinton. See also
#$titleOfPosition. Cf. #$HeadOfState.
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heads of state
A collection of persons. Each element of
#$HeadOfState is a person who holds a political position as
the titular leader of some element of #$Country. Titles
that such a person might hold include President, Premier,
Chairman, Sultan, King or Queen, Regent. Examples of
#$HeadOfState: #$BillClinton, #$QueenElizabethII, Yasser
Arafat, Hirohito, Jiang Zemin. See also #$titleOfPosition.
Cf. #$HeadOfGovernment.
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health professionals
The collection of all health-related professionals
- including medical professionals as well as professionals
not in the medical field. For example, health inspectors.
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hearing
The collection of sensory #$Perceivings in which,
by means of vibratory sensors, a #$PerceptualAgent #$hears
something that is causing (or consisting of) sound waves,
and thereby acquires information about it. See also:
#$ListeningDeliberately, the subset of #$Hearing events in
which the aural stimulus is intentionally attended to.
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hearts
The collection of all hearts. A #$Heart is an
#$Organ that pumps blood throughout the body of an #$Animal.
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heating device
A collection of physical devices. The set of
#$PhysicalDevices whose #$primaryFunction is to generate
heat to raise the temperature of something else. The stuff
being heated might be gaseous (air in a room or a hair
dryer), liquid (water in a pool or hot water tank), or solid
(food in an oven, hair with a curling iron, plastic during
its shaping, etc.) An instance of #$HeatingDevice typically
has some energy input, some way of converting that energy to
heat, and some way of delivering the heat to the object(s)
to be heated. A borderline positive example of this is a
device which absorbs heat during warm periods such as
daytimes, and radiates it back out again during cool periods
such as nighttimes. Note that heating must be a primary
function of the device; no matter how little you think of
your personal computer, it is not a #$HeatingDevice.
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heating processes
#$HeatingProcess is a specialization of
#$TemperatureChangingProcess -- that is, (#$genls
#$HeatingProcess #$TemperatureChangingProcess). During each
#$HeatingProcess event, the temperature of the
#$objectOfStateChange is increased by applying heat to the object.
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heavenly bodies
A collection of tangible objects. Each element of
#$HeavenlyBody is an astronomical object located in outer
space (including the Earth). Elements of #$HeavenlyBody are
natural bodies, NOT artificially made objects such as
spaceships or communications satellites. Examples: the
#$Sun, #$Polaris-TheStar, #$PlanetPluto, #$MoonOfEarth. See
also: #$AstronomicalObject.
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helicopters
The collection of rotary wing, self-powered
mechanical devices that fly.
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helix shaped
#$HelixShaped is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute
shared by all typically shaped helixes (or helix-shaped objects).
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hemisphere shaped
#$HemisphereShaped is the instance of
#$ShapeAttribute of three dimensional objects that can be
described as half-spheres.
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hemispheres and calendars
#$CalendarSeasons are defined by the Gregorian
calendar and are synchronized with the equinoxes and
solstices. #$SeasonOfYear instances are climatic seasons,
events characterized by the weather in a given region. The
relationship between #$SeasonOfYear instances and
#$CalendarSeasons depends upon the hemisphere (or, more
precisely, upon the lattitude.) In the northern hemisphere,
north of the tropics, a #$CalendarSummer will significantly
intersect with the a #$SummerSeason each year. But in the
southern hemisphere, that same #$CalendarSummer (which is
the same in both hemispheres) will intersect with what is
locally, weatherwise, a #$WinterSeason.
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herbivores
The collection of animals that do not eat other
animals, or parts of animals, but instead eat plants or
plant parts. #$Ruminant and its subsets #$Deer and #$Sheep
are subsets of #$Herbivore.
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herd animals
A subset of #$Animal; the collection of all large
plant-eating animals that travel and graze in social
groups. Elements of #$HerdAnimal also belong to
#$Herbivore; they include most instances of #$Ruminant and
may also include Triceretops.
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hexagon shaped
This is the shape attribute shared by all six
sided two dimensional figures.
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highways
The subcollection of #$Roadway that contains all
highways, inside or outside cities.
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Hindi
Language spoken in the Indic area.
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collections
A collection of sets of objects, tangible or
intangible, which have some special financial, scientific,
cultural, or educational value. An instance of #$Holdings
is a set of objects kept and usually maintained by some
agent for their value, or to preserve the objects, or to
make them available for public display or use (as in a
museum's `holdings' or a library's
`holdings'). The elements in a group of holdings may
or may not be all of a similar type (e.g., books,
paintings). An agent's holdings may or may not all be
kept in the same location.
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holidays
Each #$Holiday is an #$Event wherein social
celebrations and/or rituals are performed, typically lasting
for one #$DaysDuration and typically coinciding with a
#$CalendarDay. While #$Holidays are often #$AnnualEvents,
they may also be one-time events or scheduled in some other
manner. They are also contextual, as different
nationalities, eras, etc. celebrate different ones.
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holiday seasons
Instances of #$HolidaySeason are events which
encompass the activities around a #$Holiday (or group of
#$Holidays). The clearest example is #$ChristmasSeason.
While the exact boundaries of a #$HolidaySeason may be
vague, it is nonethless a useful concept; in fact, much of
the usefulness comes from that very fuzziness: it is hard to
define exactly, but there are many things worth saying about it.
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hopeful
Expectation of fulfillment or success. This is a
collection; for an explanation of a typical
#$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness.
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horizons
The collection of all horizons, each being the
far-off region within a few degrees of the horizontal plane,
where the sky appears to join the distant landscape. The
horizon is always relative to a particular point of observation.
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horizontal direction
The element of #$VectorInterval that comprises all
the vectors which are perpendicular to #$Up-Directly and #$Down-Directly.
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horizontal
(#$orientation OBJECT #$HorizontalOrientation)
means that OBJECT is horizontal with respect to the current
instance of #$FrameOfReference. A linear (#$LongAndThin)
object is horizontal if and only if its longest axis lies in
the horizontal plane. A planar (#$SheetShaped) object is
horizontal if and only if its two longest axes lie in the
horizontal plane. Typically, horizontal objects include
dinner plates, mousepads, ice skating rinks, parking lots,
and stratus clouds.
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hospitals
Local (at one site) organizations composed of
physicians, support personnel, and usually also
administrators. The main function of the organization is to
provide medical care (short or long term) to a number of
patients/clients, for a fee if the patient/client is able to
pay. A clinic services out-patients, while a hospital has
in-patients. A hospital may have a clinic as a
sub-organization, though.
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hospital stays
What happens when you are in the hospital being
treated for a disease like Cancer or Hepatitis or AIDS, or
recovering from Surgery. This is not just a
#$MedicalCareEvent which happens in a hospital; it's
the whole event meant by a hospital stay. Also see
#$HospitalRoomStay which only represents the stay in the room.
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hostile actions
The collection of all hostile or pugnacious
events, adverse to someone, in which multiple agents take
part, at least one of whom is acting deliberately. See also
#$PurposefulAction. An element of this collection is #$AssassinationOfPresidentLincoln.
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hostile
A feeling of strong antagonism towards another
agent, organization, or group, sufficient to motivate
harmful speech or actions against them. This is a
#$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see
#$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes
than #$Hostility include feelings of #$Hate.
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hot-air balloons
The collection of all hot-air buoyant balloons,
#$AirTransportationDevices that usually lack a motor or a
means of steering. Each consistes of a gas-bag into which
hot air is introduced, and from which a basket or passenger
compartment hangs.
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hour of day type
A collection of collections. Instances of
#$HourOfDayType are 24 canonical subsets of
#$CalendarHour, such as #$TimeOfDay-8AM. This is a proper
subset of #$TimeOfDayType, which could include larger or
smaller times of the day, such as `before noon'
(which in Cyc is named #$TimeOfDay-AM).
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hourly work
An attribute; an element of #$WorkStatus. The
attribute of being paid an hourly rate for work done.
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appliances
A collection of devices, a subset of
#$MechanicalDevice. It includes those mechanical devices
typically found inside a #$HumanResidence. An instance of
#$HouseholdAppliance is a device used in one of the tasks
typically carried on in a home, such as food preparation,
food storage, laundry, household cleaning, personal
cleaning, cooling or heating the house for comfort, etc.
Examples include elements of the collections #$Oven,
#$Refrigerator, #$ClothesDryer, #$VacuumCleaner,
#$HotWaterHeater, #$Furnace. Note that a bed, which naively
is thought of as having no moving parts, is not a mechanical
device, and hence not a #$HouseholdAppliance --- the same is
true for most chairs, tables, sofas, and other articles of furniture.
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human activities
A collection of events. Each element of
#$HumanActivity is an activity that is performed by some
instance(s) of #$Person.
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human adults
The collection of human beings old enough to
participate as independent, mature members of society.
Since different societies have different age or maturity
requirements for people to be considered adults, different
axioms in various society-specific microtheories express
these requirements. For most modern, Western,
middle-class,... purposes, e.g., the current view is that
anyone over 18 is an adult. In many cultures, adulthood
occurs when one reaches puberty. Adulthood is
#$contiguousAfter childhood; that is, a #$Person is a
#$HumanChild for a while, and then is a #$HumanAdult.
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children
The collection of all #$Persons in the childhood
stage of life. Functionally, this ends when the child
begins to take responsibility for themselves, work, have
children of their own,... or, at latest, when the
person's age greatly exceeds that at which most people
reach those milestones. Generally, this means that it spans
the period from birth to teenage years. This is highly
dependent on context, of course; childhood in
Shakespeare's culture ended around age 12.
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human cyclists
Cyclists who are also human (not androids)
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human family name string
The collection of family name strings such as
``Lenat'', ``Jones'', etc., which are
given as last names (in most Western countries), usually at
birth. Note: elements of this collection are really just
character strings, not concepts like TheNameSmith that
represent character strings.
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baby names
The collection of non-family name strings such
``Betty'' and ``Phillip'' which are
given as first or middle names (in most Western countries),
usually shortly after birth. This also includes nicknames
like ``Red'' or ``The Refrigerator''.
Note: elements of this collection are really just character
strings, not reified concepts like
''TheNameBetty'' that might be used to
represent character strings.
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infants
The collection of #$Persons in the infant stage of
life. Functionally, this ends when the infant learns to
walk (even just toddle) and/or talk (even a few words)...
or, at latest, when the person's age greatly exceeds
that at which most people develop those skills. Generally,
this means that it spans the period from birth to about 12 -
18 months old. One of the subsets of this collection is #$NewbornBaby.
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human name string
This is the class of names which human beings give
themselves. See two of its important subsets,
#$HumanGivenNameString and #$HumanFamilyNameString, for examples.
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human occupation construct
A collection of places. Each
#$HumanOccupationConstruct is a place where people do
things, such as: the Empire State Building, an individual
office in that building, the White House, the Lincoln
Bedroom in the White House, an elevator, a tent, etc. An
instance of #$HumanOccupationConstruct is an artificial
construction belonging to the collection #$ContainerProduct,
and its #$primaryFunction is as a place in which humans
perform activities. Some large subsets include (a)
instances of #$HumanShelterConstruction (e.g., houses);
(b) sub-regions within a #$HumanShelterConstruction or
within any building which are intended for human use (e.g.,
rooms, shower stalls), and (c) regions in any
transportation vehicle which are designed for human
occupancy (e.g., the cockpit, passenger compartment).
Note: Some buildings which are not themselves instances of
#$HumanOccupationConstruct, such as #$HooverDam, may have a
sub-region which is a #$HumanOccupationConstruct (e.g., the
control room at the top of the dam). Note: The
collection #$HumanOccupationConstruct is broad enough to
include tents, boiler rooms, elevator shafts, steam tunnels,
and the space inside the #$LincolnMemorialInWashingtonDC.
Thus, an instance of #$HumanOccupationConstruct need not be
strictly #$Indoors-IsolatedFromOutside (q.v.), since
#$Indoors-IsolatedFromOutside is meant to include many
characteristics that those places do not necessarily share
(such as humanly comfortable temperature, lighting at night,
not terribly noisy or windy, clean). We therefore do not
make the default assertion that a #$HumanOccupationConstruct
is #$Indoors-IsolatedFromOutside; however, an instance of
#$HumanOccupationConstruct is certainly not a purely
#$OutdoorLocation (q.v.), so we DO assert that those two
collections are disjoint. Certain subsets of
#$HumanOccupationConstruct, however, do have `indoor'
characteristics, and so we assert (for example) that
anything found inside instances of #$RoomInAConstruction or
#$ModernShelterConstruction is found
#$Indoors-IsolatedFromOutside. Note: For places designed
to be occupied by humans but which are purely outdoor
locations (such as elements of #$Lawn, #$ParkingLot, and
#$Playground), see #$HumanlyOccupiedSpatialObject.
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human occupation construct resident
The collection of those #$Animals that (commonly)
reside in #$HumanOccupationConstructs -- i.e., in structures
that also house people. This mostly just includes domestic
pets and people.
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homes
A collection of construction artifacts. Each
element of #$HumanResidence is a humanly constructed shelter
(or a part of one) in which humans reside--as opposed to,
say, their places of employment (though the two might be the
same). #$HumanResidence includes residential huts, igloos,
longhouses, hotels, barracks, palaces, houseboats, mobile
homes, as well as apartments, duplexes, and detached houses.
A person's residence is typically the place where
she/he usually sleeps and keeps most personal effects.
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residences
A collection of geographical regions. Each
element of #$HumanResidenceArea is a region in which a
number of people live, at least semi-permanently (i.e., for
a year or more). Examples: #$SanFranciscoBayArea,
#$ResearchTrianglePark, research stations at the
#$SouthPole, radar posts in the Aleutians.
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human shelter constructions
A collection of artifacts; a subset of
#$HumanOccupationConstruct. An instance of
#$HumanShelterConstruction is a place made to shelter people
from the elements by allowing them to get indoors. Subsets
include #$ModernHumanResidence, #$SchoolBuilding,
#$ShoppingMallBuilding, many others. An instance of
#$HumanShelterConstruction must have a roof and typically
has sides, though the latter may be flimsy (as in elements
of #$TentTheShelter) or even absent (as in some elements of #$ParkingGarage).
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objects or locations inhabited by humans
A collection of places. Each element of
#$HumanlyOccupiedSpatialObject is a place that humans
occupy, not restricted to (though including) the interiors
of things built by humans, such as houses, office buildings,
and ships. #$HumanlyOccupiedSpatialObject also extends to
campsites, caves, villages, and towns. Examples: Doug
Lenat's house, North Austin, the Five Boroughs of New
York, Minnesota, the Vatican, an Antarctic research station,
and (briefly) the Moon.
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humid climates
A collection of annual climate cycles. Each
element of #$HumidClimateCycle is a year-long event
consisting of weather occurring (typically) in various
continental and subtropical regions. Characteristics of a
humid climate include copious precipitation and high humidity.
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humid continental climates
A collection of annual climate cycles. Each
element of #$HumidContinentalClimateCycle is a year-long
event consisting of weather occurring (typically) in
continental interiors within a temperate climate zone.
Characteristics of a humid continental climate cycle include
a warm summer and cold winter, with precipitation
throughout. A good example of a region whose annual climate
cycles are instances of #$HumidContinentalClimateCycle is
the American Midwest. Cf. #$HumidSubtropicalClimateCycle.
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humid subtropical climates
A collection of annual climate cycles. Each
element of #$HumidSubtropicalClimateCycle is a year-long
event consisting of weather occurring (typically) within a
temperate climate zone. Characteristics of a humid
subtropical climate cycle include a hot summer and a cool
winter, with precipitation and moist air throughout. Cycles
of this kind occur closer to the equator than do instances
of #$HumidContinentalClimateCycle. For instance, the
Southeastern United States is a good example of a region
whose annual climate cycles are instances of #$HumidSubtropicalClimateCycle.
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hungry
Hungry
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hypothetical context
The collection of microtheories that consist of
assertions which are posited for the purpose of exploring
their consequences, without alleging the actual truth of the
assertions. A #$HypotheticalContext may be used to analyze
hypothetical outcomes of actions, or to examine the
hypothetical consequences of assuming some theory to be
true. Sometimes the various alternatives in a decision may
be asserted, each in their own #$HypotheticalContext, so
their ramifications may be generated and evaluated.
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creations of an information-bearing object
A collection of events; a subset of
#$IBTGeneration. Each element of #$IBOCreation is an event
which creates a new IBO (i.e., an element of
#$InformationBearingObject). An IBO is a relatively
long-lasting instance of #$InformationBearingThing.
Examples of #$IBOCreation include publishing a book, making
a film, printing a photograph, molding a plastic credit
card, painting a billboard, minting a coin. When an IBO is
created, its content may be either original or be copied
from a prior IBO. For creation of IBOs with new content,
e.g., a personal letter, see the subset
#$IBTGeneration-Original; for creation of IBOs with
pre-existing content, e.g., reprinting a photograph, see #$IBTGeneration-Replication.
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events in which an Information Bearing Thing is copied
A collection of events; a subset of
#$IBTGeneration-Replication. Each element of #$IBTCopying
is an event which generates a/some new IBT(s) (i.e., an
element of #$InformationBearingThing) by copying the
information and format from a source IBT (see
#$informationOrigin). The new IBT(s) encode(s)
approximately the same information in approximately the same
way as the source IBT. Examples: photocopying a document,
faxing a document, duplicating a videotape. But also note
that making twenty photocopies of the same document will
count as an instance.
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generations of an Information Bearing Thing
A collection of information transfer events. Each
element of #$IBTGeneration is an event which creates some
information-bearing thing--thus, an event in which some idea
or information is expressed. In elements of
#$IBTGeneration, the particular IBT (i.e., element of
#$InformationBearingThing) which is created may be either a
transient wave phenomenon (e.g., made of sound, light, or
radio waves), or it may be a relatively long-lasting
instance of #$InformationBearingObject (cf. #$IBOCreation).
Humans frequently generate such IBTs as spoken language,
gestures, and handwritten notes. It is irrelevant for
elements of #$IBTGeneration whether there is another agent
who immediately (or, indeed, ever) accesses the resulting
IBTs. Note the difference: reading is NOT an IBT generation
event, but writing (usually) is. IBTs may be generated
intentionally or unintentionally. Also, every communication
act starts with an instance of #$IBTGeneration. See also:
#$Communicating and its subsets, esp. #$CommunicationAct-Single.
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generations of an original Information Bearing Thing
A collection of events; a subset of
#$IBTGeneration. Each element of #$IBTGeneration-Original
is an event in which some original idea is expressed; that
is, the content of the IBT generated is not a copy of the
content of a previously created information-bearing thing.
See also #$IBTGeneration, #$Communicating.
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events in which an Information Bearing Thing is replicated
A collection of events; a subset of
#$IBTGeneration. Each element of
#$IBTGeneration-Replication is an event in which a new IBT
(i.e., an #$InformationBearingThing) is created whose
content is based on that of a preexisting IBT (which is the
#$informationOrigin of the generation event). The new IBT
contains at least part of the information content of the
original IBT. It may use the same or a different way of
encoding the information.
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events in which an Information Bearing Thing is recoded
A collection of events; a subset of
#$IBTGeneration-Replication. Each element of #$IBTRecoding
is an event which generates a new IBT (i.e., an element of
#$InformationBearingThing), by taking information from a
source IBT (see #$informationOrigin), encoding it a new way,
and incorporating it into a new information-bearing thing
(see #$ibtGenerated). Elements of #$IBTRecoding may be done
either by agents (e.g., people) or by non-agents (e.g.,
record players, or computers running translation software).
Recoding the content of a pre-existing IBT presupposes some
instance of accessing it (i.e., of #$AccessingAnIBT).
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identification cards
A collection of official documents. Each element
of #$IDDocument is an accepted credential for identifying
some object. Important subsets of #$IDDocument include
#$Passport, #$DriversLicense, #$SocialSecurityCard. Other
examples include student ID cards, dog tags (worn by
military personnel), dog tags (worn by dogs), authentication
certificates for a work of art or an antique.
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identification strings
A collection of objects; a subset of
#$CharacterString. Each element of #$IDString is a
character string which is used to denote a specific object
in some identification mapping; for example, instances of
#$ModelNumber (e.g., ``JHS146973S2''), or
instances of #$PostalCode (e.g., ``78751''). See
also #$DenotedObjectFn and #$objectID.
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ID string types
A collection of collections. Each element in
#$IDStringType is a collection of character strings which is
a subset of #$IDString (q.v.). A few instances of
#$IDStringType: #$ProductName, #$ProductVersion,
#$EMailAddress, #$PhoneNumber, #$PostalCode.
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illocutionary forces
The collection of illocutionary force attributes
held by illocutionary acts. Each element of
#$IllocutionaryForce is a specialized component of a
communication; its function is to indicate how the speaker
in a communication wants the agent(s) whom s/he is
addressing to understand, and respond to, the
situation--i.e., the state of affairs--described in that
communication. Isolating the `illocutionary force' of
a communication allows us to characterize the intention of a
speaker; e.g., whether s/he means to assert that the
described state of affairs in fact holds; or to express a
desire that such a state of affairs hold; or to command
someone to make that state of affairs hold; or to offer to
make the state of affairs hold. S/he may even intend to
make something true by stating it (e.g., ``I name this ship
`The Intrepid'.''). Usually, apprehending a
speaker's intention is important for understanding what
s/he means and what s/he intends the hearer to do. Although
the content of an illocutionary act can be represented
propositionally, they are not generally communicated so
explicitly. For example, questions in English are typically
communicated by inverting subject-object word order and
raising one's intonation at the end of the utterance.
(The intonation marker so strongly indicates a question that
it may suffice without the inverted word order, as in `You
are going tonight' uttered with a rising intonation.)
Commands in English typically have an (unexpressed)
understood subject and perhaps a forceful tone. In every
culture and language there are conventional sets of commonly
used illocutionary forces which would be instances of
#$IllocutionaryForce for that culture; e.g., in English,
they include #$Inform, #$Request, #$Offer, #$Promise, and
#$Query. Note: although in this comment
#$IllocutionaryForce is explained in terms of utterances, it
applies to communication generally; so `speaker' and
`listener' should be broadly interpreted to mean,
respectively, any #$senderOfInfo and #$recipientOfInfo. See
also #$Communicating, #$CommunicationAct-Single. In #$CycL,
illocutionary forces can be related to communication acts
having some propositional content, via
#$iteIllocutionaryForce, or to the microtheory containing
formulas expressing the information transferred in an
illocutionary act with #$componentIF.
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illumination mode attribute
A collection of attributes. Each element of
#$IlluminationModeAttribute describes something about the
type of illumination falling on a region or an object. For
example, #$DirectIllumination, #$IndirectIllumination,
#$ReflectedIllumination, #$PartDirectPartIndirect.
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immediate weather process
The collection of meteorological events of a
duration shorter than seasonal processes. A particular
hurricane event, for example, might be characteristic of a
seasonal process for a region; but the hurricane event
itself is an instance of #$ImmediateWeatherProcess. Another
example of an #$ImmediateWeatherProcess is a single
#$LightningEvent. (Cf. #$AnnualClimateCycle.)
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natural inanimate objects
A collection of natural (i.e. not man-made)
objects. It is a subclass of #$InanimateThing-Natural,
distinguished from it mainly by only having subclasses which
are existing object-types. Thus, #$CelestialObject would be
a subclass of this collection, but #$Dirt would not.
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inanimate objects
A collection of tangibles. Each element of
#$InanimateThing is a (at least partly) tangible thing which
is not a living structure. Examples: #$YaleUniversity, the
#$StatueOfLiberty, a U.S. ten-dollar bill, the
#$MoonOfEarth, a safety pin.
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natural inanimate things
A collection of tangibles. Each element of
#$InanimateThing-Natural is an #$InanimateThing that is not
man-made in a #$PurposefulAction. Thus, the #$MoonOfEarth,
human #$Sweat staining a shirt, and most footprints left by
people in the snow belong to this collection, but wood chips
left around a tree being chopped down, tailings left from a
mine, a grunt made while lifting a log, and the
#$ArcDeTriomphe do not.
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instances of incurring an injury
A collection of events. An instance of
#$IncurringAnInjury is an event in which an animal becomes
injured. In such events, the animal which is hurt is the
#$bodilyActedOn in the event. The condition which results
of an instance of #$IncurringAnInjury would be an instance
of #$InjuryCondition (q.v.). Also see the comment on #$AilmentCondition.
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instances of incurring damage
The collection of events in which some sort of
damage is incurred to a person or property.
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independent countries
A collection of geopolitical entities. Each
element of #$IndependentCountry is a distinct, independent
geopolitical entity generally recognized by the
international community. An independent country typically
has a (relatively) stable government and enforced borders,
its own currency, laws, culture, etc. Examples:
#$UnitedStatesOfAmerica, #$Germany, #$Liberia, #$Mongolia,
#$India, #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina, #$Honduras.
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independent organizations
A collection of organizations. An element of
#$IndependentOrganization is an organization which is not
affiliated with any #$ChainOrganization and that is not a
sub-organization of any other #$Organization. An
independent organization is neither the top-level
organization of a chain, nor a lower level organization in a
chain, nor is it an element of #$ChainOrganization. Note,
however, that an #$IndependentOrganization may have several
locations within a small geographical region; e.g., Texas
French Bread (a single, independent business) has multiple
locations in Austin, TX.
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indexed info source
The collection of all structured information
sources in which the information contained therein is
indexed by some set of index terms (the terms could be
names, phrases, #$CharacterStrings, #$IDNumbers or codes).
For every index term, there is one specific part of the
#$IndexedInfoSource associated with that term. Each
instance of #$IndexedInfoSource has some format or
organizing structure of specified parts or
'chunks' imposed on the information. (Although
its indexed parts might be be ordered in a certain
sequence, in theory it could be indexed without there
being any particular sequential ordering of the parts.) An
instance of #$IndexedInfoSource is the abstract
informational content of the source, not any particular
physical object in which the information is stored.
Examples include a #$Dictionary, #$Thesaurus,
#$Database-AbstractContent, or a #$KnowledgeBase. Some
examples that do not qualify are #$Painting-ArtForm, or a
#$CharacterString without any structuring information
about it or that has no structure beyond being a string of
characters. Thus this is not referring to unstructured
text, even if it has an 'Index'. The fact that a
book has an index does not make it an #$IndexedInfoSource.
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indexicals
#$IndexicalConcepts are those whose referent
essentially depends on the occasion of use and the user,
e.g., #$Now, I, Here. When I use the word 'I,' I
am referring to myself (#$OKeefe), but 'I' does
not mean #$OKeefe, but refers to whomever the user is.
Similarly, #$Now denotes the moment in which it is used.
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India
A #$GeopoliticalEntity in South Asia which has
been an #$IndependentCountry since 1947. For the preceding
century it was a #$Territory of the
#$UnitedKingdomOfGreatBritainAndNorthernIreland. The
territorial extent of the #$GeopoliticalEntity of #$India
occupies most of the #$IndianSubcontinent, although the
state of Assam is not considered part of the subcontinent.
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the Indian Ocean
The ocean in the #$SouthernHemisphere-Region lying
south of Asia and east of Africa, stretching to Australia.
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objects
#$Individual is the collection of all things that
are NOT sets or collections. Thus, #$Individual includes
(among other things) physical objects, temporal
subabstractions of physical objects, numbers, relations, and
groups (see #$Group). An element of #$Individual may have
parts or a structure (including parts that are
discontinuous); but NO instance of #$Individual can have
elements or subsets. Important distinction: Though an
element of #$Individual may have parts (e.g.,
#$physicalParts or #$groupMembers), that individual is NOT
the same thing as the collection containing those same
parts. For example, your car is an individual, but the
collection of all the parts of your car is an instance of
#$Collection. The latter -- the collection of parts of your
car -- is an abstract collection; it doesn't have a
location, it doesn't have a top speed, etc. --
it's just a collection! -- but it does have subsets,
supersets, and members. The #$Group of parts of your car IS
an #$Individual and has a location and mass. Similarly:
`Bill Clinton's immediate family' is an
#$Individual -- a #$Group of #$Persons; however, the
#$Collection of persons who belong to that family is not.
One final example: A company belongs to #$Individual and is
distinct from both the #$Group of its employees (a different
#$Individual) and the #$Collection of its employees (which
are distict from each other.).
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individuals
The collection of all individuals (in the sense of
not being groups) belonging to the collection #$Agent. Each
person, each animal, etc., is an element of
#$IndividualAgent, in most contexts. Note that instances of
#$Organization will in general NOT be elements of
#$IndividualAgent. Intelligent robots are considered to
be instances of #$IndividualAgent.
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individual denoting function
The subcollection of #$Function-Denotational whose
instances, when applied to any appropriate (sequence of)
arguments, return instances of #$Individual. Examples
include #$PerimeterFn, #$MedalAwardCeremonyFn, and
#$CavityInteriorRegionFn; (#$CavityInteriorRegionFn
#$LincolnMemorialInWashingtonDC) denotes the region of
space inside the Lincoln Memorial. Cf.
#$CollectionDenotingFunction and #$SetDenotingFunction.
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Indonesia
The country of Indonesia, which comprises 13500
islands. Includes both physical and political aspects.
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infectious diseases
A collection of ailments; a subset of
#$AilmentCondition. An instance of #$Infection is a disease
condition in which microorganisms are abnormally present (or
abnormally numerous) within an animal's body. The
microorganisms involved in an infection may be some instance
of the collections #$Bacterium, #$Virus, or
#$ProtistaKingdom. Specialized subsets of #$Infection
include: #$Bronchitis, #$Tonsillitis,
#$SexuallyTransmittedInfection (which has further subsets).
A particular case of tonsilitis is thus an element of the
collection #$Infection.
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infection transmission event
The collection of events in which some instance of
#$Infection is transmitted from one member of
#$BiologicalLivingObject to another.
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infection type
A collection of collections. Instances of
#$InfectionType are collections of infections, that is to
say, specs of #$Infection. Nonetheless, any collection of
infection shouldn't be promoted to the rank of an
instance of #$InfectionType. For instance,
#$BacterialInfection is a legitimate instance, more
precisely an instance of #$InfectionTypeByPathogenType,
itself a spec of #$InfectionType. A negative example would
be the collection of infections of which Bertrand Russell
picked up an instance during the year 1918.
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inference p s c
A problem solving context in which all assertions
in the entire KB are initially visible. However, down each
inference path, the chain of microtheories used are required
to have some common descendent microtheory which is capable
of inheriting all of the microtheories in the chain. Thus,
queries made in #$InferencePSC in effect compute locations
in the space of microtheories in which the query is
satisfiable. This context is used internally by the
inference engine for certain recursive calls to itself,
including forward inference. See also #$EverythingPSC.
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inference related bookkeeping predicate
A collection of predicates. Each element of
#$InferenceRelatedBookkeepingPredicate is a predicate
involved in assertions used by the Cyc application to direct
inferencing. Examples: #$defnIff, #$defnSufficient,
#$termOfUnit, #$afterAdding.
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inflatable boats
The collection of all inflatable boats, that is,
boats (mostly small watercraft) that are composed of some
fabric or membrane and are inflated with air to give them
buoyancy in water.
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acts of conveying information
The collection of acts of conveying information by
means of intentional communication.
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information adding
A collection of events; a subset of
#$InformationUpdating. Each element of #$InformationAdding
is an event in which information is added to the information
content of an IBO (i.e., an element of
#$InformationBearingObject). After the action, the IBO
which is the #$informationDestination of the update
`has' the new information (i.e., #$infoAdded). The
resulting information content of that IBO includes both its
content immediately prior to the addition, plus the newly
added information. Examples of #$InformationAdding:
recording a check in the check register of one's
checkbook; taking the next photograph on a roll of film;
adding a new constant to the #$CycKB.
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information-bearing objects
A collection of objects which are both tangible
and intangible. (See also the comment for its superset
#$CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject.) Each element of
#$InformationBearingObject is an object that can be
interpreted, by an interpreter understanding its
conventions, to yield a chunk or chunks of information.
#$InformationBearingObject includes all of the following:
(1) artifacts made solely for the purpose of conveying
information (e.g., a newspaper, or a children's science
video); (2) artifacts that convey information in addition to
their intended function (e.g., Neolithic pottery); and (3)
non-artifacts, such as a person's fingerprints,
gestures, and utterances, which may be interpreted to yield
information. Note: `an IBO' abbreviates `an
information bearing object'. Cf.
#$InformationBearingWavePropagation. See also #$containsInformation.
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information-bearing things
A collection of temporal objects, including
actions and events as well as physical objects. Each
element of #$InformationBearingThing is an item that
contains information, for an agent who understands how to
interpret it. Examples: a copy of the novel `Moby
Dick'; a signal buoy; a photograph; a flag; an elevator
sign in Braille; a map; a US dollar bill; a resume; an
account ledger; a word in ASL; a musical score; the #$Cyc
program itself. Note: `an IBT' abbreviates `an
information bearing thing'. See also
#$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType. For representation
of the propositional content of information bearing things,
see #$PropositionalInformationThing; but note that not all
IBTs have a propositional content (cf. #$ArtObject). Also
note that events in which information is transferred (cf.
#$InformationTransferEvent) are not considered instances of
#$InformationBearingThing. Rather, such transfer events
have, as one of their actors, some instance of
#$InformationBearingThing which is the token considered to
be transfered in the #$InformationTransferEvent.
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information bearing wave propagation
A collection of information bearing things (IBTs).
Each element of #$InformationBearingWavePropagation is a
#$WavePropagation (q.v.) event that carries information, for
an interpreter which understands its conventions. Examples
of #$InformationBearingWavePropagation include sounds, radio
signals, and images of visible light. These eventlike IBTs
should be contrasted with the relatively static, persistent,
objectlike IBTs in the collection #$InformationBearingObject.
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information recording devices
A collection of physical devices. An instance of
#$InformationRecordingDevice is a device used for the
recording of sensory information (i.e., audio and visual,
but not encoded as character strings.) So an instance would
be your answering machine at home (an #$AnsweringMachine),
your cam-corder (a #$VideoCamera), but NOT your address book
or your copy of the Yellow Pages. Note: A borderline case
is a PDA (such as an Apple Newton) used to record
handwritten script. If it then processes that information
and converts it to ASCII characters, it has stopped being an
#$InformationRecordingDevice in the currently intended
sense. Probably a better name for this concept, therefore,
would be DeviceToRecordAnalogInformation.
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information-recording processes
A collection of events in which information is
recorded, using an #$InformationRecordingDevice. Every
#$InformationRecordingProcess produces an #$InformationBearingObject.
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information removing
The collection of actions in which information is
removed from or erased from an IBO
(#$InformationBearingObject). After the action, the
remaining info content, if any, of the IBO acted on is only
a part of what it started out to be. The removed
information doesn't go anywhere; after removal it
doesn't end up encoded in something else.
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information transfers
A collection of events in which information is
transferred from a source (#$informationOrigin) to one or
more destinations (#$informationDestination), all of which
are either intelligent agents or #$InformationBearingThings
(IBTs). Examples: reading a book (transfer from book to
reader); saying something to someone (transfer from speaker
to listener); machine translation (transfer from an encoded
IBT in the source language to an encoded IBT in the target
language); OCR scanning (transfer of info from visual
information source to another IBT in different format);
carving initials in a tree (transfer from agent to IBT),
making a speech (transfer from agent to agents) etc. See
also the specialization #$InformationTransferPhysicalEvent.
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information updating
A collection of information transfer events. Each
element of #$InformationUpdating is an event in which the
information content of an IBO (i.e., an element of
#$InformationBearingObject) is altered, either by removing
or by adding information, or both. Note that this is
possible only for tangible IBOs.
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ingestions
A collection of events; a subset of
#$BiologicalIntakeEvent. Each element of #$Ingesting is a
complex process in which a thing is brought into some
organism's mouth from the outside, is swallowed, and is
moved to the organism's stomach. Every element of
#$Ingesting has among its #$subEvents an instance of
#$Swallowing which occurs after the intake. (Thus, though
chewing gum is a #$BiologicalIntakeEvent, it is not an
#$Ingesting unless the gum is swallowed.) An ingesting
event ends when the ingested stuff reaches the
ingester's stomach (where an instance of
#$DigestionEvent begins -- provided that what was ingested
is an element of #$EdibleStuff).
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inhalations
The collection of all body movement events in
which an animal takes air in through an appropriate portal
(#$Mouth, #$Nose) and passes it into its #$Lungs. The
elements of #$Breathing all have #$subEvents which are #$Inhalings.
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inorganic substances
A collection of tangible things. Each element of
#$InorganicStuff is a tangible thing which is wholly
composed of one or more types of inorganic #$Molecule.
Instances of #$InorganicStuff usually didn't originate
as parts or products of living things.
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insects
A collection of animals; a subset of #$Arthropod.
Each element of #$Insect is a small arthropod whose body is
segmented into thirds, with three pairs of legs, and one or
two pairs of wings. The most familiar members of
#$Arthropod are the 'bugs' encountered in human
daily life. Some insects bite, some infest houses, and some
carry disease. #$Insect is an instance of #$BiologicalClass.
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inside surface
The collection of all inside surfaces of (surfaces
of the interiors of) tangible things. The tangible thing
may have a #$Cavity or several cavities or passageways.
Often the tangible thing can be thought of as a container of
some sort.
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instructions
The collection of all #$ConceptualWorks which are
executable pieces of information. Each element of
#$Instructions outlines a sequence of tasks to be performed,
such as instructions on a food package, verbal instructions,
a musical score, etc.
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insulator resistance
A measurable physical attribute.
#$InsulatorResistance is the element of
#$ElectricalResistance that represents a very high level of
electrical resistance. An object having
#$InsulatorResistance conducts no electricity at all. See
also #$resistanceOfObject.
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insurances
A collection of organizations; a subset of
#$ServiceOrganization. An element of #$InsuranceProvider is
an organization whose #$MainFunction is to provide financial
and material protection to its clients in the event of
sickness, death, natural disaster, loss, theft, lawsuits,
etc. (Insurers may specialize in one or more of those
areas.) Elements of #$InsuranceProvider may belong to
either #$CommercialServiceOrganization or
#$NonProfitOrganization (including insurance providers
belonging to #$LegalGovernmentOrganization). Examples
include State Farm Insurance Co., Aetna Casualty Co.,
Lutheran Brotherhood, and all fifty members of U.S. #$StateMedicaidAdministrationOrganizations.
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intangibles
The collection of things that are not physical --
are not made of, or encoded in, matter. Every #$Collection
is an #$Intangible (even if its instances are tangible), and
so are some #$Individuals. Caution: do not confuse
`tangibility' with `perceivability' -- humans can
perceive light even though it's intangible--at least in
a sense. For more on this issue, see the relevant #$cyclistNotes.
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intangible existing thing
The set of things which are intangible yet exist
in time. E.g., the code of conduct for a formal dinner
party, the standards for acceptance to Caltech as an
undergrad, an account at Sears, etc.
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intangible individual
The collection of intangible individuals, a
subset of #$Intangible and of #$Individual. The elements
of #$IntangibleIndividual do not have mass, volume, color,
etc. E.g., hours, ideas, algorithms, integers, distances,
and so on. However, as a subset of #$Individual, this
collection EXCLUDES sets and collections, which are
elements of #$Intangible but not of #$IntangibleIndividual.
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intangible object predicate
A collection of predicates. Each element of
#$IntangibleObjectPredicate is a predicate used in
assertions which describe the properties of intangible
objects. For example, #$arg3Isa,
#$titleOfHeadOfPoliticalParty, #$religionOfRule, #$territoriesControlled.
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integers
The collection of all whole numbers; a subset of
#$RationalNumber. Each element of #$Integer is a whole
number, resolvable into units with no fractional remainder.
An integer may be positive (e.g., 42), zero, or negative
(e.g., -42). Note that 42.0 is a floating-point real
number which is close to the integer 42 within the
tolerance of the floating-point representation but is not
necessarily equal to the integer 42. Therefore, 42.0 is not
an element of #$Integer.
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intelligent agents
The collection of all intelligent agents. Each
element of #$IntelligentAgent is an agent that is capable of
having knowledge which it employs in its actions. An
intelligent agent #$knowsAbout certain things, and having
#$beliefs (and possibly #$goals) concerning those things may
influence its actions. In addition to persons, Cyc
considers certain social beings, such as business and
government organizations, and intelligent machines, to be
intelligent agents. See also #$Agent, #$performedBy.
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intended function
An element of #$CapacityAttribute. The attribute
#$IntendedFunction characterizes an entity participating in
a situation as doing so in its intended function.
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intensional representation predicate
A collection of predicates. Each element of
#$IntensionalRepresentationPredicate is a predicate used to
form assertions about the properties of collections. These
predicates implement the intensional structure of the
ontology; e.g., #$citizens, #$unitsMeasuringThisQuantity,
#$hasDepartmentTypes, #$granuleOfTime,
#$objectTypeTransported, #$contraryFeelings.
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inter actor slot
A collection of predicates. Each element of
#$InterActorSlot is a binary predicate used in assertions
that state the relationship between two actors in some
event, actual or implied. The event in which the actors
participate may or may not be explicitly represented in the
KB. For example, (#$authorOfPublication-IBT X Y) implies
the existence of a #$Writing event in which X is the author
and Y is the book written. Examples: #$agreeingAgents,
#$artisticWorksCreated, #$spouse, #$wornOn.
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inter existing object slot
A collection of predicates. Each element of
#$InterExistingObjectSlot is a binary predicate used in
assertions that relate two elements of #$SomethingExisting
(i.e., two objects). Examples: #$soldAt, #$derivedFrom,
#$cohabitants, #$capitalCity, #$electricallyConnectedTo.
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human relationships
A collection of predicates. Each element of
#$InterPersonalRelationSlot is a binary predicate used to
represent relationships between two instances of #$Animal.
Examples: #$mate, #$friends.
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interconvertible unit types
A collection of collections. Each element of
#$InterconvertibleUnitType is a collections of functions
(all belonging to #$UnitOfMeasure) that are used to measure
quantities whose units are convertible into one another.
Some collections of interconvertible units include
#$UnitOfTime, #$UnitOfDistance, #$UnitOfCPUSpeed. For
example, #$UnitOfTime includes the functions #$HoursDuration
and #$SecondsDuration (among others). Any quantity denoted
by applying one of those functions can also be expressed in
terms of the other. For example, (#$HoursDuration 1) equals
(#$MinutesDuration 60). On the other hand, not all the
instances of #$UnitOfMeasure constitute types of
interconvertible units. #$UnitOfRate is not an element of
#$InterconvertibleUnitType; therefore, it does not
necessarily follow that quantities denoted by its elements
are interconvertible. For example, #$TimesPerDay and
#$MilesPerHour are both elements of #$UnitOfRate; however,
quantities denoted using either function are not convertible
into one another.
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interjections
The collection of all interjections, also called
exclamations. Interjections often serve a purely pragmatic
or discourse function, and can often stand alone as
utterances. Examples: 'ugh',
'abracadabra', and 'wow!'.
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internal sensory attribute
A collection of attributes. Each element of
#$InternalSensoryAttribute is a state of a sentient being in
which it experiences within itself some somatic or
psycho-somatic feeling, urge, or impulse. An internal
sensory attribute differs from an `external' one in
that the sensing agent refers the former to itself and the
latter to external objects. #$InternalSensoryAttribute
includes states of feeling hungry, thirsty, tired, or in
pain, as well as various bodily urges such as the urge to
sneeze, burp, or urinate. Sensory attributes that may occur
with more or less intensity are represented by indicating a
#$LevelOfPain, #$LevelOfPhysicalPleasure, #$LevelOfStress, etc.
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international organizations
A collection of organizations. An element of
#$InternationalOrganization is an organization of
international `scope' -- that is, one which has
substantial operations, physical facilities, or substantial
membership in multiple countries. International
organizations may have individual #$Persons,
#$Organizations, or countries as members. They may be
political or commercial in nature. International
organizations with countries as members belong to the subset
#$InternationalOrganizationOfCountries. Examples of
#$InternationalOrganization: #$UnitedNationsOrganization,
#$OPEC, #$IBMInc. See also #$internationalOrg-MemberCountry.
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organizations of countries
A collection of organizations; a subset of
#$InternationalOrganization. An element of
#$InternationalOrganizationOfCountries is an organization
whose members are countries (as represented by their
goverments). Examples: the United Nations, NATO, SEATO,
OAU, the League of Arab States, and OPEC.
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international waters
The collection of all instances of #$BodyOfWater
such that they are considered to be accessible to
international maritime traffic and trade. They may be
subject to the customs and laws of a particular country, or
of the international community. Examples include instances
of #$ShippingLane-International, the #$HighSeas, and,
ordinarily, territorial waters like (#$TerritorialSeaFn
#$UnitedStatesOfAmerica), unless these have been closed to
shipping in a particular context.
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interval based quantity slots
A collection of binary predicates (i.e., slots).
Flexibility in the representation of quantities is allowed
in assertions made with the binary predicates that are
elements of #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot. Each of these
predicates, like those in their superset #$QuantitySlot, is
a binary predicate whose second argument must be an element
of #$ScalarInterval, i.e., an interval or point representing
the value of some measurement. For example, take the
predicate #$heightOfObject, which relates an object to its
vertical length. Although we suppose that in reality there
is only a single distance that is the height of some one
particular object, our measurement systems are in practice
less precise--and typically we need a measurement only
within a certain tolerance. For example, in measuring the
#$heightOfObject of a person, usually a measurement to the
nearest inch or centimeter will do. Or we may be even less
detailed in our descriptions, perhaps caring only whether
someone is more than four feet tall, or `Tall enough to
ride' on an amusement park ride. By allowing an
#$IntervalEntry #$Format (qq.v.) in the second argument of
the measuring predicate, we are telling Cyc that it's
okay to describe the (e.g.) #$heightOfObject in several
different ways, with varying levels of precision, SO LONG AS
all of the measurements asserted for the same object
`overlap'. For example, it is consistent to say both
that Jenny is 4'10'' tall, between four and
five feet tall, and that she is `Tall enough to ride'
the Dodgems (provided that `Tall enough to ride' is an
interval whose minimum is at 4'10'' or
lower). Even though there is only one height of a person in
reality, using an #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot allows us to
represent that height in many different ways, avoiding
contradictions while still checking for consistency. For
example, asserting both that Jeff's #$heightOfObject is
5'9'' and in the range 4.5-5.5 feet tall is
an inconsistency.
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interval entry
Arguments to Cyc predicates may have specified
formats that constrain their values. #$IntervalEntry is the
format used to constrain argument positions that must be
filled with measurable quantities. If #$IntervalEntry is
the entry format of some Nth argument to a predicate PRED,
then all assertions with PRED that contain the same
particular values in their other arguments must have, in the
Nth (i.e., #$IntervalEntry) argument, quantitative values
that `overlap'. (See #$ScalarInterval and
#$overlapsIntervals.) #$IntervalEntry is provided because,
for functional arguments like the second argument to
#$volumeOfObject, we know that a single `real' value
does exist, though we may have various ways of concluding
limits on that value in the form of intervals. As long as
all the intervals overlap, those assertions are not
contradictory. For more explanation, see #$Format and the
related predicates #$arg1Format, #$arg2Format, etc.
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intervals
A collection of measurable intervals; a subset of
#$ScalarInterval. Each element of #$IntervalOnNumberLine is
an interval on the real number line; for example, the
interval described by `numbers greater than zero and less
than or equal to 10'. A common special case of such
intervals is that of a single point on that line, viz., a
number such as five or 125. Note that such an interval need
not be contiguous; e.g., `even numbers between Pi and the
square root of 1000' describes a legitimate element of
#$IntervalOnNumberLine. The collection #$RealNumber is a
subset of #$IntervalOnNumberLine. The elements of
#$IntervalOnNumberLine are measured by elements of
#$DimensionlessUnitOfMeasure, e.g., units or percentages.
See also #$Unity, #$Percent, #$UnitOfMeasure.
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intrinsic axis of object
The collection of all intrinsic axes of objects
(where those objects can be either spatially localized or
abstract), being the conventional or obvious axes depending
on shape, movement or function of the object. For example,
for a chest-of-drawers, the intrinsic axes are
top-to-bottom, side-to-side, and front-to-back. See also
#$AxisFn. Each intrinsic axis is a direction relative to
the object's orientation.
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changes of state
The collection of #$Events which are characterized
primarily by a change in some intrinsic property of one main
entity involved in the event (i.e., one of the #$actors).
Such intrinsic changes may include changes of a thing's
color, temperature, device state, size, and so on. Events
where the main change is extrinsic (such as a change in
location or ownership) are not #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvents.
In events which have more than one actor, the event may be
an #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent for one actor but not for
another. For example, in a #$FasteningSafetyBelt event, the
#$SafetySeatBelt (the device used) goes from unconnected to
connected (to itself), which is an intrinsic change;
however, the agent who does the fastening (i.e., who is
#$HandlingADevice) does not change intrinsically, but only
in its configuration to the belt, an external object.
Another example: in a #$HairCuttingEvent, the hair that is
barbered undergoes an #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent due to its
role in that kind of event, but the barber undergoes no
intrinsic change due to the hair cutting. Note: Some
events, such as an ice cube melting into a small puddle of
water, could be represented in Cyc either as an
#$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent or as a #$TransformationEvent
but not (within a single micro-theory) as both; see the
comments on those constants.
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invertebrates
A collection of animals; every element of
#$Invertebrate is an animal that has no backbone.
#$Invertebrate includes insects, molluscs, sea squirts,
worms (in a large variety of worm phyla), and many others.
Note: Although #$Invertebrate is a scientific category, it
is not a standard taxon in the biological taxonomy, hence it
is not an instance of #$BiologicalTaxon.
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involuntary body movements
The collection of involuntary bodily movements,
those movements in which an #$Animal's body does the
action automatically -- the agent's consent
doesn't enter into it. Subsets of
#$InvoluntaryBodyMovement include #$Heartbeating,
#$Sneezing, #$Snoring, etc.
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iranian student agricultural center 01
The target of the Saudi Arabian attack on Iran in
Stage 3 of the HPKB Crisis Scenario.
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irreflexive binary predicate
A collection of predicates; the subset of
#$BinaryPredicate whose elements represent irreflexive
relations. A predicate F is an element of
#$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate if and only if F is a binary
predicate and, for every X in the domain of F, (#$not (F X
X)). Examples: #$spouse, #$causes-ThingProp, #$northOf,
#$temporallyDisjoint. Note this additional restriction: A
Cyc predicate F can be an element of
#$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate only if the type (i.e.,
arg-Isa) constraint applicable to F's first argument is
not disjoint with the type constraint applicable to F's
second argument. See also #$NoteOnArgumentTypingAndPropertiesOfRelations.
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isa vs main constituent vs constituents
When to use #$isa, #$mainConstituent, or
#$constituents. We develop the following example as a basis
for explaining the differences. Consider X, where
(#$isa X #$Water). If we add some other substance(s) to X,
to the point where the mixture acquires some salient
characteristic(s) different from #$Water while retaining all
the main properties, then we should assert
(#$mainConstituent X W), where W is the original water --
i.e., (#$isa W #$Water) -- and X is the whole new mixture of
W with some other stuff(s). Suppose we add enough enough
other stuff that the physical properties of the mixture
become significantly different from those of water; then we
should assert only (#$constituents X W). #$isa - Use
#$isa if X would commonly be referred to as `water',
including cases in which a small number of minor
characteristics are different due to some admixture.
Examples (arguably, 3 and 4 are borderline cases): 1. An
instance of (#$PureFn #$Water) #$isa #$Water. 2. An
instance of #$Water-Ingestible #$isa #$Water (but may have
trace constituents). 3. An instance of #$PoolWater #$isa
#$Water (but has some #$Chlorine as a salient
#$constituents). 4. An instance of #$SeaWater #$isa
#$Water (but has some #$Salt-NaCl as a salient
#$constituents). #$mainConstituent - Use
#$mainConstituent when X contains other substances besides
water, would NOT commonly referred to as `water', and
yet has MOST of the material properties of water. As a
rule, most of the properties of the #$mainConstituent
transfer to the substance it's a part of. Often such
substances have at least one important and/or perceptible
characteristic (due to admixture) that is quite different
from the properties of water. Examples: 1. An
instance of #$Lemonade is NOT called `water' but has
water as a #$mainConstituent. It tastes quite different
from water. It has nutritional (caloric) value. It is a
human-made beverage. 2. An instance of #$Coffee-Beverage
is NOT called `water' but has water as a
#$mainConstituent. It tastes quite different from water.
It contains caffeine. Also, a specific inference about
coffee's (lack of) transparency should override the
transparency which would otherwise be inferred from the
material properties of its #$mainConstituent. 3. Aqueous
hydrochloric acid has many of the properties of its main
constituent, water -- for example, transparency, viscosity,
density, freezing point, etc. But it also has the very
important difference that it is highly acidic, caustic, etc.
-- and attributing to it water's potability would be
disastrous. #$constituents - Use #$constituents when X is
NOT commonly referred to as `water' and has FEW
properties of water, even though X contains water.
Examples: 1. An instance of (#$SolidFn #$Gelatin) is NOT
called `water', and though it has water among its
#$constituents, gelatin has very few of the properties of
water. 2. An instance of #$Concrete is NOT called
`water'; though it has water among its #$constituents,
it has none of the salient characteristics of water. 3. An
instance of #$Mud is NOT called `water' and has few
characteristics of water, though water is among its
#$constituents. Its #$mainConstituent is some portion of #$Soil.
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islands
The collection of all islands, each being a
#$LandBody (smaller than a #$Continent) surrounded by water.
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island and continent note
For most elements of #$GeopoliticalEntity,
we've been content in the #$DualistGeopoliticalMt
simply to assert directly of the #$GeopoliticalEntity
various geographical features, without reifying the physical
extent of that entity. Why, then, do island-nations and
territories like #$Iceland, #$Greenland, and #$Australia all
have explicitly reified geographical 'doubles'
like #$Iceland-TheIsland, #$Greenland-TheIsland, and
#$ContinentOfAustralia ? Note that in the
#$DualistGeopoliticalMt we still can assert various
geographical properties directly of the
#$GeopoliticalEntity. The reason for creating the
geographical regions in addition to the geopolitical
entities is that islands and continents have very different
identity-conditions, ending and starting points, etc., than
does a #$GeopoliticalEntity, even if we consider those
geopolitical entities to be geographical regions also: the
continent of Australia has existed for far longer than has
the country of Australia.
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islands or island group
A collection of topographical features. Each
element of #$IslandsAndIslandGroup is either an #$Island or
a group of islands (see #$Archipelago), or an area which
includes part but not all of an island (#$IslandSubregion).
Elements of #$IslandsAndIslandGroup include groups of
scattered islands which do not form a natural geographical
area; the chief reasons for representing such groups is that
they are geopolitical areas and/or were historically
significant. Examples: #$FrenchPolynesia, #$Cyclades,
#$OuterHebrides-Archipelago, #$Grenadines-Islands.
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itineraries
The collection of documents that contain
information about the time/location of each leg of a trip,
accomodations, etc.
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January
The collection of all Januaries, the first month
of the year in the #$JulianCalendar.
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Japan
Japan (the Empire of Japan), a medium-sized
#$IndependentCountry consisting of four islands off the east
coast of the #$ContinentOfAsia, with several island
possessions. This includes Japan as it has been throughout
history, geographically and politically.
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Japanese Language
The language of the people of #$Japan.
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jealousy
Intolerance of rivalry; feeling of suspicion and
resentment of one's rivals. This is a collection; for
an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see
#$Happiness. Note: #$Envy is related to covetousness,
wanting (perhaps in the future) what someone else has;
#$Jealousy is related to possessiveness, wanting to keep
what is (or was or could have been) already yours.
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job attribute
A collection of attributes. Each element of
#$JobAttribute describes a general property of a job or type
of job. Examples of #$JobAttribute include #$BlueCollar,
#$WhiteCollar, and #$FlexibleWorkingHours.
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job capacity
the attribute of performing something as a job
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joints
The collection of all joints of #$Animals. A
joint is the juncture between the ends or edges of abutting
bones of the animal's skeleton. Joints are of several
types mechanically (e.g., ball-and-socket). Many major
joints function as hinges, in which the ends of the abutting
bones are joined with ligaments and cushioned by cartilege.
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July
The collection of all Julys, the seventh month
of the year in the #$JulianCalendar.
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junctions
The collection of junctions of paths, each
junction being an arrangement of three or more distinct
instances of #$Path-Customary such that they are all locally
connected to each other by joining at the #$JunctionOfPaths.
It includes the case of two or more paths that
'cross' at a junction (because four path segments
are thereby joined), but not the case in which the end of
one path simply joins the end of another path, and no
others. For junctions in #$PathSystems, see
#$junctionInSystem. (Determining what constitutes a
#$JunctionOfPaths depends on the #$PathTypes of the joined
paths; if it is #$River then only a junction of rivers
qualifies, not the place where a road joins a river.)
c0fbbdc4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
junction of pipes
The collection of all junctions of pipes or tubes.
Each junction permits flow between any two
#$Pipe-GenericConduits joined at that junction. At any
#$JunctionOfPipes, three or more distinct (non-overlapping)
lengths of #$Pipe-GenericConduit must be joined at their
ends at the junction. (Some of the so-joined pipes may
loop back to the same junction.)
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June
The collection of all Junes, the sixth month of
the year in the #$JulianCalendar.
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young animals
An element of #$LifeStageType. #$JuvenileAnimal
is the collection of all animals that are not fully grown
nor fully mature.
c10c20a8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
killing - biological
A collection of events. In each instance of this
collection, one living organism ends the life of another,
either intentionally or unintentionally.
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kinetic energy powered device
A collection of devices; a subset of
#$PoweredDevice. An instance of
#$KineticEnergyPoweredDevice does not have an
`on-board' energy source incorporated into it, at least
not one supplying the bulk of the power requirements of the
device. Instead, its operating power is supplied by the
kinetic energy from something else in motion -- such as
animal muscle power (including human labor), wind energy, or
hydraulic power. Examples include elements of the
collections #$Hammer and #$Piano-Acoustic. (Contrast with
#$SelfPoweredDevice --- e.g., an electric organ is a
#$SelfPoweredDevice, not a #$KineticEnergyPoweredDevice.)
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knot shaped
#$KnotShaped is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute
shared by all knot-shaped objects.
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kb
A collection of intangible individuals; a subset
of #$Database-AbstractContent. Each element of
#$KnowledgeBase is a database that attempts to represent
the structure of at least part of the world. Instances
include the #$CycKB and #$SENSUS-Information1997.
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lakes
A collection of topographical features. Each
instance of #$Lake is a land-locked body of water, typically
but not necessarily of freshwater. These are subdivided
into freshwater [#$FreshWaterLake] and salt-water
[#$InlandSea] lakes. Examples: #$LakeMaracaibo,
#$LakeWinnipeg, #$LakeTanganyika, #$LochNess-Lake,
#$LakeErie, #$LakeTahoe, #$CaspianSea, #$BlackSea, #$DeadSea.
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landmasses
A collection of geographical regions. Each
element of #$LandBody is a cohesive chunk of land whose
extent is principally defined by one or more bordering
bodies of water (liquid or frozen). Types of #$LandBody
include the subsets #$Island and #$Continent. Examples:
#$Australia, #$ContinentOfNorthAmerica, #$Trinidad-Island,
#$Crete-Island-Greece. Areas of land defined by human
occupation or political boundaries, e.g.,
#$NorthernCalifornia or #$NorthernIreland, are elements of
#$GeographicalRegion, but not of #$LandBody.
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topographical features
A collection of geographical regions. Each
element of #$TopographicalFeature is a region of land
distinguishable from surrounding regions by salient physical
differences in surface texture, three-dimensional shape, or
elevation. For example, the #$ArabianPeninsula,
#$MountZion, the #$SanAndreasFault, the #$GreatSmokyMountains.
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land vehicles
A collection of physical devices. An instance of
#$LandTransportationDevice is a device used for
transportation on land. Subsets of
#$LandTransportationDevice include the collections
#$Automobile, #$Snowmobile, #$TrainCar, #$HorseCarriage,
#$BabyCarriage, #$Bicycle, #$SkateBoard, and more.
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languages
The collection of systems which use
conventionalized signs or symbols. This includes dead
languages, computer languages, unspoken languages, codes -
anything which relates symbols to meaning.
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policemen
A collection of persons; a subset of
#$Professional. Each element of #$LawEnforcementOfficer is
a person whose job is to prevent, detect, stop, and/or
punish people committing illegal activities. The collection
#$LawEnforcementOfficer includes local, state, and special
police (e.g., transit police), and federal agents (e.g.,
border patrol, national security agents). An instance of
#$LawEnforcementOfficer typically also belongs to one of the
following collections: #$StateEmployee,
#$LocalGovernmentEmployee, or #$NationalGovernmentEmployee
(see #$PublicSectorEmployee).
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law-enforcement organizations
#$LawEnforcementOrganization is the collection of
official organizations whose purpose is to support or
perform law enforcement. This includes both police
organizations, at all levels, and information agencies such
as #$INTERPOL whose purpose is to assist and coordinate
police activities. See the subset #$PoliceOrganization for
only those organizations which are legally empowered to
enforce laws.
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layers
The collection of all layers of things, each layer
being a #$SheetOfSomeStuff that is #$sheetSurfaceConnected,
or situated adjacent, surface-to-surface, to at least one
surface or layer or region on one side, and possibly to
other layers or surfaces on both sides. A layer may be part
of a larger object, or it may be an independent whole object
such as a hide confined in a stack of hides. A #$Layer is
not a #$FreeSheet. See the #$OneSidedVsTwoSidedObjectNote.
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layered
The physical structural attribute of being
layered, laminate, or made of #$Layers, like stratified rock
or an onion. An object that is #$Layered has two or more
parts that are each #$Layers.
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leaders
A collection of persons. Each element of #$Leader
is a person who heads an instance of #$Organization.
Typically, a leader of an organization makes major decisions
on behalf of the whole organization, has the authority to
direct the organization's personnel to carry out those
decisions, and is empowered to engage or negotiate with
external agents to achieve the organization's goals.
This collection includes leaders of #$subOrganizations, such
as department heads within larger organizations. Also, a
single person may be a leader in more than one organization.
In addition, see #$hasLeaders, #$Manager, and #$seniorExecutives.
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leap years
The collection of #$CalendarYears which are leap
years; i.e., calendar years in which February has 29 days
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learning events
The collection of all events, brief or extended,
in which an agent is acquiring information or know-how.
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leather
A collection of tangible things. Each element of
#$Leather is a piece of tanned animal hide. Pieces of
#$Leather are commonly used as material inputs to the
manufacture of shoes, gloves, upholstery, satchels and
purses, saddles, etc.
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left object
The collection of objects that are meant for, or
are found on and distinctively structured for, the left side
of some larger entity or ensemble of parts. Examples
include left hands, left shoes, left automobile turning signals.
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legs
The collection of all #$Animal appendages used for
locomotion overland, supporting the animal and moving it
along by walking, running, etc. Thus wings, fins, etc., are
not #$Legs. The #$Foot-AnimalBodyPart is considered part of
the #$Leg
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legal agents
The collection of all legal agents; a subset of
#$Agent. A legal agent is one that has some legal status in
a particular legal system. At the very least, such an agent
is recognized by some legal authority as having some kinds
of rights and/or responsibilities as an agent (e.g.,
#$citizens of Germany), or as being subject to certain
restrictions and penalties (e.g., a company that has been
blacklisted by Iraq). Thus, instances of #$LegalAgent
include agents that may have property rights, may be taxed,
may have a government identification number, may be sued,
may have an address, may buy or sell, etc. Note:
membership in this collection is very much dependent upon
context. In some societies, only adult males and various
kinds of state-run organizations would be included in #$LegalAgents.
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legal agreements
A collection of microtheories; a subset of
#$Agreement. Each element of #$LegalAgreement is an
agreement which has a legal status, i.e., is recognized as a
valid agreement by a government. #$LegalAgreement includes
the elements in its subsets #$SalesContract,
#$PublicHealthRegulations, #$Patent, #$InsurancePlan,
#$Visa-Permit, and the different kinds of
#$License-LegalAgreement -- among many others.
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legal code
A collection of microtheories. Each element of
#$LegalCode is a microtheory for collecting all the
instances of #$Law which hold in a given
#$GeopoliticalEntity. For example, #$LegalCode-ModernUnitedStates.
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corporations
The collection of all #$Organizations which have
been incorporated in accordance with the laws of a
jurisdiction. Each instance of #$LegalCorporation is a
legal entity distinct from its owners and employees and is
afforded certain powers both by law and by its incorporating
documents. Instances of #$LegalCorporation may be either
#$CommercialOrganizations or #$NonProfitOrganizations. Each
instance of #$LegalCorporation organized in the
#$UnitedStatesOfAmerica is incorporated under the laws of a
particular state, although it may be empowered to carry on
activities in any state. Most American jurisdictions
require that one of the words or abbreviations
'corporation', 'company',
'incorporated', 'corp', 'co',
or 'inc' be included in the registered name of a
corporation. Instances of #$LegalCorporation include
#$IBMInc and #$Cycorp.
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government organizations
A collection of organizations. An element of
#$LegalGovernmentOrganization is an organization which is a
part of, and funded by, the government of a geopolitical
entity. Examples include the #$InternalRevenueService,
#$UnitedStatesNavy, and #$CityCouncilOfAustin (TX). Some
elements of #$LegalGovernmentOrganizations have legal
standing in courts.
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national holidays
The subset of #$Holidays which are typically
declared to be #$Holidays by the governments of western
countries, and which are therefore days on which most people
governed by that government do not work and on which
students do not attend classes. Such #$Holidays may
coincide with #$ReligiousHolidays, especially where there is
a government-sanctioned religion.
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legal professionals
A collection of persons; a subset of
#$Professional. Each element of #$LegalProfessional is a
person working in the field of law. This collection includes
lawyers, judges, paralegals, and law clerks.
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stories
The levels, also called floors or stories, of a
#$ConstructionArtifact. Levels are regions in space; they
are not two-dimensional planes.
bd58ca09-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
levels of discomfort
An #$AttributeType whose elements represent the
various levels of discomfort that may be felt by a
perceptual agent. Typically, the agent must be a living
entity. Typically, the sensation is an internal feeling,
and is more of a long-lasting dull ache than a sharp pain
(see: #$LevelOfPain).
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exhaustion
An #$AttributeType whose elements represent the
qualitative degrees of exhaustion that an animal may feel.
Note that this predicate is NOT properly used for any other
purpose (e.g., to describe metal fatigue, or the depletion
of natural resources, or the gradual inhibition that a
single cell devlops to repeated stimuli, etc., even though
in English the words `exhaustion' and `fatigue'
have those meanings.) This is a good example of how
Cyc's internal representation must, and does,
disambiguate different concepts even though they might be
metaphors for each other, and even though those distinct
meanings might be mixed together at a word level in a
natural language like English.
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hungers
A collection of #$AnimalPhysiologicalAttributes
that express how hungry an #$Animal is (e.g., #$Hungry,
#$NotHungry, #$Starving). These #$LevelOfHunger attributes
are the first argument to the predicate #$hungerLevelOf (q.v.).
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pains
An #$AttributeType whose elements represent the
qualitative levels of pain that may be felt by a perceptual
agent. Although the agent is often a living entity, this is
not required. The source of the pain could be either
external or internal; in either case, the subjective feeling
is generally `sharper' and hopefully shorter-lived than
just `a feeling of discomfort' (see: #$LevelOfDiscomfort.)
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level of relaxation feeling
An #$AttributeType whose elements represent the
qualitative levels of comfort/relaxation/ease that an animal
may have. This feeling is generally internal, and
relatively long-lasting (compared with, e.g., the duration
of a painful twinge.) Any positive degree of this
#$LevelOfRelaxationFeeling is incompatible with a high level
of #$MuscleTenseness, a high #$LevelOfPain, or a high #$LevelOfDiscomfort.
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lexical item
The collection of items which form the lexicon of
a language. These include both free morphemes, like
'dog', and bound morphemes, like affixes.
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words
The collection of all words. A lexical word is a
free morpheme; it need not be bound to another lexical item.
Note that inflectional forms of a word, if there are such,
do not constitute distinct words. Examples of
#$LexicalWord: #$Aluminum-TheWord, #$Confetti-TheWord,
#$To-TheWord, #$Confetti-TheWord, #$Hang-Glide-MWW.
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life stage type
#$LifeStageType is a collection of collections.
Each member of this collection is itself a
collection whose members are organisms which all
share a specific level of biological or social
development. One member of #$LifeStageType is
#$HumanChild, which has as its members all human
children. Other members of #$LifeStageType
include #$HumanAdult and #$HumanInfant.
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life threatening conditions
A collection of ailments which are distinguished
by the shared characteristic that if left untreated, those
ailments may cause an organism to die (but will not
certainly do so). Cases of #$Poisoning and of #$Pneumonia
are often instances of #$LifeThreateningCondition. Cf.
#$TerminalPhysiologicalCondition.
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light intensity
A collection of attributes; a subset of
#$ScalarInterval. Each element of #$LightIntensity is a
characterization of how brightly illuminated a location is.
(At the low extreme is total darkness.) The light intensity
of a location is indicated with the predicate #$illuminationLevel.
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lights
A collection of physical devices. An instance of
#$LightingDevice has the #$primaryFunction of providing
light. The light provided may be provided in different ways
and for different specialized purposes. For example, it may
be for general illumination of a fixed area (as by instances
of #$Candle, #$Lantern, #$ElectricLamp, and #$Streetlight);
or it may be for specially directed illumination (as by
instances of #$AutomotiveLight and #$Flashlight); or it may
be for use in a signal or sign (as by instances of
#$TrafficLight and #$IndicatorLight); or it may be for some
other special purposes (as by instances of StrobeLight).
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lightning
The collection of lightning flashes, events in
which the atmosphere discharges electricity.
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lines
A subset of #$GeometricThing. Each instance of
#$Line is a one-dimensional path through two- or
three-dimensional space, whether curved or straight.
Formally, this is a 1-manifold. Examples include spatially
localized objects, such as the equator, as well as abstract lines.
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linear
The shape attribute shared by anything that has
only one discernible or relevant dimension. Examples
include geometric lines and line segments, curved line
segments and arcs, and physical objects whose length is the
only relevant dimension, e.g., a length of wire, if we are
in a context in which other dimensions of the wire are small
enough to be ignored, or the outer rim of a glass. Also
note that this attribute holds of anything which is linear
even if the object does not remain in a single plane. For
instance, a spiral-shaped line or a length of string wrapped
around a pencil may be linear despite the fact that they do
not remain in a single two dimensional plane.
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linear - planar
The shape attribute shared by all lines, both
curved and straight that belong to objects that remain in a
single two-dimensional plane. Spatial things in addition to
purely geometric objects can have this attribute. For
instance, in some microtheories one might deem a length of
wire to be linear insofar as width, height or radius is
irrelevant to the kind of reasoning required.
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linear - straight
The shape attribute shared by all one-dimensional
objects that are not curved. Once again, note that this is
very context dependent. To take a very straightforward
example, if building a deck the standards for being deemed
to have the attribute #$Linear-Straight may vary
considerably from the standards for straightness when
framing a home.
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linguistic object
The collection of all intangible objects that are
parts of some language or other, in a broad sense of part
whereby #$LinguisticObject's specializations include
such diverse collections as #$Title, #$WordSense,
#$SententialConstituent, #$NonlexicalLinguisticObject, and #$LinguisticAttribute.
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linguistic object type
#$LinguisticObjectType is the collection of
subcollections of #$LinguisticObject.
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liquid assets
A collection of objects. Each element of
#$LiquidAsset is either an instance of #$Currency or some
asset that is readily convertible to currency by selling or
borrowing againstit. Examples: stocks, bonds, money market accounts.
bd58afb3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
liquid state of matter
A basic physical state of matter.
#$LiquidStateOfMatter characterizes pieces of matter which
are at a temperature and pressure such that the molecules of
the matter move freely relative to their neighbors, but are
not excited enough to break free. Liquid objects are
characterized at the macroscopic level by special qualities
of flow, such as being #$Pourable and conforming to whatever
container they occupy. Examples of things that typically
have this attribute are: liquid nitrogen; the water
component of a gallon of seawater; a lump of mercury at room
temperature; and some molten silver about to be poured into
a teapot mold.
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liquid objects
A collection of pieces of tangible stuff. Each
element of #$LiquidTangibleThing is a tangible thing which
shares many of the properties that matter in the
#$LiquidStateOfMatter exhibits; i.e., its volume is
relatively constant at varying pressures, and its freely
changes shape (e.g., to conform to the shape a vessel
containing it). Liquids can never be said to break. Note
that not all instances of #$LiquidTangibleThing are in
#$LiquidStateOfMatter, because that attribute applies to
quantities of a single type of substance. Examples of
#$LiquidTangibleThing: substances in #$LiquidStateOfMatter,
such the water in a room-temperature glass of beer;
liquid/liquid mixtures like the beer itself; solutions of
solids in liquids, such as sea water; emulsions such as
milk; and suspensions of solids in liquids like blood. Cf.
#$FluidTangibleThing and #$GaseousTangibleThing.
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lists
The collection of all lists or finite sequences of
items, as an abstract notion. A #$List is a special kind of
#$Tuple that is a finite structure with a first and last
member-position, and for each member-postion but the last,
there is a successor member-position. A #$List, like other
#$Tuples, allows repetition of its members -- the same item
can appear at multiple member-positions in the list. A list
can be viewed formally as a function from a finite index set
of counting numbers, beginning with one, into the domain of
#$Things or perhaps some more restrictive domain. Unlike
#$Series, #$List is purely abstract and the only implied
relation between an item and its successor is the successor
relation of the list itself. #$List is, technically, more
specific than #$Tuple only in that the index set must be the
counting numbers in their usual order rather than some other
index set. Note that the operators defined on lists do not
correspond exactly to similar operators in Common LISP;
#$List includes commonsense lists like grocery list and the
first item on a list is at position number 1.
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list the format
A Format or datatype. Multiple copies of entries,
& any number of entries, are OK; and order matters;
i.e., if you change the order of two different elements of a
list, the resultant list is not equal to the original one
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OSET
The collection of all those #$Lists, for each of
which, no element appears more than once in the list. A
#$ListWithoutRepetition is sometimes called an
'OSET'. Note that a #$ListWithoutRepetition
amounts to a finite #$TotalOrdering-Strict. (In general a
#$List and #$Series may have repeated elements.) See also #$SeriesWithoutRepetition.
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listening
The collection of events in which an #$Agent
deliberately facilitates and does #$Hearing.
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livers
The collection of all living #$Animal livers.
Each instance of #$Liver is a large compound
#$InternalOrgan. A #$Liver breaks down dead
#$RedBloodCells, removes certain poisons and waste material
from the blood stream, creates glycogen from sugars and
proteins, stores glycogen, removes certain chemicals from
the blood, secretes bile (#$BileTheSecretion) which is used
for digestion,and regulates metabolism of carbohydrates,
#$Proteins, #$Vitamins, #$Minerals, and fats.
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living languages
#$LivingLanguage, a subset of #$NaturalLanguage,
is the collection of all natural languages which have some
native speaker(s).
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local government organizations
A collection of government organizations; a subset
of #$LocalOrganization. An element of
#$LocalGovernmentOrganization is any government organization
-- whether federal, state, county, or municipal -- that is
specific to, i.e., has jurisdiction and/or services
generally limited to, one (local) location. For example, a
Board of Education of a particular school district is a
#$LocalGovernmentOrganization, because its authority extends
to schools in a limited (local) area; in the U.S., such a
Board answers to another #$LocalGovernmentOrganization,
typically a city or township government. In another
example, an element of #$VeteransAdministrationMedicalCenter
is a local organization in terms of its service area, but
bureaucratically it belongs to the U.S. Federal government;
thus, #$VeteransAdministrationMedicalCenter is a subset of
both #$LocalGovernmentOrganization and #$USFederalGovernmentOrganization.
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local organizations
A collection of organizations. An element of
#$LocalOrganization is an organization having local
`scope' -- that is, members distributed in a local area
(a #$Neighborhood, #$City, rural region, etc.) or having a
local area of activity and concern, as opposed to statewide,
national, or international organizations.
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locomotion event - animal
A collection of events; a subset of
#$LocomotionProcess-Generic. In an instance of
#$LocomotionEvent-Animal, the #$objectMoving (at least the
object that is playing the role of #$doneBy in the event) is
an #$Animal. In addition to episodes of walking and
swimming, #$LocomotionEvent-Animal includes events in which
an agent moves itself using a device, with that agent
supplying the motive force to the device -- as in instances
of #$PedalingABicycle, #$IceSkating, #$InLineSkating, etc.
Since the locomotor virtually always supplies the vast
majority of the force required to make the motion happen, it
is safe to infer that IF something plays the role of
#$providerOfMotiveForce, THEN it is an #$objectMoving. In
certain abnormal situations this rule will make the wrong
conclusions: e.g. if a mountain climber's assent is
aided by another stationary person above. Some locomotion
events are also transportation events, e.g. when someone is
walking while carrying something else. Note: Elements of
#$LocomotionEvent-Animal may be `non-homogeneous' (by
contrast, each #$LocomotionProcess-Animal is
`homogeneous.') That is, if you take #$timeSlices of a
#$LocomotionEvent-Animal, they may or may not be
#$LocomotionEvent-Animals. E.g., even though a
mountain-climbing event is a #$LocomotionEvent-Animal, if
you take a time-slice of it -- even a quite long time-slice
of it! -- that whole time-slice could be where you were
tying your climbing rope to a piton you'd just pounded
into the mountainside, and that tying event is not a
#$LocomotionEvent-Animal. Note that this is not quite the
same thing as the granularity of a process, such as
#$AnimalWalkingProcess, where if you take a fine enough
time-slice you are just lifting your leg up into the air.
In the case of a #$LocomotionEvent-Animal such as scaling a
sheer rock wall, very little of the time actually involves
the motion of your body up the wall.
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locomotion processes
The collection of processes in which an animal
moves from one place to another by its own power. A
#$LocomotionProcess-Animal is an activity considered as a
#$TemporalStuffType, in which any time-slice of the activity
can also be considered an instance of that activity.
Subsets of #$LocomotionProcess-Animal include:
#$AnimalWalkingProcess, #$Brachiating, #$Climbing,
#$WheelchairLocomotionEvent, #$Boring-Locomotion, etc.
bd58e68c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
logical connective
A collection of mathematical objects, including
the basic logical connectives. Each element of
#$LogicalConnective is a #$Relation which takes one or more
truth-valued expressions (sentences) as arguments and
returns a truth-valued sentence. The elements of
#$LogicalConnective include #$and, #$or, #$not, and #$implies.
bd58b9f9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
lonely
The disagreeable feeling of being without company.
This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical
#$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. Some more
specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes are #$Loneliness,
#$Solitude, etc.
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long and thin
A physical attribute. #$LongAndThin is the
#$PhysicalStructuralAttribute that characterizes a tangible
object which has one dimension whose length exceeds that of
each of the other two dimensions by at least a factor of
three. E.g., pencils, straws, telephone wire, submarines,
skyscrapers. Cf. #$SheetShaped.
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lines of longitude
A line between the #$NorthPole and the
#$SouthPole, intersecting the #$Equator at 90 degrees.
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searches
Searching for something with the intent to find
it. Instances of failure to find the object of the search
are still instances of #$LookingForSomething.
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losses of user rights
A collection of events. In an instance of
#$LosingUserRights, some #$Agent loses possession of
something. Thus, in such an event, that agent loses a
previously held right (viz., some #$UserRightsAttribute) to
use some item. The item in question is identified as the
#$objectOfPossessionTransfer, and the agent is the
#$fromPossessor (i.e., the one from whom possession is
taken). The #$Agent may or may not be a #$deliberateActors
in the event; e.g., selling one's car is done on
purpose, but having one's car repossessed probably
isn't. If either of those two events happen to you,
though, it is an element of the collection #$LosingUserRights.
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loves
Strong affection for another agent arising out of
kinship or personal ties. Love may be felt towards things,
too: warm attachment, enthusiasm, or devotion. This does
not, however, mean something as specialized/metaphorical as
`Fred loves to eat ice cream' or `Ethel loves to get
her way.' #$Love is a collection, as further explained
under #$Happiness. Specialized forms of #$Love are
#$Love-Romantic, platonic love, maternal love, infatuation,
agape, etc.
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lungs
The collection of all lungs, the primary
respiratory organs of #$AirBreathingVertebrates.
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meter-kilogram-second units of measure
A subset of #$UnitOfMeasure. #$MKSUnitOfMeasure
is the collection of all the measurement functions whose
results use the MKS (i.e., meter-kilogram-second) system of
measure to describe physical quantities. Examples:
#$MetersPerSecondPerSecond, #$Liter, #$MetricTon.
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mailing locations
A collection of places; a subset of
#$ContactLocation. Each element of #$MailingLocation is a
location at which an agent can be contacted by mail, e.g., a
home, office, or post office box.
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main function
One of the attributes which characterize the
capacity in which some agent does a kind of action.
#$MainFunction indicates that an agent does a certain type
of action as its main function (rather than, say, as a
hobby). #$MainFunction can be used to indicate the function
that an organization was created to do; e.g., the
#$MainFunction of the #$USBorderPatrol is #$Patrolling the
U.S. border. See #$actsInCapacity.
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gesture
The collection of acts of #$IBOCreation done by
an #$Animal (including #$Person) arranging its limbs or
other body parts (and whatever objects the limbs might be
holding) in some meaningful configuration (static or
dynamic). Vocal #$IBTGenerations are not considered to be
gestures (see #$MakingAnOralSound for this), but they might
be done in conjunction with gestures. NB:
#$MakingAGesture is NOT a subset of
#$NonVerbalCommunicating; at most, an instance of
#$MakingAGesture is only half of a communication event. And
someone can make a gesture while alone, without using it for
communication. Thus, only some gestures are #$subEvents of
#$NonVerbalCommunicating. (But note that #$MakingAGesture IS
a subset of #$IBTGeneration-Original (q.v.), since every
gesture encodes information, whether or not it is used for
communication in a particular instance.)
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agreement-making events
A collection of events. Each element in the
collection #$MakingAnAgreement is an event in which two or
more parties specify the terms of an #$Agreement to which
they will be #$agreeingAgents, and enter into it. Some
types of #$MakingAnAgreement include its subsets
#$EngagementEventPart-BecomingEngaged, #$EmployeeHiring,
#$DeclaringCeaseFire, and #$MakingAReservation.
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verbalize
The collection of actions in which the lips and
other mouth parts are used to make sound.
#$MakingAnOralSound means the event in which sound is
produced more-or-less voluntarily, using the mouth, mouth
portal, lips, and tongue.--Kean, July 11, 1997
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making facial expression
The collection of events during which the
configuration of an agent's face changes. This is
usually associated with the expression of some emotion.
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making events
A collection of creation events.
#$MakingSomething is a specialization of
#$CreatingAnArtifact instances of which involve some
partially tangible thing being made from raw materials or
from parts. The end result (see #$productsCreated) might or
might not be a #$Product.
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provisions of goods or services
The collection of all activities in which an
#$Agent makes it possible for another #$Agent to use (but
not necessarily own) a good or service.
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making travel arrangements
The collection of all events in which an agent
arranges for some kind of travel event.
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Indonesian Language
A Malayan language spoken in Indonesia.
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males
The collection of all male animals.
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males
The collection of all male persons.
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malleabilities
A collection of attributes; a subset of
#$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Malleability
represents a specific capacity of a physical material to be
shaped or formed. Different degrees of malleability may be
designated using a #$GenericValueFunction. Malleability of
objects is indicated with the predicate #$malleabilityOfObject.
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malnutrition
A collection of physiological conditions caused by
the lack of essential #$Nutrients (usually vitamins,
minerals or proteins). Specialized forms of #$Malnutrition
are: (1) #$DietaryDeficiencyCondition, in which the
necessary nutrients are not ingested; and (2)
#$Malnutrition-Secondary, in which the necessary nutrients
are not properly metabolized.
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mammals
The collection of mammals; a subset of
#$Vertebrate. Each element of #$Mammal is an air-breathing,
warm-blooded animal which, if female, nurses its young with
milk secreted by mammary glands. The collection #$Mammal
includes the subsets #$Dog, #$Horse, #$Person, #$Elephant,
etc. The skin of mammals is typically covered with hair (or
sometimes hair modified into scales or plates (e.g.
pangolins)), but some types are almost hairless. All
mammals other than the Monotremes of Australia bear live
young rather than laying eggs and have teats, which on
females are used for nursing the young. Monotremes do not
have teats, but both male and female produce milk from
#$MammaryGlands. #$Mammal is an instance of #$BiologicalClass.
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manager
A collection of people. An instance of #$Manager
is a person whose primary job is to manage other people,
directing their work activity in an #$Organization or for a
#$Project. A #$Manager tells his or her subordinate workers
what to do.
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Mandarin Chinese
One of the major languages spoken in China; also
the official language.
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fabrications
A collection of events. In each #$Manufacturing
event, raw materials or component parts are combined to
produce a product. In a typical #$Manufacturing process,
the motivation of the manufacturer is that the value of the
#$outputs should exceed the value of the #$inputs.
#$Manufacturing does not include related or supportive
processes such as transporting the raw materials to the
manufacturing site, scheduling done ahead of time, etc. --
the concept #$ProductionEvent covers that bigger picture.
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manufacturing organization
A collection of organizations. An element of
#$ManufacturingOrganization is any organization whose
#$MainFunction is #$Manufacturing or production of goods.
These may be departments, suborganizations, companies, or
conglomerate enterprises.
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maps
A collection of #$ConceptualWorks. Each element
of #$Map can be properly interpreted, models a region of
physical space which may be many times greater or smaller
than its own size by using graphical symbols (or possibly
another code), often in conjunction with a natural language,
to represent features of one or more of the following kinds:
geographical areas (#$GeographicalRegion), topographical
features (#$TopographicalFeature), political regions
(#$GeopoliticalEntity), climate zones (#$ClimateCycleType),
human artifacts (#$ConstructionArtifact), population
densities (#$populationDensity), etc. Maps are generally
intended to help an agent to orient itself in space or to
understand some aspect(s) of a large spatial area. #$Maps
are physically instantiated in map copies, which may be on
paper, in computerized geographical information systems, or
in other forms.
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March
The collection of all Marches, the third month
of the year in the #$JulianCalendar.
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Marine corps
A collection of military organizations. An
instance of #$MarineCorps is a military organization, modern
or historical, composed mainly of soldiers (i.e., combat
personnel) who serve on ships or in conjunction with naval
forces, with the purpose of defending or attacking coastal areas.
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marines
A soldier who is in the Marines.
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marital statuses
The attribute values indicating the
#$maritalStatus of a #$Person. Members of this collection
include #$Divorced, #$Widowed, #$Single, and #$Married.
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marking on a surface
A collection of events. In a #$MarkingOnASurface
event, visible markings are placed on a surface by an
#$Agent. The marking may be done by adding material to or
removing material from the surface; e.g., by painting or by
engraving the surface.
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masculine
#$Masculine is a gender, indicating either that an
#$Animal or #$Plant is male, or that a word has what is
called masculine gender.
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masses
A collection of physical attributes. Each element
of #$Mass is an amount of matter present in a given object.
Elements of #$Mass may be either a fixed interval, such as
two pounds, or a range, such as a legal load for a certain
type of trailer. The more mass an object has, the greater
is the force required to accelerate it. See #$UnitOfMass
for the units used by Cyc to measure mass.
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mass noun
The collection of all mass nouns. Mass nouns are
syntactically singular, and often they denote stufflike
things. Example: 'water'.
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mass noun - generic
The collection of all mass nouns. Mass nouns are
syntactically singular, and often they denote stufflike
things. Example: 'water'. This collection also
includes proper mass nouns like 'Pepsi', agentive
mass nouns like 'moisturizer', etc.
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material strength type
A collection of collections. Each element of
#$MaterialStrengthType is a specific collection of
attributes used in determining the strength of a material.
Examples: #$Hardness, #$Malleability, #$Ductility,
#$Elasticity, #$ShearStrength.
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mathematical object
A collection of intangible objects; a subset of
#$MathematicalThing. Each element of #$MathematicalObject
is a purely abstract mathematical thing which is an
individual (see #$Individual). Examples of
#$MathematicalObject include: #$Quantifiers, #$RealNumbers,
#$Triangles, #$TruthValues, etc. But instances of
#$SetOrCollection are not #$MathematicalObjects in Cyc,
because they are not #$Individuals.
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mathematical or computational thing
A collection of abstract (#$Intangible) objects.
Each element of #$MathematicalOrComputationalThing is a
massless, timeless abstraction, such as an algorithm,
logical connective, character string, assertion, integer, etc.
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mathematical ordering
The collection of all those #$RelationalStructures
that are called 'orderings'. A
#$MathematicalOrdering is usually described as an ordered
pair <S, R> where S is a set and R is a binary
relation on S that is transitive, i.e., for each X, Y and Z
in S, R(X Y) and R(Y Z) imply R(X Z). We do not have to
define a #$MathematicalOrdering in Cyc as an ordered pair,
but it is essential that each such #$MathematicalOrdering
has a unique #$baseSet and a unique ordering relation. We
use, for each #$MathematicalOrdering ORDER,
(#$orderingRelations ORDER PRED) to specify a binary
predicate PRED, the restriction of which to the #$baseSet S
of ORDER indicates the ordering relation R on S, and we
require the collections that are used to specify the
arguments to PRED to be supersets of S. In principle, there
could be different predicates PRED1 and PRED2 such that when
restricted to the same #$baseSet S of a
#$MathematicalOrdering ORDER, they order the elements of S
exactly the same way. When we said that there is a unique
ordering relation R on S, we mean to ignore the difference
between PRED1 and PRED2 when they are restricted to S, and
treat the results of such restrictions the same, as far as
they are used to talk about ORDER. Subcollections of
#$MathematicalOrdering include #$PartialOrdering,
#$PartialOrdering-Strict, #$TreeOrdering,
#$TreeOrdering-Strict, #$TotalOrdering,
#$TotalOrdering-Strict, #$WellOrdering and
#$Lattice-LatticeTheoretic, etc.
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May
The collection of all Mays, the second month to
start after the vernal equinox (in the Northern Hemisphere)
in the #$GregorianCalendar and #$JulianCalendar. May is the
fifth month of the year in the #$GregorianCalendar. May
started as the third month of the year in the
#$JulianCalendar, but after the beginning of the year was
moved to the beginning of #$January it became the fifth
month of the year.
bd58c232-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
measurable attribute type
A collection of collections. Each element of
#$MeasurableAttributeType is a collection of attributes, the
members of which are quantifiable attributes, i.e., they can
be assigned a numeric value. For example, #$RateOfRotation
and #$ConcentrationPerVolume. For the units in which
specific attributes are measured, see #$measuredIn and
#$unitsMeasuringThisQuantity. Note that in Cyc, numbers are
classified as measurable attributes; see #$RealNumber, etc.
bd58d9b3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
measuring devices
A collection of physical devices. An instance of
#$MeasuringDevice is a device used for measuring some
quantity such as #$Distance, #$Volume, #$Temperature, etc.
Examples include the odometer in your car (an #$Odometer),
the graduated glass measuring cup in your kitchen (a
#$MeasuringCup), and the thermostat on your wall (a
#$TemperatureMeasuringDevice, although it is also a #$ControlDevice.)
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measuring events
A collection of events. Each element of
#$MeasuringSomething is an event in which an agent uses a
physical device to measure some physical attribute of a
tangible object. The last part of such an event involves
the perception (and perhaps recording) of a
#$measurementResult by some instance of#$PerceptualAgent.
See also #$MeasurementFn.
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mechanical devices
A collection of physical devices. An instance of
#$MechanicalDevice is a physical device which has at least
one part that moves with respect to another of its parts.
Thus a spoon is not one of these, but a pair of scissors is,
as are more complex devices such as vacuum cleaners and the #$SpaceShuttleChallenger.
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medical care event
A collection of events. When any medical care
professional provides a medical service to patients, that is
an instance of #$MedicalCareEvent. An instance of
#$MedicalCareEvent may be a diagnostic procedure, a
treatment, a consultation, routine check-up, a medical test,
etc. -- anything a medical care provider can bill for.
E.g., (#$BirthFn #$NicoleLenat) represents the birth of a
particular person; since she were born in a modern Western
hospital, doctors, nurses, and a variety of hospital
equipment were present and used, so this is a
#$MedicalCareEvent.
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medical care facilities
Large organizations that provide medical or
psychiatric care and have facilities for patients to stay at
least overnight.
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medical care organizations
A collection of organizations; a subset of both
#$MedicalCareProvider and #$ServiceOrganization. An element
of #$MedicalCareOrganization is any organization that
provides some kind of medical care; it may be a
sub-organization of a larger organization. Examples include
all instances of #$DoctorsOffice, #$DentistsOffice,
#$OptometricFacility, or #$RehabilitationFacility;
#$IndependentPracticeAssociation or #$Hospital;
#$EmergencyRoom, #$DialysisUnit, #$AllergyTestingFacility;
#$HomeNursingServiceOrganization or
#$LongTermMedicalCareFacility; and #$VeterinaryHospital.
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medical care professionals
A collection of persons; a subset of
#$Professional. Each element of #$MedicalCareProfessional
is a person whose occupation principally involves medical
care of patients, including surgery, psychological care,
physical therapy, practical nursing, and dispensing drugs.
The collection #$MedicalCareProfessional includes members of
the subsets #$Psychiatrist, #$Pharmacist,
#$EmergencyMedicalTechnician, #$Nurse, #$Doctor-Medical,
etc., as well as #$Veterinarian.
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medical care provider
The collection of agents who provide medical care
in a professional capacity.
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medical facility type
Instances are kinds of medical care facilities.
Some may be organizations , some may be places and some are equipment.
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patients
The #$Collection of instances of #$Animal while
undergoing medical care - which includes routine
examinations as well as treatment for injuries or illnesses.
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medical specialty type
The collection of all medical worker types,
divided up by specialty.
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medical tests
A collection of events in which some aspect of a
patient's physiological condition is evaluated using
medical procedures. An instance of #$MedicalTesting is a
test done on a patient -- or, often, on a sample taken from
the patient's body -- in order to gather information
(a) about the patient's general state of health, (b) to
help in making a diagnosis, (c) to determine or monitor the
severity of a known condition of the patient's. The
collection #$MedicalTesting includes an enormous variety of
procedures in modern Western medicine, from simple blood
tests to complex MRIs.
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medical treatments
A collection of medical care events; i.e., a
subset of #$MedicalCareEvent. In any instance of
#$MedicalTreatmentEvent, the procedures performed by a
medical professional are done to alleviate or ameliorate a
#$PhysiologicalCondition. The set of treatments for a
specific condition may be denoted using #$TreatmentFn (q.v.).
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mediterranean scrub
Attribute of areas of shrub-dominated vegetation
located in the Mediterranean basinand similar climatic
regions in coastal parts of California, Chile, South Africa,
and southern Australia. A variety of aromatic herbaceous
plants grow beneath low shrub thickets. Source: The Times
Atlas of the World (1995).
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the Mediterranean Sea
A strategically important small sea between
southern Europe, western Asia (the Levant), and northern Africa.
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meetings
A collection of actions. In a #$MeetingSomeone
event, one #$Agent is moving and meets (comes into close
proximity with) another #$Agent. This may or may not be
purposeful. It may be performed by non-human animals, and
occasionally by other sorts of #$Agents. Note: this does not
mean `being introduced to someone', but rather `going
to meet with someone'.
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meetings
The collection of human meeting events, in which
#$Persons gather intentionally at a location in order to
communicate or share some experience; business is often
transacted at such a meeting. Examples include: a
particular conference, a business lunch, etc.
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melting events
A collection of events. In each instance of this
collection, an object is heated to (and then above) its
#$freezingPoint and is thereby changed from a
#$SolidStateOfMatter to a #$LiquidStateOfMatter.
bd58f9f4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
memory
A collection of mental information. Each element
of #$Memory is the propositional content of a mental state
in which a person recalls past events. Most commonly those
memories concern first-person experiences, but they may
include recollections of anything that the person has
learned in the past.
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men's clothes
A collection of objects. Each element of
#$MensClothing is a clothing item worn usually by men, i.e.,
items normally found in the men's section of department
stores. Subsets include #$Tuxedos and #$MensJockeyUnderwear.
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mental attributes
A collection of attributes. Each element of
#$MentalAttribute is an attribute which pertains to an
agent's mental state or mental ability. Examples:
#$HighIntelligence, #$LegallyDrunk, #$VisualAwareness, #$InattentiveMentalActivityLevel.
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pieces of mental information
A collection of information. Each element of
#$MentalInformation is the propositional content of a
specific mental state of an individual person. Thus, this is
information which is embodied in a person having a memory or
sensory perception or other type of thought. Note that
elements of #$MentalInformation are the propositional
content of memories, perceptions, judgments, etc. For
example, when I remember that my grandmother's eyes are
blue, the mental information contained therein is `my [the
rememberer's] grandmother's eyes are blue';
it is NOT `I remember that my grandmother's eyes are
blue'. As a consequence, mental information (as
defined in Cyc) is not incorrigible.
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meta assertions for poly canonicalizing assertions
If one wishes to state a fact M about an formula
F, i.e. if one wishes to assert the meta-assertion M(F) and
if F canonicalizes into multiple assertions, a_1,
a_2...a_n, then one may have to do a non-standard procedure.
If F canonicalizes into a_1, a_2...a_n *and* when any of
a_1, a_2...a_n uncanonicalize back into A then the meta
assertion M(F) gets automatically distributed to each of
a_1, a_2...a_n. In such a case M(F) ends up in the
knowledge base as several assertions, i.e. M(a_1), M(a_2),
... M(a_n). In other cases (i.e. where a
polycanonicalizing formula does not uncanonicalize back
into itself) (typically rarer), one will have to do the
non-standard procedure of distributing the meta-assertions
by hand. Example (of the more standard case):
(fi-assert '(#$implies (#$isa ?x #$Animal)
(#$thereExists ?y (#$and (#$isa ?y
#$FemaleAnimal) (#$mother ?x ?y)))) #$BaseKB) produces
in the two assertions: #<AS:(#$implies (#$and (#$isa
?X #$Animal) (#$termOfUnit ?Y (#$SKF-16480338 ?X)))
(#$mother ?X ?Y)):#$BaseKB> #<AS:(#$implies (#$and
(#$isa ?X #$Animal) (#$termOfUnit ?Y
(#$SKF-16480338 ?X))) (#$isa ?Y
#$FemaleAnimal)):#$BaseKB> Note that these two
assertions share the common EL formula: (#$implies (#$isa
?x #$Animal) (#$thereExists ?y (#$and (#$isa
?y #$FemaleAnimal) (#$mother ?x ?y)))) Now if we add a
meta assertion that references this formula: (fi-assert
'(#$salientAssertions #$mother (#$implies
(#$isa ?x #$Animal) (#$thereExists ?y (#$and
(#$isa ?y #$FemaleAnimal)
(#$mother ?x ?y))))) #$BaseKB) the meta formula
automatically distributes over the two assertions:
#<AS:(#$salientAssertions #$mother
#<AS:(#$implies (#$and (#$isa ?X #$Animal)
(#$termOfUnit ?Y (#$SKF-16480338 ?X)))
(#$mother ?X ?Y)):#$BaseKB):#$BaseKB>
#<AS(#$salientAssertions #$mother
#<AS:(#$implies (#$and (#$isa ?X #$Animal)
(#$termOfUnit ?Y (#$SKF-16480338 ?X)))
(#$isa ?Y #$FemaleAnimal)):#$BaseKB):#$BaseKB> This
new behavior was added to the system on December 9, 1998.
It can be turned-off by setting the parameter
CYC::*DISTRIBUTE-META-OVER-COMMON-EL?* to nil.
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metaknowledge predicates
A collection of predicates. Each element of
#$MetaKnowledgePredicate is a predicate used in assertions
about the Cyc ontology itself. Examples: #$myCreator,
#$cyclistNotes, #$sharedNotes, #$salientAssertions, #$assertionConclusionActionType.
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meta predicate
A collection of predicates. Each element of
#$MetaPredicate can be used to define other predicates.
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meta relation
A collection of relations. Each element of
#$MetaRelation can be used to define other relations.
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metals
A collection of tangible stuffs. Every instance
of #$Metal is a piece of stuff defined as a metal only by
its chemical composition, not by its physical properties.
Thus, #$Metal includes all instances of #$Mercury and
#$Potassium as well as all pieces of #$Brass, #$Lead,
#$Iron. Cyc infers only by default that metals are solid.
#$MetalAlloy is a subset of #$Metal.
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alloys
A collection of tangible stuffs; a subset of
#$Metal. Each instance of #$MetalAlloy is a metallic stuff
which is a homogeneous blend of at least one part of
#$UnalloyedMetal with at least one other substance.
#$MetalAlloy is not a subset of #$Mixture, because each
instance of #$MetalAlloy is defined not only by the amounts
and kinds of its #$constituents, but also (unlike a mixture)
by the internal structures formed during its creation.
Furthermore, the creation process is typically more complex
than #$Mixing. Common metal alloys include the instances of
#$Bronze, #$Brass, and #$Steel. Note that #$GalvanizedMetal
is NOT a subset of #$MetalAlloy, because every instance of
#$GalvanizedMetal has a coating of some #$Zinc on its
surface, and thus (unlike an alloy) the components of
galvanized metals are not homogenously distributed throughout.
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microscopic scale object
A collection of objects. Every instance of
#$MicroscopicScaleObject is a material object which is so
small that human beings cannot perceive it, except (perhaps)
with the use of special devices such as electron
microscopes. Some types of #$MicroscopicScaleObject include
its subsets #$Molecule, #$Atom, #$SubAtomicParticle,
#$Chloroplast, and #$Mitochondrion.
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contexts
The collection of all microtheories, or `mts'
for short. Microtheories implement contexts in Cyc. Each
mt serves to group a set of assertions together that share
some common assumptions. Thus each mt can be thought of as
having two parts: a corpus of assertions that represent the
`content' of the mt, and a separate corpus of
assertions that represent the `assumptions' which are
being made. E.g., in a normal modern everyday life
microtheory, there might be hundreds of content assertions
such as `drivers are at least 16 years old', and there
might be dozens of assumption assertions about that
microtheory's content, such as `all actors are assumed
to be law-abiding'. You can think of the assumptions
as a set of extra conjuncts on the left hand side (the
antecedent or `if'-part) of every content assertion in
the mt. Each assertion in the knowledge base must be
explicitly stated to be true in at least one mt. It will
then (by inference) also be true in all the more specialized
contexts. If something is true in the `life in North
America' mt, then it should by default be true in the
`life in Canada' mt. I.e., the microtheories are
organized into a generalization/specialization lattice by
the predicate #$genlMt (q.v.), just as collections are
organized into such a lattice by #$genls, and just as
predicates are organized into such a lattice by #$genlPreds.
Just as a collection may have several incommensurable
supersets, so too a microtheory may have several
incommensurable #$genlMts. Just as each and every
collection must have some explicitly recorded superset
(except for #$Thing), each and every mt must have some
(expicitly recorded) more general mt (except for the
#$BaseKB, which is the most general context, containing
universal, timeless truths). Just as a Cyc concept may have
multiple incommensurable sets of which it is an element (via
#$isa), so too a Cyc assertion may be declared to be true in
a set of incommensurable mts. Every query is made in some
mt, so the answer you get might very well depend on the mt
in which you ask the question. Let's call the current
context C1, for the remainder of this paragraph. The only
assertions which can be used in C1 to answer the query are
those assertions which were explicitly stated to be true in
C1 or in some more general mt than C1. But what if you want
and need something like assertion P, to answer the question,
but P doesn't fit that criterion, though P is true in
some other mts that are unrelated to C1? You can
`import' or `lift' P into C1, by conjoining to its
left hand side (if-part) the various assumptions of a
context C999 in which P is known to be true. I.e., what you
actually conclude to be true in C1 is an assertion of the
form `if a1 and a2 and... then P', where a1, a2,... are
the assumptions of a context in which P holds (but which are
NOT implied by assumptions of C1). When there are several
contexts to choose from, from which to import P, you will
usually prefer the context whose assumptions are most
similar to C1's assumptions, so there will be few extra
conjuncts that need to be inserted in the `lifting'
process. There is an implicit third component to each
#$Microtheory, namely the Cyc terms which are `known
about' in that mt. E.g., #$Lenat is not `known
about' in a microtheory set in prehistoric times;
#$PhotochemicalEnergyTransduction is not `known about'
in a microtheory representing things that a toddler believes
to be true; etc. Unlike the content and the assumptions,
however, there is no need to explicitly collect into one
list all the terms which are `known about'. Rather,
one could compute such a list by looking at all the terms
which are mentioned anywhere in the content assertions of
the mt. Note that #$Microtheory is itself a `first-class
object', as is each and every element of that
collection --- e.g., #$CommercialBuyingMt,
#$WorldGeographyMt, #$USHealthcareMt, #$HumanSocialLifeMt,
etc. The assertions about a #$Microtheory are just like any
other Cyc assertions. Note that one important predicate
we haven't mentioned here yet is the one that says
`assertion P is true in microtheory M'. That predicate
is #$ist. Thus: (#$ist M P). Note that another
important predicate we haven't mentioned here yet is
the one that says `microtheory M has the proposition P as a
domain assumption'. Thus: (#$domainAssumptions M P).
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microtheory designating relation
The collection of #$Relations which specify that a
#$ELSentence-Assertible is to be interpreted in a given
#$Microtheory. It will be canonicalized and checked for
well-formedness with respect to that microtheory. Each
microtheory-designating relation has an argument which
denotes a microtheory, and another argument which denotes a
#$ELSentence-Assertible. It may have other arguments as
well. Use #$microtheoryDesignationArgnum and
#$sentenceDesignationArgnum to specify these argument
positions for each microtheory-designating relation.
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microtheory predicates
A collection of predicates. Each element of
#$MicrotheoryPredicate is a predicate used to describe the
properties and relationships of instances of #$Microtheory.
Examples: #$domainAssumptions, #$mtTime, #$genlMt,
#$adheresToCodeOfConduct, #$ist-Agreement, #$ist-Obligation.
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microtheory type
A collection of collections. Each instance of
#$MicrotheoryType is a type of #$Microtheory, for example,
#$ProblemSolvingCntxt and #$GeneralMicrotheory.
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microwaved
The attribute #$Microwaved is a specialized form
of #$Cooked. Food that is #$Microwaved has been prepared in
an event of #$Microwaving, using a #$MicrowaveOven.
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microwave
A collection of events in which a #$MicrowaveOven
is used to heat food (or drink). After a #$Microwaving
event, the food involved has been #$Microwaved.
bff3797e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
middays
A #$Midday is the daily event where the #$Sun is
near its `highest' position in the daily cycle. A
#$Midday overlaps the start of an #$Afternoon, and a
#$Morning overlaps the start of a #$Midday.
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migratory animals
A subset of #$Animal; the collection of animals
that change their dwelling place on a periodic, typically
seasonal basis. Such behavior is usually characteristic of
particular types of #$BiologicalSpecies.
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military aircraft
The collection of all aircraft used for military
purposes, or equipped to be used for such purposes.
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officers
A collection of people, a subset of
#$MilitaryPerson. Each element of this collection is
somebody who is an officer in some #$MilitaryOrganization.
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military services
A collection of organizations. An element of
#$MilitaryOrganization is an organization whose function
(and expertise) is the use of armed force, or the threat of
such use, against enemies, especially other organized, armed
enemies. A military organization includes its fighting
forces and their command structure, together with dedicated
support services controlled by that military command.
Typically, there are special conditions in the relationships
between a #$MilitaryOrganization and its workers, going
beyond what is expected of work agreements in civilian
settings, including strict sanctions to enforce obedience.
This collection includes #$GovernmentMilitaryOrganizations
such as the armies, navies, air forces, etc., of the
world's governments, and in addition private armies,
rebel armies, and organized mercenary units.
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military people
A collection of persons; a subset of
NationalGovernmentEmployee. Each element of
ArmedServicesPersonnel is a person who belongs to any of the
national military services of some instance of Country.
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minerals
A collection of tangible things. Each element of
#$Mineral is a piece of homogeneous inorganic physical
substance that has a crystalline structure. For example,
instances of #$Diamond, #$Turquoise-Gem, #$Jade-Gem, #$Corundum.
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mineral ore
A collection of tangible things; a subset of
#$EarthStuff. Each element of #$MineralOre is a piece of
substance from which some useful #$Mineral can be extracted.
For example, elements of #$IronOre, #$BauxiteOre, and #$CopperOre.
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misty - physical state
A physical attribute. #$Misty-PhysicalState is
the #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute that characterizes mist;
i.e., being a mixture of a gaseous substance with suspended
particles of liquid.
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mix
A collection of events. In each #$Mixing, two or
more substances are combined to form a #$Mixture.
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mixtures
A collection of tangibles. Every instance of
#$Mixture is an at-least-partially tangible thing composed
of two or more different #$constituents which have been
mixed. The stuffs which were inputs to the mixing do not
form chemical bonds between them, and at a later time the
mixture may be resolved by some #$SeparationEvent. Examples
include all elements of the collections #$Blood, #$Mud,
#$Air, and #$CarbonatedBeverage. A mixture has a
composition but not a structure; thus, the following are NOT
mixtures, since all have some structure: a wet sponge, a
person, or a portion of plywood. Note: By default, mixtures
are assumed to be stable, i.e., they won't separate on
their own. Use #$separatingConstituent to override this
default for a constituent that does separate out
spontaneously (e.g. a #$CarbonatedBeverage going flat).
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mobs
A specialization of #$Group. Each instance of
#$Mob is a group that contains a large number of objects or
events of the same type. Mobs typically have more members
than would be feasible to enumerate or reify. One rarely
refers to particular members of a given mob; and when one
does, it is usually only to relatively few of them.
Examples: the #$Andes-Mountains is a mob of mountains; each
instance of #$Galaxy is a mob of stars; a cupful of sand is
a mob of grains of sand; and making popcorn involves a mob
of corn kernel bursting events.
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modal
The collection of all modal auxiliary verbs.
Modals have only tensed forms, do not inflect for person and
number, and can take contracted negation. Example: `should'.
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moderately alert
#$ModeratelyAlert is an #$Alertness attribute
which is a specialization of #$Awake. It is the normal
state of an #$Animal which is awake but paying particular
attention to its environment. It is a higher
#$alertnessLevel than #$Sleepy, but lower than #$VeryAlert.
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modern residences
A collection of objects; a subset of both
#$HumanResidence and #$ModernShelterConstruction. Each
element of #$ModernHumanResidence is a humanly constructed
shelter of a modern type, in which people live. Such
residences are the typical dwellings in the developed world
of the late 20th century and may be found in the more
affluent regions of the developing world. Examples include
houses in suburban `developments', modern apartment
buildings, `modular' homes, etc.
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modern naval ships
The collection of all #$Ships that have been used
since the Nineteenth Century primarily for naval purposes,
including military attack and defense, reconnaisance,
support, rescue, coastal monitoring, etc. Such a ship is
naval in this sense even if it is not operated by a #$Navy.
Most ModernNavalShips are specifically constructed for naval purposes.
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modern shelter constructions
A collection of construction artifacts; a subset
of #$Building (q.v.). An instance of
#$ModernShelterConstruction is a building that provides
comfortable shelter for humans during some of their daily
activities. Elements of #$ModernShelterConstruction have
the kinds of features found in modern-day buildings in
Europe, the USA, and other technologically developed parts
of the world, namely, amenities like doors, plumbing,
electricity, and probably some kind of climate control
system for maintaining humanly comfortable conditions
indoors. Examples include the #$NewYorkHiltonAtBroadway,
the #$SydneyOperaHouse, and instances of the collection
#$ModernHumanResidence (e.g., a newly built home in a
suburban development or a renovated brownstone in NYC).
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molecular stuff
A collection of tangible stuff. Every instance of
#$MolecularStuff is a portion of stuff composed of
covalently-bonded molecules. Thus, #$Water and #$DNAStuff
are subsets of #$MolecularStuff; each of their instances
consists of covalently bonded molecules. But instances of
#$Salt-NaCl are not examples of #$MolecularStuff. Also,
#$Oxygen is not a subset of #$MolecularStuff, since #$Oxygen
denotes anything composed of that element, not just O2
(molecular oxygen) and O3 (ozone).
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molecules
A collection of microscopic-scale objects; a
subset of #$ChemicalObject. Every instance of #$Molecule is
a microscopic object whose component atoms are all
chemically bonded to each other; typically, this means that
the atoms are covalently bonded. Examples: some instances
of #$Molecule, including molecules of oxygen (O2), ozone
(O3), water (H2O), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide
(CO2), etc., contain covalently bonded atoms belonging to
the collection #$Oxygen. Some highly complex examples of
#$Molecule are those belonging to the collection
#$DNAMolecule. See also #$MoleculeFn. Note: #$Diamond and
other macroscopic covalent solids are excluded from
belonging to #$Molecule by the constraint that instances of
#$Molecule are microscopic.
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Monera
A biological kingdom including bacteria, blue
green algae, and prochlorophytes (recently discovered). All
members are prokaryotes - their cells lack a nuclear
membrane and other internal organelles.
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monetary exchange of user rights
The collection of events in which two #$Agents
(#$exchangers) perform two #$TransferringPossessions with
each other, one of which is a #$MoneyTransfer. The #$buyer
gains possession (i.e., some #$UserRightsAttribute) of the
#$objectPaidFor from the #$seller, who gains possession of
the #$objectTendered. Note that #$Renting, as well as
#$Buying, is a #$MonetaryExchangeOfUserRights
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monetary flow rate
A collection of rates; a subset of
#$ScalarInterval. Each element of #$MonetaryFlowRate is a
rate at which money is earned, spent, transferred, lost,
invested, etc. It is a measurable quantity, expressed as a
rate of units of money per unit of time, such as
#$DollarsPerHour (see #$UnitOfMonetaryFlowRate).
#$MonetaryFlowRate includes generic intervals, such as those
which describe (in a particular context) #$HighIncomeLevel,
#$LowIncomeLevel, etc.
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money
The collection of amounts of currency or debt, by
which payments, wealth, capital, assets, etc., are measured.
An instance of #$Money may be considered as either (1) an
amount of actual, valuable tangible goods (such as gold) or
(2) a purely abstract quantity. That is, from one
perspective, elements of #$Money represent the amount of a
debt (or credit), while from another perspective, they
represent what is actually transferred to create or
discharge a debt. In either case it is an abstract thing.
Either (a) money is a backed claim for a certain amount of
precious physical wealth payable by the government on demand
(e.g., the gold standard), or (b) money is a legally
enforced means of debt payment without any backing. In the
past, money was created by national governments; today some
currencies like the Euro or the CFA Franc are created by
multi-government entities. Elements of #$Money in
Cyc may be either a fixed amount, such as five U.S.
dollars, or a range, such as `the price of a 1997 Mazda
Protege'. See #$UnitOfMoney for the units used by Cyc
to measure instances of #$Money. Note: The tangible
coins, bills, checks, etc., that represent certain amounts
of #$Money (but which as physical objects may have little
value) are elements of #$TenderObject, not of #$Money.
Elements of #$TenderObject which also belong to #$Currency
are typically associated with some instance of #$UnitOfMoney
(e.g., #$Dollar-UnitedStates) and have a fixed value.
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money rates
A collection of rates; a subset of
#$ScalarInterval. Each element of #$MoneyRate is a
measurement applied to something that is measured by
money-per-amount; e.g., $1.14 per gallon, $10,000 per acre,
$250 per week, $0.89 per pound. Important subsets of
#$MoneyRate include: #$MoneyPerVolumeRate,
#$MoneyPerAreaRate, #$MoneyPerMassRate, #$MonetaryFlowRate.
The units for #$MoneyRate measures are terms such as
#$DollarsPerSquareFoot, #$DollarsPerHour, Yen per kilo, etc.
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money tender type
A collection of collections. Each element of
#$MoneyTenderType is a collection of objects of a type
commonly offered in payment for goods, services, fees,
wage-work, etc. Examples include #$Currency, #$CreditCard,
#$TravellersCheck, #$MoneyOrder, #$PostageStamp,
#$Check-TenderObject, etc.
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money transactions
A collection of events. Each element of
#$MoneyTransaction is an event in which a transfer of money
occurs. Thus, buying something, investing, making a
donation, executing a bequest and exchanging currency, are
all examples of #$MoneyTransaction events.
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money transfer
The most generic collection of events in which
#$Money changes hands. Thus, in an instance of
#$MoneyTransfer, there is some way in which money transfers
possession -- though `ownership' of the funds may or
may not be transferred from and/or to the agents involved.
E.g., an ATM withdrawal from the user's own account, a
utility payment made at one's local grocery store,
buying a newspaper, getting change for a dollar from a
cashier, are all examples of #$MoneyTransfer events.
Compare this collection with its subset #$MoneyTransaction;
in money #$Transactions, which are also elements of
#$CommercialActivity, not only is there a transfer of money,
but it is done as part of an agreement (explicit or
implicit) between the two participating agents that one will
do something for the other -- something more than
bookkeeping -- contingent upon the transfer of funds.
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monotonically false
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monotonically true
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monsoon forest
Attribute of deciduous forest areas in eastern
India, in parts of Southeast Asia, and in northeastern
Australia. Growth is associated with the
#$MonsoonClimateCycles prevailing in those regions. Source:
The Times Atlas of the World (1995).
c0ec4f7a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
month of year type
A collection of #$Collections. Instances of
#$MonthOfYearType are the canonical subsets of
#$CalendarMonth. There are twelve of these in the
#$JulianCalendar; for example, #$September is the set of
all Septembers.
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mornings
A #$Morning is an #$Event where the #$Sun
apparently `rises' and `moves' to its
`highest' position in the daily cycle, i.e. from a
#$Sunrise or #$MidnightSun to the ensuing noon (the latter
of which is the #$startingPoint of a #$TimeOfDay-NoonHour)
Each instance of #$Morning is #$contiguousAfter an
#$Overnight or #$startsDuring a #$MidnightSun. An
#$Afternoon is #$contiguousAfter each #$Morning, and if the
#$Morning #$startsDuring a #$MidnightSun, that #$Morning is
#$contiguousAfter an #$Afternoon as well.
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motorboats
The collection of all boats usually powered by
motors (including in-board and out-board motors). If a boat
is primarily a #$Sailboat, but has a back-up motor to use
when becalmed or piloting, that is not enough to make it a
Motorboat. To be more precise, this collection is the
intersection of #$Watercraft-Surface,
#$InternalCombustionPoweredDevice and #$TransportationDevice-Vehicle.
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motorcycles
The collection of all motorcycles, two-wheeled
motorized personal transport devices. A motorcycle lacks a
cab or compartment to protect the driver from wind and
weather. Since motorcycles are used both on and off road,
this is not a spec of #$RoadVehicle.
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mountains
A collection of topographical features. Each
element of #$Mountain is a topographical region on the
planet Earth of significantly higher elevation than its
surrounding area. Mountains may occur individually or as
part of a chain (see #$MountainRange). Examples:
#$MountWhitney, #$DiamondHead-Mountain, #$MountKosciusko,
#$AyersRock, #$MountOlympus.
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mountain ranges
A collection of topographical features. Each
element of #$MountainRange is a natural group of mountains.
Examples: the #$RockyMountains, #$Andes-Mountains, #$Alps-Mountains.
bd58e52f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
mouths
The collection of all animal mouths. A mouth is a
container #$AnimalBodyPart of an #$Animal. It has an
opening (a #$Portal) to the region outside the organism.
Through that opening, the animal ingests tangible substances
from the environment, such as food, water, air, etc.
Additional activities, such as #$Chewing, may occur in the
#$Mouth, and it may participate in other activities such as
talking, kissing, etc.
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non-periodic movements
#$Movement-NonPeriodic is a subset of
#$MovementEvent. Each element of this collection is an
#$Event in which the #$objectMoving does not return to a
previous location or orientation (either not at all or only
in a chaotic fashion). E.g., the motion of a basketball
being dribbled by Magic Johnson as he runs downcourt. For
contrast, see #$Movement-Periodic.
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movement - periodic
A collection of events, and a subset of
#$MovementEvent. An element of this collection is an
#$Event in which the #$objectMoving returns repeatedly to a
certain location or orientation at more or less regular time
intervals. E.g., the motion of a seesaw one afternoon; the
dribbling of a basketball in place by Magic Johnson; the
motion of a slinky going down a staircase as it periodically
changes its orientation through a fixed, repetive series of orientations.
bd658729-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
rotations
#$Movement-Rotation is a subset of
#$MovementEvent. Elements of #$Movement-Rotation are those
moving events in which the #$primaryObjectMoving is an
#$objectRotating, i.e., it rotates about an axis that
spatially intersects it (or that goes through a hole in
it). For example, the daily rotation of the #$PlanetEarth
on its axis, or the rotation of a clock hand about its
fastened end. A negative example is the orbiting of
#$PlanetEarth around the #$Sun - the axis does not
spatially intersect the object.
bd58cb0a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
movements from one place to another
This collection is a subset of #$MovementEvent.
An element of this set is an #$Event in which the center of
mass of the #$objectMoving changes location, with respect to
the relevant frame of reference. Moreover, the whole moving
object travels along some #$motionPathway-Complete from its
origin (#$fromLocation) to its stopping place (#$toLocation)
and must, at some point during the movement, be in a
different location than it was at the start of motion (even
if it ultimately returns to the origin). The moving object
need not move completely out of its original spatial extent,
thus a building moving one foot to the left undergoes a
#$Movement-TranslationEvent. So: One special subset of
translational movements includes those in which the movement
ends in the same place it started from (e.g., one lap of a
race car around the Indianapolis race track; a trip to the
grocery store and back); this subset is
#$Translation-NoLocationChange (including its subset
#$Translation-RoundTrip). The other case is where the
#$fromLocation and #$toLocation of a
#$Movement-TranslationEvent are different; in that case, the
movement event is also an element of
#$Translation-LocationChange (e.g., the movement of the
baseball during a home run hit by Roger Maris.) Note
that a #$Stationary object cannot be an #$objectMoving in a
#$Movement-TranslationEvent, because it has a zero
translational velocity. A swinging pendulum does not
translate as a whole, because there is a part of the
pendulum (the fulcrum) that stays in the same place.
However, some parts of the pendulum (e.g. the weight at the
bottom) do undergo translation.--BillJ, Feb 25, 1999
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movement processes
#$Movement-TranslationProcess is the subset of
#$Movement-TranslationEvent whose elements can be
pragmatically considered to be continuous processes. In any
instance of #$Movement-TranslationProcess, all time-slices
of that process are also themselves elements of
#$Movement-TranslationProcess. Note that walking is a type
of #$Movement-TranslationProcess, even though it involves
some nonzero accelerations and jerks. A non-example would be
a plot of the various residences you've lived in
(``moved to'') over the course of your lifetime;
another non-example would be Captain Kirk beaming up to the
Enterprise; another would be the ``tunneling'' of
an electron in a tunnel diode. Note: If you believe in
quantum mechanics, then ultimately all physical motion is
series of discrete, discontinous ``hops''. This
is where ``PRAGMATICALLY'' continuous vs.
discontinuous comes in; i.e., in a quantum physics context
some particular motion might be considered discontinuous,
whereas in some naive everyday context that same motion is
considered continuous.
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moves
#$MovementEvent is the collection of events which
are principally about an object or set of objects going
from one place or set of places to another place or set of
places, or from one rotational orientation to another
rotational orientation. Note that shape changes (see
#$ShapingSomething) are not a kind of #$MovementEvent. Each
instance of #$MovementEvent is a rotation or translation of
some instance of #$PartiallyTangible, where movement occurs
relative to a frame of reference which is not part of the
#$objectMoving. Thus, Neil Armstrong's stepping onto
the Moon's surface from the lunar landing module is an
element of #$MovementEvent. Such movements may be periodic
(e.g., the turning of the Earth on its axis 31 times during
the month of August 1996) or complex (e.g., Li
Xiaoshuang's compulsory floor exercise in the 1996
Olympics Men's Gymnastics Team Competition). Note:
#$MovementEvent is the most generic collection for physical
movements. For representing specific events, one or more of
the following subsets of #$MovementEvent may be more
precise: #$Movement-TranslationEvent, #$Movement-Rotation,
#$Movement-Periodic, #$Movement-NonPeriodic,
#$Translation-Flow, #$Translation-Complete,
#$Translation-SingleTrajectory,
#$Translation-MultiTrajectory. Some questions to consider
in selecting the best collection to represent a physical
movement include: (1) is the movement translational or
rotational motion? (2) is it periodic or nonperiodic? (3)
does it involve a discrete motion (i.e., an object's
moving completely from one place to another) or a continuous
flow? (4) does it involve a change of location or no
location change? (5) does it involve a single pathway or
more than one? Note on what is NOT included in
#$MovementEvent: Consider a person's raising her hand
and waving, or a tree's bending as its branches sway in
a strong wind, while the person and the tree remain in the
same place. The movements of the person and the tree do NOT
qualify as instances of #$MovementEvent, because the
`doer' in any element of #$MovementEvent must rotate or
translate as a whole. The hand movement and the movement of
the branches do, however, qualify as objects moving in the
proper sense. So, for example, an instance of #$WavingAHand
(done by a person) would have#$subEvents which ARE elements
of #$MovementEvent, in which the person's hand is the #$objectMoving.
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movements
#$MovementProcess is a subset of #$MovementEvent.
Its elements are those #$MovementEvents which can be
considered as continuous motions. That is, (1) motion
happens without interruption throughout a #$MovementProcess,
and thus (2) every time-slice of a #$MovementProcess is also
a #$MovementProcess.
bd5890cd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
dialogues
A collection of complex information transfer
events. Each element of #$MultiDirectionalCommunication is
an event in which more than one agent is involved as a
#$senderOfInfo. For example, a conversation or a debate, as
opposed to a speech or lecture. The predicate
#$infoContributed is used to correlate each sending agent
with the information s/he transmits in such an event. For
communication acts having only one sender, see #$CommunicationAct-Single.
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multigraph
An instance of #$PathSystemType-Structural and a
subcollection of #$PathSystem. Each instance of
#$Multigraph is an instance of #$PathSystem in which the
only points are nodes in the system and all paths are made
of links (i.e., no intermediate points along links).
Sometime such a system is called a graph or multi-graph in
graph theory. A #$Multigraph consists of nodes
interconnected by links, with loops on single nodes allowed,
and with multiple links between the same two nodes also
allowed. (For a graph with no parallel links and no loops,
see #$SimpleGraph-GraphTheoretic.
bde212ef-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
muscle powered devices
A collection of physical devices. An instance of
#$MusclePoweredDevice is a device which is powered by animal
muscle power (including human labor); e.g., hammers,
horse-drawn carriages, etc.
bd5893ed-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
muscle
The collection of all instances of muscle tissue,
considered as an #$OrganicStuff; that is, the collection of
all tissue composing the biological organs that convert
chemical energy into mechanical energy. E.g., the elements
of #$Biceps, #$Triceps, #$Heart, #$Stomach, all consist of
some type of #$MuscleTissue.
bd58cc38-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
musculatures
The collection of all animals' muscle
systems. A #$MuscularSystem of an animal is composed of all
its muscles, considered as a functional whole. As a system,
they work together to enable foot motions in locomotion,
pumping in circulation, breathing in respiration, biting and
chewing and swallowing in eating, etc.
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musica
A collection of sounds; a subset of
#$SoundInformationBearingThing. Each element of #$Music is
a sound produced by actions such as singing, whistling,
playing an instrument, playing recorded music, etc. Music
has certain features that distinguish it from random noise
(though recognizing them may depend upon a specific cultural
background); such features usually include variations of
pitch over time (i.e., melody), multiple (somehow) related
pitches sounding at one time (i.e., some kind of harmony),
and/or some regular temporal pattern to the component sounds
(i.e., rhythm). Examples of #$Music include: the debut
performance of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony; Leonard
Bernstein's rendition of the Ninth Symphony with the
BPO in Berlin in 1989; a particular playing of a particular
CD of Bernstein's 1989 Ninth in Berlin; the Messiah
sing-in in Austin, TX, in 1995.
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mutually disjoint interval collection
A collection of collections. Any element, X,
which is an element of #$MutuallyDisjointIntervalCollection
is a collection of interval types X1, X2, X3,..., whose
instances are #$temporallyDisjoint; that is, each instance
of X1 has no temporal intersection with any instance of X2
or X3 or...; each instance of X2 has no temporal
intersection with any instance of X1 or X3 or...; etc. For
example, consider #$DayOfWeekType, whose instances are
#$Monday, #$Tuesday,... It is true that (#$isa
#$DayOfWeekType #$MutuallyDisjointIntervalCollection),
because no Monday can temporally intersect any Tuesday or
Wednesday or....; no Tuesday can temporally intersect any
Monday or Wednesday or...; etc. Other elements of
#$MutuallyDisjointIntervalCollection include
#$DayOfWeekType, #$CalendarSeasonType, #$HourOfDayType, and
so on. See also #$TemporallyDisjointIntervalType.
be0111d4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
n l phrase type
bf03912a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
n tuple interval
A collection of mathematical objects; a subset of
#$Tuple. Each element of #$NTupleInterval is a tuple (an
ordered list of items) whose items are intervals. For
example, vectors and complex numbers, as well as scalar
intervals (which are one-tuples). Note that intervals in
Cyc may be numerical, or they may be intervals along any
scale with distinguishable gradations (e.g., riskiness,
alertness, roughness of texture).
bd58ec55-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
named roadways
The collection of named parts (stretches or
segments) of roadways. (Not roadway the stuff.) Instances
are named pieces of roadways (or highways or streets) which
have names and lengths, and (usually) intersect with other
roads.
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narratives
The collection of all
#$PropositionalConceptualWorks that recount a sequence of
events (in chronological order or in such a manner that
their temporal order can be ascertained) involving some
agent or agents. Instances of #$Narrative may be fictional
or factual and, accordingly, may involve #$Persons or
#$FictionalCharacters. Important specializations of
#$Narrative include #$Novel-CW and #$Biography.
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national organizations
A collection of organizations. An element of
#$NationalOrganization is an organization which has
nationwide `scope' -- that is, nationwide distribution
(throughout some #$Country) of members and/or activities, as
opposed to to local, state-wide or international
organizations. Examples: the National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People and the Daughters of the
American Revolution in the United States; the Red Guards and
the Young Pioneers in China (PROC).
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national postal services
A collection of national postal services run by
the governments of their particular countries. The United
States Postal Service would be an example, but United Parcel
Service, since it is a private business, wouldn't be.
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national tax agencies
A collection of government organizations. An
element of #$NationalTaxAgency is a revenue agency that is
part of the government of a #$Country and which is concerned
primarily with collecting tax money (from national taxes)
from the residents of that #$Country. This collection does
NOT include customs agencies and agencies that collect minor
fees only.
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nationalities
A collection of collections. Each #$Nationality
is the set of people resident in (or visiting for a long
term) some country -- e.g., #$AmericanPerson,
#$TrinidadAndTobagoPerson, etc.
bd58961d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
languages
The collection of languages which are used for
human communication and evolved naturally. This includes
dead languages such as Ancient Greek and Latin but excludes
concocted languages such as Esperanto.
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natural tangible stuff
A collection of naturally occurring things which
are at least partly tangible. Each element of
#$NaturalTangibleStuff is a naturally occurring tangible
thing, including, for example, elements of its subsets
#$EarthStuff, #$Wood, and #$Air. Man-made materials are NOT
included in #$NaturalTangibleStuff.
bd58d55a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
naval bases
The collection of all naval bases with facilities
for #$ModernNavalShips, or operated by a #$Navy.
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navigating events
The collection of all events in which the
performer determines the location of an object in some frame
of reference, and determines the direction the object should
travel to reach some destination. Navigating usually
involves using some devices (compass, clock, etc.) as aids
c0fd6e5f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
navigational devices
A collection of physical devices. An instance of
#$NavigationDevice is a device used for #$Navigating, i.e.,
for taking the bearings and plotting the course of someone
or something travelling through some medium, usually in some
transportation device. Instances include the simplest
elements of #$Compass, but also sophisticated GPS
(geopositioning systems utilizing satellites.)
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navies
A collection of military organizations. An
element of #$Navy is a military organization, modern or
historical, composed mainly of seaborne forces and/or forces
responsible for military operations on water and adjacent
coastal areas. Includes battleships and aircraft carriers
(with their battle groups), submarines, shore patrol
vessels, and special forces, as well as the support
personnel of naval bases.
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naval people
A collection of people, a subset of
#$MilitaryPerson. Each element of this collection is
somebody who works for a #$Navy.
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negative integers
#$NegativeInteger is a subset of #$Integer. Each
element of #$NegativeInteger is a whole number less than
zero; thus, -4, but not 0 or 4 or -4.3.
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negative numbers
#$NegativeNumber is a subset of #$RealNumber.
Each element of #$NegativeNumber is a real number that is
less than zero; thus, it includes -0.17, but not 0 or 5 or 0.17.
c0fe03e3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
negotiations
A collection of #$Communicating events. In a
#$Negotiating, an #$Agent communicates facts and changes in
the #$Agent's attitude or conditions to another
#$Agent, with the (ostensible) purpose of their reaching an #$Agreement.
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nerves
The collection of all nerves. Each #$Nerve is a
bundle of many nerve fibers (#$Axons) covered with a
wrapping of #$ConnectiveTissue. #$SensoryNerves carry nerve
impulses to the CNS; #$MotorNerves carry impulses to the
#$Muscles. Most #$Nerves are mixed, containing #$Axons of
both motor and sensory neurons.
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nervous systems
The collection of all #$Animals' nervous
systems. A #$NervousSystem is composed of all the #$Nerves,
#$Brain, and #$SpinalCord of an animal, and enables the
animal to sense (#$perceives) things and react to them
reflexively (from the spine), by instinct (in the
#$BrainStem, #$Cerebellum, or #$Cerebrum), and or by
deliberation (in the #$Cerebrum).
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jitters
Feeling of nervousness and excitability. One can
be nervous ABOUT something in particular, or one can have
undirected feelings of anxiety. For the former, state an
assertion of the form (#$feelsTowardsObject ?AGT ?OBJ
#$Nervousness ?DEGREE) or (#$feelsTowardsEvent ?AGT ?EVNT
#$Nervousness ?DEGREE); but for the latter (undirected
feelings of anxiety) use (#$feelsEmotion ?AGT
#$Nervousness). Note: This is a collection; for an
explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see
#$Happiness. A more specialized #$FeelingAttributeType than
#$Nervousness is #$Panic.
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neutrons
A collection of objects; a subset of #$Nucleon.
Each instance of #$Neutron is a nucleon which has an
#$ElectricalCharge of 0.
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news
A collection of abstract (intangible)
informational items. Each element of #$News consists of
some factual information about recent events in the world
(or #$geographicalSubRegions thereof). News is commonly
embodied in newspapers and communicated through radio and
television news broadcasts. Note that #$News does not
include any #$NewsArticle. Rather, an element of #$News
might be the content of a #$NewsArticle, and could be the
content of distinct #$NewsArticles
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nights
#$Night is the temporal complement of
#$DaytimeHours: each #$Night is #$contiguousAfter one
#$DaytimeHours, and vice versa. Each #$Night intersects two
different #$CalendarDays. Each #$Night is
#$temporallyStartedBy a #$Dusk, #$temporallyFinishedBy a
#$Dawn, #$contiguousAfter a #$Sunset, and has a #$Sunrise
which is #$contiguousAfter it.
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inert gases
All pieces of all substances that are comprised of
one type of noble gas
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non exclusive user rights
An attribute of an object with respect to an
#$Agent, meaning that the #$Agent has non-exclusive use of
the object. All #$Agents can claim this use-right to an
object if any #$Agent can. This attribute is not the same
as #$GroupUserRightsAttribute, as there is no specific group
to which #$Agents must belong in order to claim this right.
This is typically used for things so fundamental we hardly
consider them `rights.' E.g., the right to breathe
air, use public parking lots, walk the streets as a free
person, drive on public roads, etc. If you think about it,
though, you'll realize that there is an implicit
`group' that can exercise each of those rights. So
think of it this way: one can define the group explicitly
as a group, and then assert that each member has
#$GroupUserRightsAttribute (e.g., the group of licensed
drivers has the right to drive on public roads), or one
could define a context, a #$Microtheory, in which performers
of actions defaulted to members of that group, and in that
context the right (e.g., the right to drive on a public
road) would be a #$NonExclusiveUserRights.
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non leap year
The collection of #$CalendarYears which are not
leap years; i.e., calendar years in which February has 28 days
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non-negative integers
#$NonNegativeInteger is the subset of #$Integer
that excludes the negative integers. Each element of
#$NonNegativeInteger is a whole number greater than or equal
to zero, e.g., 0, 1, 2, 3, ....
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non-negative numbers
#$NonNegativeNumber is the subset of #$RealNumber
that excludes the negative reals. Each element of
#$NonNegativeNumber is a number greater than or equal to
zero, e.g., 0, 0.173, Pi, 4, 101, .... Quantities measured
in units e.g. (#$SecondsDuration 4), (#$Mile 42) are not
elements of #$NonNegativeNumber but are elements of its
superset #$NonNegativeScalarInterval.
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non negative scalar interval
For a measurable non-negative quantity, the
ordered sequence of possible values may be thought of as a
line. #$NonNegativeScalarIntervals are the line segments (or
points) on such a line, representing a range of consecutive
values, all equal to or greater than 0. An important subset
is #$NonNegativeNumber the elements of which correspond to
the non-negative part of the Real Number Line. Elements of
#$NonNegativeNumber are either contiguous sets of points
there (i.e., a range of numbers) or just single points
there (i.e., a number). Elements of
#$NonNegativeScalarInterval for which there is some unit of
measure (e.g. meters, seconds, volts) are not elements of #$NonNegativeNumber.
bf7a1c90-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
non-human animals
The collection of all #$Animals that are not #$Persons.
bd58e066-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
nonphysical part predicates
A collection of predicates. Instances of
#$NonPhysicalPartPredicate are used to describe the
relationship between a #$PartiallyIntangible and its
non-physical parts.
bd588411-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
non-powered devices
A collection of tangible objects; a subset of
#$PhysicalDevice. An instance of #$NonPoweredDevice is a
device which is `inert' as opposed to being powered in
any way. Non-powered devices do not need to have any kind
of energy supplied to them in order to function -- not even
kinetic energy supplied by a user (except perhaps to move
them into place). E.g., a coat hanger. Once you hang a
coat up on it, it does its function without any motion,
without any energy being converted or used, etc. So this
collection is a much smaller collection that than consisting
merely of devices which don't require fuel or
electricity (e.g., a hammer). It should be noted that an
inert device need not be #$Stationary during use (though
many are); for example, tires are inert devices in the sense
that once they are placed on a vehicle they don't
require any energy input to do their job, which is, in
essence `hanging onto a wheel no matter what!'. A
steering wheel, on the other hand, is not a
#$NonPoweredDevice. Further examples of #$NonPoweredDevices
include a table, a floor mat, a bookshelf, an auto ramp, a
bookmark, a support column, and a shirt.
bd59041c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
non-profit corporations
A collection of corporations; a subset of both
#$LegalCorporation and #$NonProfitOrganization. An element
of #$NonProfitCorporation is a #$LegalCorporation which is
engaged in non-profit or not-for-profit activities.
Typically, (unlike commercial corporations,) non-profit
corporations have no shareholders or owners, although they
are commonly governed by a board (cf. #$BoardOfDirectors).
Many non-profit organizations are incorporated, including
charities, political action groups, clubs, and political
parties. Most have official non-profit standing with a
government. Because they are non-profit organizations,
non-profit corporations do not pay corporate income taxes.
For the broader class of non-profit entities, see #$NonProfitOrganization.
bd589d6b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
non profit employee
A collection of persons; a subset of
#$Professional. Each element of #$NonProfitEmployee is a
worker who is employed by a non-profit organization such as
a college, museum, or charity foundation.
bd58f621-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
non profits
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unpublished texts
A collection of information bearing things (IBTs).
#$NonPublishedText is that subset of #$TextualMaterial whose
elements are text that has not yet been published (such as a
rejected book manuscript) and may not even be intended for
publication (such as a memo or personal letter).
bd58c599-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
nonverbal communicating
A collection of information transfer events; a
subset of #$Communicating. Each element of
#$NonVerbalCommunicating is a transmission of information by
means of some bodily movement other than speaking. Subsets
include #$ShakingHands and #$Cuddling, since such actions
by definition are communications involving two actors.
(Note that #$MakingAGesture (q.v.) is NOT a subset of
#$NonVerbalCommunicating; instances of #$MakingAGesture are
merely information-encodings. They may or may not be
#$subEvents of #$NonVerbalCommunicating events.)
bd588f6b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
nonlexical linguistic objects
The collection of linguistic objects which are not
morphemes, but which nonetheless make up part of a language
system; e.g., the parts of speech.
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north - directly
Due North, an element of #$TerrestrialDirection.
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Norths
The general direction of North. The element of
#$VectorInterval that comprises the cone-shaped set of
vectors pointing (from some reference point) within
approximately forty-five degrees of #$North-Directly.
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north east - directly
The precise Northeast direction from any
geographic point other than a pole.
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Northeasts
The general direction of NorthEast. The
#$VectorInterval comprising the cone-shaped set of vectors
pointing (from some reference point) within approximately
forty-five degrees of pointing in the same direction as #$NorthEast-Directly.
c107ca50-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
north west - directly
The precise Northwest direction from any
geographic point other than a pole.
bd588aad-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
northwest
The general direction of NorthWest. The
#$VectorInterval comprising the cone-shaped set of vectors
pointing (from some reference point) within approximately
forty-five degrees of pointing in the same direction as #$NorthWest-Directly.
c090ff2d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
noses
Facial organ used in smelling and breathing
bd58826c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
note about arg isa cyc indexed term
Warning! Any time that you make the argIsa of a
predicate #$CycLIndexedTerm or any spec of #$CycLIndexedTerm
(#$CycLAssertion or #$CycLReifiableDenotationalTerm), it
will be concluded that that argument place is a
#$quotedArgument, i.e., it is the term itself that is being
referred to in that argument place, not what the term
denotes. If you don't think this should be the cases
write an exception (see #$exceptFor) to the relevant rule.
See also #$opaqueArgument.
c0ac6b00-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
note about giving generic value functions numeric values
In some contexts, users may wish to ground
elements of #$GenericValueFunction by linking them to
numeric `real world' measurements. E.g. In a
driving-on-the-highway-context, one might wish to define
(#$MediumAmountFn #$Speed) as `between 50 and 60 miles per
hour'. The way to assert this is as follows: (#$and
(#$minQuantValue (#$MediumAmountFn #$Speed) (#$MilesPerHour
50))(#$maxQuantValue (#$MediumAmountFn
#$Speed)(#$MilesPerHour 60))).
c030907d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
note about predicate categories
Predicates in Cyc are organized into collections.
While some, like #$BinaryPredicate, are logically
well-founded and are referenced in axioms and in the code
which implements Cyc, others, though based on some
intuitively plausible criteria, are involved in few (if any)
axioms and are therefore not integral to Cyc's
ontology. Collections which fall into the latter class are
generally under review at this time and are flagged with
this #$sharedNotes.
bf8a0b3b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
note about purpose specification slots
An instance of #$PurposeSpecificationSlot is a
#$BinaryPredicate that is used to state the purpose of an
instance of #$Plan or an instance of #$Event in a planning
context. More specifically, instances are used to indicate
what is supposed to be maintained, insured, prevented,
stopped, achieved, interrupted, upheld, or thwarted in the
#$Plan or #$Event in question. An instance of
#$PurposeSpecificationSlot does NOT state success criteria
for the #$Plan or #$Event in question (for identifying
success criteria, see #$SuccessCriterionSlot). Also,
instances of #$PurposeSpecificationSlot do not state
necessary conditions for instances of #$Plan and #$Event,
but only goals: an instance of #$Plan may be executed, or an
instance of #$Situation may 'happen', even though
the goal is not achieved.
beab908e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
note about scalar interval max and min
If there are two arguments to a #$UnitOfMeasure
function, as in (#$Meter 5 6), the first number is
interpreted as the (inclusive) minimum, and the second
number as the (inclusive) maximum. Thus, (#$Meter 5 6)
means `between 5 and 6 meters long, inclusive'. If
only one argument follows an element of #$UnitOfMeasure, as
in (#$Meter 3), it is interpreted as a shorthand for
(#$Meter 3 3). In other words, (#$Meter 3 3) means `exactly
3 meters'. When a function belonging to
#$UnitOfMeasure is applied to a single argument, the value
it returns must be an element of #$ScalarPointValue.
bd72a273-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
note about stating exceptions in cyc l
The formula (#$exceptWhen P(?x0 ... ?xn)
Q(?x0 ... ?xn))) states that, in situations where
assertion Q would apply to a set of bindings for variables
?x0 ... ?xn, the conclusion is allowed `except when'
P(?x0 ... ?xn) is true for these variable bindings. The
formula (#$exceptFor [term] Q(?x0)) states that, in
situations where assertion Q would apply to a variable ?x0,
the conclusion is allowed `except for' the situations
where [term] is the binding for ?x0. To be well-formed, Q
must be a rule with exactly one free variable. By
definition, #$exceptFor is merely syntactic sugar:
(#$exceptFor [term] Q(?x0)) <=> (#$exceptWhen
(equals ?x0 [term]) Q(?x0)) Since an #$exceptWhen statement
is a meta-statement about some rule Q(?x0 ... ?xn), the
statement is not well-formed if Q(?x0 ... ?xn) is not
already an assertion in the KB. Also, strictly speaking, P
and Q in the #$exceptWhen merely must share some variables
rather than all variables as it's been written above.
These constructs replace `abnormal' at the EL
(epistemological level). Old assertions of the form:
(#$implies P(?x0 ... ?xn) (abnormal R(?x0 ... ?xn)
Q(?x0 ... ?xn))) become: (#$exceptWhen P(?x0
... ?xn) Q(?x0 ... ?xn)) The predicate
`abnormal' has not actually gone away, but was modified
for use as the HL (Heuristic Level) implementation of
#$exceptWhen. Like #$termOfUnit, `abnormal' should be
viewed as an inference-maintained predicate, and human
beings should not be manually asserting things using
`abnormal.' ;;; ;; EXAMPLES ;;; Rule1: `birds
fly' (#$implies (#$isa ?BIRD #$Bird)
(#$behaviorCapable ?BIRD #$Flying-FlappingWings
#$performedBy)) Exception1: `for penguins, the ``birds
fly'' rule does not apply' (#$exceptWhen
(#$isa ?BIRD #$Penguin) [Rule1]) Exception2: `the ``birds
fly'' rule does not apply to Tweety'
(#$exceptFor Tweety [Rule1]) Exception3: `for an animal
with an injured wing, the ``birds fly'' rule does
not apply' (#$exceptWhen (#and (#$anatomicalParts
?BIRD ?WING) (#$isa ?WING #$Wing-AnimalBodyPart)
(#$hasPhysiologicalAttributes ?WING #$Injured)) [Rule1])
Rule2: ``dogs who like the same cat like each
other'' (#$implies (?and (#$isa ?DOG1 #$Dog)
(#$isa ?DOG2 #$Dog) (#$isa ?CAT #$Cat) (#$likesAsFriend
?DOG1 ?CAT) (#$likesAsFriend ?DOG2 ?CAT)) (#$likesAsFriend
?DOG1 ?DOG2)) Exception3: `Rex does not like other dogs
according to ``Rule2''' (#$exceptWhen
(#$equals ?DOG1 Rex) [Rule2]) Exception4: `Fifi is not
liked by other dogs according to `Rule2'''
(#$exceptWhen (#$equals ?DOG2 Fifi) [Rule2]) Exception5:
`Morris is not such a cat according to
``Rule2''' (#$exceptWhen (#$equals ?CAT
Morris) [Rule2])
be660580-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
note about success criterion slots
An instance of #$SuccessCriterionSlot is a
#$BinaryPredicate that is used to give a criterion for
success for an instance of #$Plan or an instance of #$Event
in a planning context. More specifically, instances are
used to indicate what must be maintained, insured,
prevented, stopped, achieved, interrupted, upheld, or
thwarted in the #$Plan or #$Event in question, in order for
it to count as a 'success'. An instance of
#$SuccessCriterionSlot does NOT give the purpose or goal of
the instance of #$Plan or #$Event in question, nor does it
say anything explicitly about that goal or purpose, if it
exists (for identifying planning purposes, see
#$PurposeSpecificationSlot). Also, instances of
#$SuccessCriterionSlot do not state necessary conditions for
instances of #$Plan and #$Event, but only criteria for
success: an instance of #$Plan may be executed, or an
instance of #$Situation may 'happen', even though
not all of the success criteria are met. It does seem to be
the case that known preconditions for an #$Event instance
would count as success criteria, and success criteria in
general may be considered necessary conditions for
'authorities' believing that a plan's
execution was 'successful'.
beafa170-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
note about trajectories traversals and paths
#$Trajectory, #$Traversal, and #$Path-Generic need
to be understood as separate concepts. A motion through
space always has a #$Trajectory, indicated by
#$trajectory-Complete. The trajectory may or may not follow
some pre-existing or pre-defined #$Path-Generics. If the
#$Trajectory does in fact follow a sequence of one or more
#$Path-Generics, it #$traverses-Complete the #$Traversal
made of those paths. A #$Traversal corresponds to a
sequence of #$Path-Generics linked end-to-end. Thus if a
car drives along a road and then a highway, it traverses the
#$Traversal consisting of the road and the highway linked
end-to-end. A #$Path-Generic cannot cross itself, go back
along itself, or go around a cycle several times, but a
#$Trajectory or #$Traversal can do these things. A
#$Path-Generic may have no (begin-to-end) direction
associated with it, but a #$Traversal always has one
particular direction from beginning to end. A motion's
#$Trajectory (#$trajectory-Complete) may follow a particular
#$Traversal (#$traverses-Complete) of paths within a network
made of #$Path-Generics. If the motion goes along a
#$Traversal consisting of just one #$Path-Generic, then
#$motionPathway-Complete is used to relate the motion to the
pre-existing path. (One way of representing a particular
#$Traversal of a path system is to represent it with a
#$PathChain.) A #$Path-Generic can be part of a specified
#$PathSystem, or it be part of some (formally-unspecified)
#$CustomarySystemOfLinks in the real world.
c1302845-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
note for unit of measure with prefix and no prefix
Elements of #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix denote units
of measure that don't have a multiplicative prefix
(e.g. `kilo', `micro', `billion'). #$Inch
and #$MetersPerSecond are such elements. On the other hand,
elements of #$UnitOfMeasureWithPrefix do have multiplicative
prefixes; examples include #$CentimetersPerSecond, (#$Micro
#$Gram), #$KiloWatt, and #$GramsPerMilliliter. We need
these constants in order to prevent references to terms such
as ((#$Micro (#$Micro #$Gram)) 5) or ((#$Kilo
(#$CentimetersPerSecond)) 3.2). If we didn't have
these restrictions, equal quantities would allow for an
undesirable level of possible names for a quantity, e.g.
((#$Micro (#$Kilo #$Gram)) 1) would refer to the same
quantity as ((#$Kilo (#$Micro #$Gram)) 1) would refer to the
same quantity as (#$Gram .001), etc.
c03dd762-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
note on argument typing and properties of relations
The five collections which share this note are
defined so that a binary predicate being evaluated for,
e.g., asymmetry, anti-reflexivity, etc., must NOT have
argument types which are disjoint with each other. The
restriction to non-disjoint argument types (i.e., arg-Isa
constraints) is to facilitate heuristic expediency in the
inference engine. (March 1997) Contact Keith #$Goolsbey if
you have questions about this restriction.
bd65bbc6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
note on cyc merged ontology constants
This constant represents an important concept in
the SENSUS Ontology developed by ISI, and has been
tentatively adopted to fit into the CYC Merged Ontology for
the DARPA HPKB Project. These terms are not necessarily
completely integrated into the Upper Cyc Ontology as of yet (12/97).
c02ee79d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
note on organism classification
There are two organism classification techniques
in CYC. One uses #$BiologicalTaxons (#$BiologicalClass,
#$BiologicalDivision, #$BiologicalFamily,
#$BiologicalGenus, #$BiologicalKingdom, #$BiologicalOrder,
#$BiologicalPhylum, #$BiologicalSpecies,
#$BiologicalSubclass, #$BiologicalSubdivision,
#$BiologicalSubkingdom, #$BiologicalSubspecies) while types
that cannnot be set within this classification system can be
instances of the broader concept,
#$OrganismClassificationType. If an organism's
#$scientificName has been defined (in
#$AnimalClassificationLexicalMt or
#$PlantClassificationLexicalMt) then the #$Collection should
be an instance of the appropriate #$BiologicalTaxon. It
may be appropriate to define organism types as instances of
#$OrganismClassificationType in the #$BaseKB and as
instances of the appropriate #$BiologicalTaxon in
#$BiologyMt. Not all #$OrganismClassificationTypes are
also #$BiologicalTaxons. #$TropicalFish,
#$AirBreathingVertebrate, #$FemaleAnimal, and #$Pachyderm
would not be #$BiologicalTaxons, while #$BettaSplendens,
#$Mammal, #$Hippopotamus, and #$Anthrax-Bacterium would be.
If the knowledge enterer does not know if something is a
#$BiologicalSpecies or a #$BiologicalGenus (and can not
easily find out), the concept should be made an instance of
#$BiologicalTaxon (if it is known to be one).
bde1b771-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
note on type level vs instance level
Quite often we have a property that applies to all
instances of a collection. The way we represent this in Cyc
is by a rule saying: 'if ?X is an instance of this
collection, then it has this property'. It is useful
and common to describe such properties at the collection
level, but we do not want to create a type level dual for
each instance level predicate. That is why we have
#$RuleMacroPredicates. These predicates (along with a axioms
defining them, and, eventually, coded support for quick
inferencing), allow one to state those rules more tersely
and make reasoning at the collection level possible.
c128342c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
nouns
The collection of all nouns.
be88cb3a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
November
The collection of all Novembers, the eleventh
month of the year in the #$JulianCalendar.
bd58c0a5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
the present
#$Now is a special #$TimePoint which denotes the
current moment from the perspective of the instantiation of
#$CycTheCollection that is currently being run (i.e. #$Cyc).
If one asks (#$indexicalReferent #$Now ?X) one will get an
answer in which ?X is bound to whatever the time is
according to the central processing unit of #$Cyc. Thus the
referent of #$Now does not vary with the #$Microtheory in
which one asks (#$indexicalReferent #$Now ?X). Instead the
referent of #$Now varies from moment to moment down to the
resolution of #$Cyc's central processing unit. See
also #$Now-Generally which is not necessarily a #$TimePoint.
See #$RealTimeMt for a microtheory in which #$Now-Generally
#$temporallySubsumes #$Now.
bd58a068-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
nuclear powered device
A collection of physical devices; a subset of
#$PoweredDevice. An instance of #$NuclearPoweredDevice is a
device which uses nuclear fission or nuclear fusion
reactions as a source of power. Examples include elements
of #$NuclearSubmarine and #$NuclearWeapon.
c1009f53-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
nucleons
A collection of objects; a subset of
#$SubAtomicParticle. Each instance of #$Nucleon is a
subatomic particle normally found in some atomic nucleus.
#$Nucleon has two subsets, #$Proton and #$Neutron. Every
instance of #$AtomicNucleus is composed of some number of #$Nucleons.
bd588191-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
numbers
A collection of mathematical objects. This is the
most general class of numbers, including #$RealNumbers,
#$ComplexNumbers, various values of infinity such as Aleph
Null, and whatever else might count as a number in mathematics.
bf1c02f9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
numeric comparison
A collection comprising the predicates used to
compare elements of #$ScalarInterval. Examples:
#$greaterThanOrEqualTo, #$greaterThan, #$numericallyEqual.
Note that `less than' and `less than or equal to'
are simply inverses of #$greaterThan and
#$greaterThanOrEqualTo. E.g., in Cyc `A is less than
B' is written as (#$greaterThan B A).
bd588cf9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
nurses
The class of health professionals who provide
various aspects of hands-on health care to patients. Nurses
do not usually diagnose or decide on treatments, but they
administer medicines and treatments, perform medical tests,
give regular care to hospitalized patients, etc.
bd5895de-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
nutrients
A collection of tangible stuff. Each element of
#$Nutrient is a substances considered necessary or
beneficial in the diet of a person or animal. Nutrients in
food or pills are often listed on the package label. Some
types of #$Nutrient include its subsets #$EdibleSodium,
#$Protein, #$EdibleCalcium, #$EdibleIron, #$Vitamin.
bd58d3c5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
types of objects
A collection of collections. If COL is an element
of #$ObjectType, and ITEM is any element of COL, then if you
conceptually divide ITEM into two pieces, you do NOT
generally end up with two elements of COL. Similarly, for
most specs SPEC of COL, if you conceptually divide any
instance of it in two, you do not end up two instances of
COL. Another way of thinking of this is: If you take
several elements of COL, and put them together, the result
is generally not another element of COL. A collection can
be spatially object-like temporally stuff-like (e.g.
#$Automobile -- the set of all cars) or spatially stuff-like
and temporally object-like (e.g. a total eclipse). See the
comment for #$StuffType to find out more about the
distinctions between, and the need for, these four
collections: #$StuffType, #$ObjectType, #$ExistingStuffType,
and #$ExistingObjectType.
bd58ab9d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
obtaining permission
The collection of events in which one #$Agent gets
permission from another #$Agent to do something.
bd58ee41-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
occupations
A collection of collections. Each element of
#$OccupationType is a collection of workers, based on their
kinds of work; each of those workers is an element of
(#$isa) #$Professional. Elements of #$OccupationType
represent all kinds of jobs, not just the kinds of
occupations colloquially considered `professional'.
Elements of #$OccupationType include the collections
#$ComputerProgrammerProfessional, #$FoodServiceEmployee,
#$MedicalCareProfessional, #$BaseballUmpire,
#$SalesRepresentative, #$Brewer, #$Gymnast, and many others.
Also see #$Professional, #$PositionType.
bd58a2d9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
oceans
A collection of topographical features. Each
instance of #$Ocean is one of the oceans of the world. This
includes #$TheOceanSea, the interconnected expanse of salt
water covering 71% of the Earth's surface, and of which
the other oceans are subregions. Examples: #$AtlanticOcean,
#$ArcticOcean, #$IndianOcean, #$PacificOcean.
bd58e4b6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
ocean liner
The subcollection of #$Ship that contains all
ocean liners, i.e., ships that by design can transport a
large number of people across oceans.
c10088c3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
octagon shaped
This is the shape attribute shared by all eight
sided two dimensional figures.
c14d55f8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
October
The collection of all Octobers, the tenth month
of the year in the #$JulianCalendar.
bd58c0ef-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
odd numbers
The set of all odd numbers (integers) including
positive and negative odd numbers, but not including any
infinite 'numbers'.
becb081f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
offers
A collection of actions, many of which are speech
acts. In each element of this collection, somebody offers
to do something, furnish something, make something the
case, etc. See also the #$IllocutionaryForce associated
with these actions, #$Offer.
bd58eb0b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
official documents
A collection of #$InformationBearingObjects
(IBOs). Each element of #$OfficialDocument is a document
that can be used as the basis, proof, or support of some
fact (such as a person's nationality, marital status,
credit, or qualifications; or the ownership or transfer of
property; etc.). Official documents are typically
generated, issued, and/or certified by the relevant
institutions (as with #$Passports or #$StockCertificates),
but they also include unique personal documents (such as
wills [#$WillAndTestament]) which meet certain standards to
be accepted in support of facts. Examples of
#$OfficialDocument: #$BirthCertificates, #$TaxReturns,
insurance policies, #$PostageStamps, receipts,
#$PackingSlips, student ID cards, etc.
bd58971b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
oil
A collection of tangible things. Each element of
#$Oil is a piece of some type of typically viscous,
primarily hydrophobic liquid hydrocarbon. For example,
portions of #$HeatingOil, #$MotorOil, #$PeanutOil,
#$OliveOil, etc. NB: This constant should NOT be used to
refer to #$Petroleum-CrudeOil or #$PetroleumProducts (q.v.).
bd58d9e9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
omnivores
The collection of organisms that feed on both
plants and animals, and possibly other things. Subsets of
#$Omnivore include, for example, #$Person, #$Pig, and #$Bear.
bd58a5e1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
one dimensional
The shape attribute (see #$ShapeAttribute) shared
by all objects that have only one dimension, i.e. objects
which have some discernible form but whose only relevant
dimension is length (#$lengthOfObject). Note that both
curved lines and straight physical linear objects can have
this attribute as can line segments and geometric lines.
Also note that the dimension of some things may be deemed to
be one, two or three dimensional depending upon the context.
For instance, we may deem a thin wire to be one-dimensional
insofar as its diameter or thickness are many orders of
magnitude smaller than its length. In one microtheory the
wire might be deemed to be one-dimensional. However, we
might also imagine contexts in which the other dimensions of
the wire are relevant and in such contexts the wire might
have the attribute of being cylindrical.
be482e94-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
one story buildings
Collection of all one story buildings.
bd58c60d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
opaque
#$Opaque is a #$PhysicalAttribute representing a
specific degree of #$Transparency. #$Opaque objects do not
transmit light. See also #$transparencyOfObject.
bd58fa7e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
magnitudes
#$OrderOfMagnitudeInterval, a subset of
#$ScalarInterval, is the collection of intervals which
represent significant differences in quantity, for the
various types of measurable properties. The most familiar
case is for numbers, in which orders of magnitudes typically
correspond with powers of 10; thus, in any given numerical
quantity, the 100's dominate the 10's or the
units, which are negligible with respect to the hundreds.
In Cyc, we can identify the significant intervals for any
measurable property. For example, for #$Time-Quantity, some
intervals which represent orders of magnitude are:
#$AFewSecondsDuration, #$AFewMinutesDuration,
#$AFewHoursDuration, #$AFewDaysDuration,
#$AFewWeeksDuration, etc. Similar scales could be
identified for any measurable property. Moreover, orders of
magnitude for the same measurable property may differ
between microtheories; e.g., the orders of magnitude for
#$Time-Quantity in a `GeologicalTimeMt' would be much
larger than those listed above, which are relevant for human
perceptions and activities. Any two attributes
which represent amounts of the same kind of property (e.g.,
time, distance) and which are also elements of
#$OrderOfMagnitudeInterval will be assumed to differ so
substantially in size that the smaller one (and values
associated with it) will be insignificant compared to the
larger interval (and values associated with it). That is,
in general and as a default, if ORD1 and ORD2 are two
different elements of #$OrderOfMagnitudeInterval which are
also elements of the same type of #$AttributeValue (e.g.,
#$Speed, #$Mass, #$Density), then one is negligible with
respect to the other. To know which dominates the other, we
need additional knowledge about their relative size, e.g.,
that ORD2 is a #$followingValue of (i.e., 'bigger'
than) ORD1. See also #$negligibleWRT, #$followingValue.
The predicate #$orderOfMagnitude (q.v.) is used to relate
particular quantities to the appropriate element of
#$OrderOfMagnitudeInterval. For example, two days -- in
Cyc, (#$DaysDuration 2) -- has the #$orderOfMagnitude #$AFewDaysDuration.
bd58c38a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
orders
A collection of actions, many of which are speech
acts. In each element of this collection, somebody orders
somebody to do something. See also the #$IllocutionaryForce
associated with this action, #$Command.
bd58a938-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
organs
The collection of all the #$Organs of #$Animals;
i.e., the #$AnimalBodyParts that have specialized
physiological functions and which are more or less localized
in the animal. For example: a heart, a kidney, etc. A
borderline case of this is a person's (whole) skin; in
some contexts, it is treated as a sense organ, and in some
contexts it is excluded because it is distributed over their
entire body.
c0fde25a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
organic substances
A collection of tangible things. Each element of
#$OrganicStuff is a tangible thing composed of one or more
types of organic #$Molecule. Instances of #$OrganicStuff
usually have their origin in the bodies (or other products)
of living things. Since some organic substances can be
synthesized, #$OrganicStuff is not a subset of
#$NaturalTangibleStuff. Chemically, instances of
#$OrganicStuff have fairly (or very) complex carbon-based
structures. Examples include the elements of the
collections #$Oil, #$DNA, #$Alcohol-Compound, #$Ivory, #$AnimalBodyPart.
bd58c3d0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
organisms
The collection of all elements of
#$BiologicalLivingObject which are wholes, not parts of
other biological living objects (BLOs). Most members of
#$Organism-Whole are capable of existing and reproducing
while physically separate from other organisms (with
allowances for sexual reproduction). Abnormal BLOs which
are nonetheless considered to belong to #$Organism-Whole
include elements of #$Virus, as well as sterile hybrids and
colony organisms like those in slime molds or the elements
of #$PortugueseManOfWar. All of those organisms operate by
DNA- and RNA-controlled mechanisms.
bd58c4d6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
types of organism
A collection of collections;
#$OrganismClassificationType is the collection of all
biological types used to classify animals, plants, or other
elements of #$Organism-Whole. The scientific types in
#$OrganismClassificationType may or may not correspond to
naive categories of organisms, and, in addition, although
they are scientific, they might not be officially accepted
biological taxons at the standard taxonomic levels.
(#$Invertebrate is an example.) Compare
#$BiologicalTaxonType. Note that
#$OrganismClassificationType is NOT an element of
#$SiblingDisjointCollection since there are scientific
classifications along different dimensions. Many specs of
#$OrganismClassificationType are, however, specs of #$SiblingDisjointCollection.
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organism part
The collection of all the anatomical parts of all
living organisms. It includes gross anatomical parts and
microscopic anatomical parts of every individual of every species.
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organism type by habitat
A collection of collections. Each element of
#$OrganismTypeByHabitat is a collection of organisms
characterized by the sort of habitat in which they live.
For example, #$AquaticOrganism or #$TerrestrialOrganism.
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organizations
The collection of all organizations. Each element
of the collection #$Organization is a group whose
#$groupMembers are instances of #$IntelligentAgent, and
which is established such that certain known relationships
and obligations exist between the members, and/or between
the organization and its members, and/or between the
organization and `outsiders' (individuals or groups).
#$Organization includes both informal and legally
constituted organizations. Organizations can act as agents
--- specifically, group agents, not individuals (cf.
#$IndividualAgent) --- to undertake projects, enter into
agreements, own property, etc. Most organizations have
names. Almost all have at least two members. Examples:
#$Cycorp, #$NASA, #$FreeSoftwareFoundation,
#$UnitedStatesArmy, #$KMart-TheCompany. Note the
specialization #$OrganizationOfPeopleOnly, whose instances
have only human members, e.g., an instance of #$Family-Human
such as Joseph Kennedy's family. Other kinds of
#$Organization have organizations as their #$groupMembers,
e.g., the #$OrganizationOfAmericanStates.
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policies
A collection of microtheories; a subset of
#$Agreement. Each element of #$OrganizationPolicy is a
microtheory which contains the terms of some policy of a
particular organization. For example, U.S. Federal
government hiring policies; a policy governing a
corporation's charitable or political donations; or a
school dress code.
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organizations with business customers
A collection of #$Organizations. An instance of
#$OrganizationWithBusinessCustomers sells goods and/or
services to #$customers, most of whom are businesses or
other #$Organizations, rather than individual #$Persons.
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organizations with individual customers
A collection of #$Organizations. An instance of
#$OrganizationWithIndividualCustomers sells goods and/or
services to #$customers, most of whom are individual
#$Persons, rather than businesses or other #$Organizations.
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organizational charts
A collection of information bearing objects
(IBOs); a subset of #$StructuredInformationSource. Each
element of #$OrganizationalChart is an IBO that graphically
or in outline fashion depicts information about the control
structure or resource use structure of an organization.
E.g., a diagram of Exxon Corporation's top managers
showing their reporting structure.
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organizational transfer
A collection of events. An
#$OrganizationalTransfer occurs when some #$IntelligentAgent
changes membership with respect to some #$Organization.
This can involve becoming a member of the organization,
ceasing to be a member of it, or switching from one
organization to another. An #$OrganizationalTransfer may be
voluntarily undertaken by the transferee but may also be
#$performedBy some other agent. Examples include: joining
a club, being transferred from one division of a company to
another, and being excommunicated. Negative examples
include: transfer of objects or information between
organizations (since the transferred items aren't
#$IntelligentAgents), two or more organizations joining
together in a temporary partnership.
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organizational transfer in
A subcollection of #$OrganizationalTransfer such
that elements necessarily have some thing which becomes the
member of the 'to organization'. Exemplars
include hiring someone to a company, pledging a fraternal
organization, admitting a nation to NATO. The event of
leaving one organization to join another is also an element
of #$OrganizationalTransferIn as well as
#$OrganizationalTransferOut. Negative exemplars include
layoffs, expulsions, and excommunications which do not
involve 'from organizations'.
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organizational transfer out
A subcollection of #$OrganizationalTransfer such
that elements necessarily have some thing which stops being
the member of the 'from organization'. Exemplars
include laying someone off, expulsions, and
excommunications. The event of leaving one organization to
join another is also an element of
#$OrganizationalTransferIn as well as
#$OrganizationalTransferOut. Negative exemplars include
'admitting a nation to NATO', 'hiring
someone', and 'pledging a fraternal organization'.
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orientations
The collection of attributes which characterize an
object's orientation relative to whatever instance of
#$FrameOfReference is being used in the current context. In
most contexts, orientation is taken with respect to the #$TerrestrialFrameOfReference.
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outdoor locations
A collection of geographical regions. Each
element of #$OutdoorLocation is a region of outdoor space,
i.e., a region which is directly subject to atmospheric
weather. Objects found in an outdoor location are
#$in-ImmersedFully in the atmosphere of Earth. Thus, as
defined here, #$OutdoorLocation does NOT include elements of
#$UnderwaterLocation or places that are #$Underground.
#$OutdoorLocations include large geographical regions.
Among the elements of #$OutdoorLocation are instances of the
subsets #$Lawn, #$Meadow, #$SkiSlope, #$Beach, #$Swamp (and
many others). Note: #$OutdoorLocation is a collection of
places, rather than an attribute; to represent the concept
of being outside, see #$Outdoors-ExposedToWeather. Of
course, elements of #$OutdoorLocation have the
#$locationState attribute of being #$Outdoors-ExposedToWeather.
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outer garments
A collection of objects; a subset of
#$ClothingItem. Each element of #$OuterGarment is a piece
of clothing that is worn outside of other garments. A
common purpose of outer garments is protection (e.g., the
subsets #$RainCoat, #$Apron). An outer garment may also be
a robe of office or position, such as an academic gown or a
bishop's mantle.
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ova
A subset of #$Cell. #$Ovum is the collection of
specialized gamete cells produced by meiosis in the
reproductive tract of female animals. Each ovum usually has
half the number of chromosomes that regular body cells do,
and when fertilized by a spermatozoon, it becomes a zygote
and continues to develop into a mature individual. Also
called 'egg'. See also #$FemaleAnimal, #$SexualReproductionEvent.
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oxidations
A collection of events. In each instance of this
collection, some amount of #$Oxygen reacts with
(`reduces') another substance and releases energy in
the process.
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oxide
A collection of tangible things. Each element of
#$Oxide is a portion of stuff in which each molecule
consists of a combination of oxygen atoms with one or more
atoms of another element. For example, instances of #$Water
(H2O), pieces of rust (#$IronOxide), portions of #$CarbonDioxide.
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the Pacific Ocean
The main body of salt water in the
#$EasternHemisphere-Region, bordering on five continents
(Western coast of North and South Americas, Australia,
Antarctica, and Eastern coast of Asia).
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pants
A collection of objects. Every element of #$Pants
is a clothing item worn on the lower torso and legs. The
collection #$Pants includes the subsets #$ShortPants and
#$LongPants. There are also very specialized subsets, e.g., #$FootballPants.
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paper
A collection of tangible things. Each element
of #$Paper is a portion of paper, considered as a
'stuff' out of which things can be made, like
metal or plastic. Thus, this collection includes the
collection #$SheetOfPaper, but is wider. Important sources
from which paper may be #$derivedFrom include wood pulp,
cotton, papyrus, rice. Examples: business stationery,
#$MaxiPads, paper currency, toilet paper, newsprint, paper
coffee filters, notebook paper.
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parallelogram shaped
#$ParallelogramShaped is the instance of
#$ShapeAttribute shared by all closed two-dimensional
objects that have two edges parallel.
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parts of a building
A collection of parts of a building that are
'built-in', that is, built with the intention of
remaining as part of the building.
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part of room in a construction
A collection of all parts of all instances of
#$RoomInAConstruction. This includes both solid parts, like
#$Mantels, and enclosed regions such as are contained by
cabinets and #$Cupboards. Instances should be features
which are 'built-in', that is, built with the
intention of remaining as part of the room.
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part predicates
A collection of predicates. Instances of
#$PartPredicate are used to describe the relationship
between an #$Individual and its #$parts.
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part time
An attribute; an element of #$WorkStatus. The
attribute of being a part-time worker.
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partial cloud cover
#$PartialCloudCover is a #$WeatherAttribute
representing a specific degree of #$Cloudiness. This
attribute describes a location as having some cloud cover
but not enough to completely block out all direct sunlight.
Direct sunlight comes and goes as clouds occluding the sun pass.
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partial ordering
The collection of all those
#$MathematicalOrderings ORDER in which the ordering relation
R is a reflexive, transitive and antisymmetric relation on
the #$baseSet S of ORDER. R is reflexive on S if and only
if for each X in S, R(X X). R is transitive on S if and
only if for each X, Y and Z in S, R(X Y) and R(Y Z) imply
R(X Z). R is antisymmetric on S if and only if for each X
and Y in S, R(X Y) and R(Y X) imply X = Y. For example, if
you take a set of #$Lists and take the #$sublists relation
restricted to this set, then you have a #$PartialOrdering
because #$sublists relation is reflexive, transitive and
antisymmetric. Since the ordering relation in each
#$PartialOrderings reflexive and transitive, the collection
#$PartialOrdering is a subcollection of #$QuasiOrdering.
Subcollections of #$PartialOrdering include #$TreeOrdering,
#$TotalOrdering and #$Lattice-LatticeTheoretic. If you want
a #$MathematicalOrdering in which the ordering relation is
irreflexive, see #$PartialOrdering-Strict.
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strict partial order
The collection of all those
#$MathematicalOrderings ORDER in which the ordering relation
R is an irreflexive and transitive relation on the #$baseSet
S of ORDER, i.e., for each X in S, R(X X) does not hold, and
for each X, Y and Z in S, R(X Y) and R(Y Z) imply R(X Z).
For example, if you take the set of all people in the states
today and take the relation '__ is older than ...'
on this set, you get a #$PartialOrdering-Strict since the
relation '__ is older than ...' is irreflexive and
transitive. Note that the important difference between a
#$PartialOrdering and a #$PartialOrdering-Strict is that the
ordering relation of the former is reflexive while that of
the latter is irreflexive. Note also that although we did
not state in the definition that the ordering relation R of
a #$PartialOrdering-Strict ORDER must be antisymmetric or
asymmetric on the #$baseSet S of ORDER, R is in fact
antisymmetric (i.e., for each X and Y in S, R(X Y) and R(Y
X) imply X = Y) and asymmetric (i.e., for each X and Y in S,
R(X Y) and R(Y X) can never be both true) on S. This is
because both antisymmetry and asymmetry follow from
transitivity and irreflexivity.
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partially commutative relation
The collection of #$Relationships which are
commutative with respect to some but not all of their
arguments. Instances of #$PartiallyCommutativeRelation must
therefore have an #$arity of at least 3. See #$CommutativeRelation.
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partially intangible
The collection of things which have at least some
intangible part. This includes things which are purely
intangible -- for example, instances of #$Collection,
#$Number-General and #$Agreement. It also includes things
which have some tangible part but also have an intangible
component, such as a newspaper (information content) or a
person (life).
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partially intangible individual
The collection of things which have at least some
intangible component and which are also #$Individuals.
Instances of #$PartiallyIntangibleIndividual either have a
tangible part, and thus are instances of
#$CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject; or are fully
#$Intangible, and thus are instances of
#$IntangibleIndividual, such as the number 42 and the
agreement between a person and his or her employer.
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tangible things
Elements of #$PartiallyTangible have some tangible
(i.e., material) part and also have a temporal extent (i.e.,
they exist in time). They may or may not also have an
intangible part; e.g., a book is made of matter, has a
temporal extent, and also has intangible content which is
the information content of the text that the author wrote.
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goods
A collection of spatial objects; a subset of
#$Product. Each element of #$PartiallyTangibleProduct is a
product that has some tangible component and may, but need
not, have an intangible component (e.g., information). (See
also #$PartiallyTangible.) Examples of
#$PartiallyTangibleProduct: a newspaper, a photograph, a
videotape of `Star Wars', a sack of flour, lumber, a
mobile home.
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particles
A collection of tangibles; a subset of
#$TangibleThing. Each element of #$Particle is a smallish
liquid or solid tangible thing, at least small enough to be
blown about by ordinary gusts of wind, and possibly much
smaller. Examples include elements of the collections
#$CornMeal, #$SandParticle, #$Sawdust, #$DustParticle, #$Sugar-Table.
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partnerships
A collection of #$Organizations that have been
formally organized as partnerships pursuant to partnership
agreements. In the #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica, most instances
of #$Partnership are organized pursuant to specific
statutes. #$GeneralPartners of a #$Partnership are jointly
and severally liable for the debts and other liabilities of
the #$Partnership. The liability of #$LimitedPartners is
limited in accordance with the governing partnership
agreement. The #$PartnershipPartners of an instance of
#$Partnership may be individuals or entities. For example,
an instance of #$LimitedPartnership may have an instance of
#$LegalCorporation as its #$GeneralPartner and individuals
as its #$LimitedPartners.
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parts format
Argument positions of Cyc predicates may have
specified formats that constrain how many and what kind of
terms may occupy that position, given some fixed list of
terms in the other argument positions of the predicate. If
a predicate P has #$PartsFormat for argument position N,
then given some particular list of terms that occupy the
other argument positions of P, there may be multiple
assertions with different terms in position N (keeping the
other arguments fixed), but only so long as the terms in
position N are all #$physicalParts of the same
#$PartiallyTangible. For example, the #$arg1Format of
#$physicalParts is #$PartsFormat. This allows us to
represent that JosephsRightThumbnail is a #$physicalParts of
JosephsRightThumb, of JosephsRightHand, and of Joseph. This
is more restrictive than #$SetTheFormat, which allows
multiple unrelated values. In contrast, specifying only
(#$arg1Format #$physicalParts #$SetTheFormat) would not
prevent JosephsRightThumb from being a #$physicalParts of
both JosephsRightHand and of JamesRightHand.
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parties
The collection of party events and other similar
celebrations such as baby showers. #$Persons gather
intentionally at a location in order to communicate or share
some experience, and to enjoy themselves, but (unlike a
#$MeetingTakingPlace) business is rarely transacted at a
#$Party-Celebration, or at least is beside the official
point of the party. Note: as with most collection worth
naming, there are borderline cases here; e.g., Tupperware parties.
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passports
A collection of official documents. Each element
of #$Passport is a document issued to a person by a national
government in order to identify that person as a citizen of
said country while s/he is travelling across or outside of
that country's borders.
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paste - form
A physical attribute. #$Paste-Form is the
#$PhysicalStructuralAttribute which describes solids that
are pastelike in texture and consistency. They are very
easily deformed, and they tend to remain in the deformed
shape afterwards, provided that they don't collapse
under their own weight. Things having #$Paste-Form
don't exhibit much elastic deformation at all - they
don't ''jiggle''.
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pasteurizations
The heating of a milk product in order to kill off
microorganisms that might make it spoil.
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routes
The collection of all existing objects that are
commonly paths, or are normally used as paths or conduits
for people, animals, vehicles, material or information. A
#$Path-Customary is either designed as a path or it has a
significant known function as a path for movement. Examples
include roads, railroads, sea-lanes, cowpaths, boardwalks,
tubes, channels, blood vessels, fibers, wires, communication
links, etc. It is often a #$Path-Spatial. The collection
#$Path-Customary does not include all the things that may be
used as paths in some particular #$PathSystems, but are
otherwise not ordinarily viewed as paths (though the latter
are still instances of #$Path-Generic). If a
#$Path-Customary is an instance of a certain #$PathType, it
may be assumed to be part of a system (not explictly given)
of such paths, called a #$CustomarySystemOfLinks. Or, on
the other hand, it may be asserted to be part of a
particular specified #$PathSystem using the predicate
#$pathInSystem. A #$Path-Customary is either a
#$Path-Simple (with two distinct ends, not forming a cycle)
or else a #$Path-Cyclic.
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cyclic paths
The collection of all cyclic paths, i.e. paths
that form cycles, circles, loops or circuits. An instance
of #$Path-Cyclic is a #$Path-Generic that can be described
as a cycle, i.e., a thing like a #$Path-Simple except that
the ends of the path join at one point. A #$Path-Cyclic
cannot cross itself (as in a figure-eight) nor double back
along itself. More formally, let PATH1 and PATH2 be two
#$Path-Simples. Suppose that each end-point of PATH1 is an
end point of PATH2 and vice versa, and for each X, X is a
point on both PATH1 and PATH2 only if X is an end point of
both paths. Then PATH1 and PATH2 together form a
#$Path-Cyclic. We allow 'loops'; a loop is a
cycle with only one point on it, looping from the point
right back to itself. Each loop of a path system is a
special instance of #$Path-Cyclic. For differences between
a cycle and a loop in the same #$PathSystem, see
#$loopInSystem and #$cycleInSystem.
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generic paths
A collection of #$Things that are paths or can be
considered paths. Each #$Path-Generic is either a
#$Path-Simple or a #$Path-Cyclic, i.e., either a
non-self-crossing path or a cycle. A #$Path-Generic may be
abstract (as in Graph Theory), or it may be concrete such as
a #$Path-Customary, for example a road, railroad, sea-lane,
cowpath, pipe, blood vessel, fiber or wire, or on the other
hand it could be anything that is used as a path in some
#$PathSystem. If a #$Path-Generic is a #$Path-Customary,
then it may or may not have a specified #$PathSystem in
which it is a path; if the #$Path-Generic is not a
#$Path-Customary, then it can only be a path in some given
#$PathSystem. For example, an orange is not a customary
path, but it can be a path for ants in a specified ant path
system. For any #$Path-Generic, there can be a #$Traversal
of something moving along that path; a single #$Traversal
can cross itself, double back along itself, and/or go back
and forth along some part of a #$Path-Generic any number of times.
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paths
A collection of non-cyclic paths, broadly
conceived. Each instance of #$Path-Simple has two ends and
it forms a #$pathBetween them. It can be a road, railroad,
air lane, sea lane, channel, blood vessel, part of an
electric circuit, part of a pipe system, or even some
abstract chain of connections among people or a
'path' in Graph Theory. A #$Path-Simple cannot
cross itself, return to the same point, nor double back
along itself. Each #$Path-Simple has two distinct ends that
do not 'overlap' each other. But in general a
path may have more than two things that are its
'end-points' -- for example, a path between Austin
and Pittsburgh can also be a path between Texas and
Pennsylvania. In such an example Texas and Pennsylvania are
required to be spatially disjoint. (To prohibit multiple
things being an end-point of a path simultaneously, specify
a #$PathSystem, because in a specified #$PathSystem a
path's two end points in the system are unique. The
predicate #$pathBetweenInSystem is restricted to a set of
paths and points specified for the particular #$PathSystem.)
For a #$Path-Simple, any points on it (e.g., #$pointOnPath X
PATH) are connected: '#$pathConnects' is true of
them. Any number of intersections may occur along a
#$Path-Simple. A path with no intersections along it is a
#$SimpleSegmentOfPath. A path may have #$subPaths. A path
is different from a #$Traversal or a #$Trajectory: a
#$Traversal is the trace of an object moving along paths,
often in a #$PathSystem, and the #$Traversal can cross
itself and/or double back along itself any number of times.
While a path is fixed and may have no direction, a
#$Traversal has a particular direction. Many distinct
traversals may traverse the same underlying path (see
#$Traversal and #$traversalInSystem), since a traversal can
go back and forth across the same part of a path any number
of times. A #$Trajectory (the space of a motion), if is
goes along paths, determines a particular #$Traversal of
those paths.
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spatial paths
The collection of all paths (instances of
#$Path-Generic) that have spatial extent, and that join
spatially located things. This includes roads, corridors,
wires, blood vessels, nerves, etc. and it excludes purely
abstract paths such as those in kinship diagrams,
mathematics, etc. A #$Path-Spatial may be a pre-existing
path in a #$CustomarySystemOfLinks (like a road, nerve,
etc.), or it may be a path in some specially specified
#$PathSystem which consists of spatial paths. A motion (a
#$Movement-TranslationEvent) may follow an existing
#$Path-Spatial or it may not; contrast this with the
#$Trajectory of the motion, which is generated by every #$Movement-TranslationEvent.
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path artifact
A collection of artifacts. Each element of
#$PathArtifact is a path made by agents, whether animal or
human. Elements of #$PathArtifact range from deer trails to
superhighways. Such paths connect places that animals or
people are found in and/or between which they want to
travel. Examples: #$ErieCanal, #$WellandShipCanal,
#$ChampsElysee, #$WallStreet, USHighway80, #$Highway101CA.
Note that each of these artifacts is a single, particular
path; -- to refer to a whole system of #$PathArtifacts, use #$PathArtifactSystem.
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path artifact system
The collection of all artifical systems of
#$PathArtifacts. These are the systems rather than the
paths that comprise them: each #$PathArtifactSystem is a
composite individual typically made up of many
interconnected #$PathArtifacts. Examples would include a
instance of a #$GutterSystem, #$ComputerNetwork, various
road and highway systems, etc.
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path chain
The collection of all path chains, or lists of
points and paths alternating. A path chain is a #$List LIST
= (X(1) Y(1) X(2) Y(2) ... X(n) Y(n) X(n+1)) satsifying the
following conditions: (i) each X(k) is a #$Thing and each
Y(k) is a #$Path-Generic, i.e., the length of LIST is an odd
number greater than 2, every even-numbered position in LIST
is a #$Path-Generic and every odd-numbered item is a
#$Thing. (ii) Each #$Path-Generic in the list joins the
points just before and after it. That is to say, (iia) if
the kth item PATH in LIST is a #$Path-Simple, and if A is
the (k-1)th item and B is the (k+1)th item in LIST, then
(#$pathBetween PATH A B) holds, and (iib) if the kth item
CYCLE is a #$Path-Cyclic, and if A is the (k-1)th item and B
is the (k+1)th item in LIST, then (#$pointOnCycle A CYCLE)
holds and A = B. Note that the concatenation of all the
paths (simple or cyclic) in such a list results in a
#$Traversal. For example, letting PATH1 and PATH2 be
instances of #$Path-Simple and CYCLE a #$Path-Cyclic, if
(#$pathBetween PATH1 A B), (#$pathBetween PATH2 B C) and
(#$pointOnCycle C CYCLE), then (#$TheList A PATH1 B PATH2 C
CYCLE C) is a #$PathChain. Note that although each instance
of #$PathChain determines a unique instance of #$Traversal
that is from X(1) to X(n+1), many different #$PathChains may
determine the same #$Traversal.
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roads
Each instance of #$PathForWheeledVehicles is an
instance of #$PathArtifact, whose primary function is to
serve as a place along which wheeled vehicles may move or
park. Usually but not necessarily they are paved.
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path system
The collection of all specified systems of paths
and links. An instance of #$PathSystem may consist of
real-world (#$PartiallyTangible) things, or #$Intangibles
like a graph (or #$Multigraph) in Graph Theory, in which
nodes are linked by links. But unlike a graph in Graph
Theory, there can be many path-points on a path between
designated nodes. These non-node path-points can be
discrete, dense or even continuous. Such a path system does
not have to be 'connected' (in the sense that for
any points X and Y in the system, there must be a path
connecting them, see #$ConnectedPathSystem). Each instance
SYS of #$PathSystem consists of a nonempty set of
'points', a subset of it called 'nodes',
a set of 'links', and optionally a set of
'loops'. Here, 'point' is a nonempty
set of #$Things called 'points in SYS' (see
#$pointInSystem). The set 'node' is a nonempty
subset of 'point' (see #$nodeInSystem). Link is a
(possibly empty) set of (primitive) paths whose elements are
called 'links in SYS' (see #$linkInSystem). Loop
is a (possibly empty) set of (primitive) cycles whose
elements are called 'loops in SYS' (see
#$loopInSystem). To finish your definition of a path system
SYS, you need to specify, using the predicates below (other
than the four mentioned above), which link is between which
two nodes, and which point is on which link, and which node
is on which loop, etc. The rest should be determined by
your set-up of the system. For example, #$pathBetween can
be used to specify the 'end points' of each link,
#$pointOnPath can be used to specify which point is on which
link, #$pointOnCycle specifies which node is on which loop,
and, when more points than the end-points of a link are
desired to be on the link, #$betweenOnPath can be used to
specify the relative positions of all points on a link. But
there are more convenient ways to set up your SYS. For
example, if you use #$linkBetweenInSystem which is a
combination of other predicates, it will give you what you
need when using #$linkInSystem, #$pathBetween,
#$nodeInSystem, #$pointOnPath to setup your system (except
that this will not give you those assertions about isolated
nodes or points on a link between its end points). See
#$pointInSystem, #$nodeInSystem, #$linkInSystem,
#$linkBetweenInSystem (an abbreviation), #$pathInSystem,
#$pathBetweenInSystem (an abbreviation), #$pointOnPath,
#$betweenOnPath, #$loopInSystem, #$pointOnCycle,
#$junctionInSystem, #$deadEndInSystem,
#$isolatedNodeInSystem and #$connectedInSystem. Note that a
path system may satisfy further condition in addition to
those determined by the conditions on these predicates. For
example, links and loops may have 'directions'.
When further conditions are added to some path systems, we
expect different kinds of path systems. For some particular
kinds of path systems, see #$Semi-DirectedPathSystem,
#$DirectedPathSystem, or #$PathSystemType-Structural in
general. For subsystem relation between path systems, see #$subPathSystems.
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path system type - structural
A collection of collections. Instances of
#$PathSystemType-Structural are collections of path systems,
including #$PointFinitePathSystem, #$NodeFinitePathSystem,
#$LinkFinitePathSystem, #$FinitaryJunctionPathSystem,
#$SimplePathSystem, #$Multigraph, #$FiniteMultigraph,
#$SimpleGraph-GraphTheoretic, #$ConnectedPathSystem,
#$Semi-DirectedPathSystem, #$DirectedPathSystem,
#$BidirectedPathSystem, #$DirectedAcyclicPathSystem,
#$BoundedDirectedPathSystem, #$DirectedMultigraph,
#$DirectedGraph, #$DirectedAcyclicGraph,
#$BoundedDirectedAcyclicGraph, #$NetworkFlowSystem-Bounded, etc.
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path type
A collection of collections. Each instance of
#$PathType is a collection that is a subcollection of
#$Path-Generic. There are several types of path, according
to the medium or surface the path goes through or over. In
addition, the collection #$PathArtifact can be broken down
into more specific #$PathTypes. At a #$JunctionOfPaths, the
joined paths all have at least one #$PathType in common.
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payments
A collection of events; a subset
of#$MoneyTransfer. Each element of #$Paying is an event in
which one agent pays money to another agent. The payer is
the #$fromPossessor; the recipient is the #$toPossessor. In
all payings, the payer gives the payee #$FullUseRights to
the money. Some types of payings: (1) all instances of
#$Buying and #$Renting contain (at least one) #$subEvents
which are elements of #$Paying; (2) making charitable
contributions; (3) paying off one's gambling debts; (4)
paying an employee's salary or a child's
allowance. Writing a check or offering a credit card in
payment are #$firstSubEvents of paying events; such payings
are successful only if the check is not lost or stolen, if
it clears the bank, etc. On the other hand, filling out a
pledge card, e.g., for United Way, is NOT considered a
#$Paying event or part of one, because it does not involve
or initiate any legal reassignment of rights to the money.
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collections of fees for use
#$PayingCasualUseFee is the collection of events
in which one agent pays a fee to another in exchange for the
right to use something that the latter controls Examples:
paying a parking fee, paying a bridge or highway toll,
paying an admissions fee to an art museum.
#$PayingCasualUseFee covers usage that is temporary and
possibly not exclusive. For longer-term use arrangements,
see #$Renting. Note: events in #$PayingCasualUseFee are
both payings and collectings (cf. #$Buying). The agent
doing the paying is the #$buyer, and the agent doing the
collecting is the #$seller. The object accessed is the #$objectPaidFor.
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pensive
A feeling of deep thoughtfulness, reflection, or
introspection, and sometimes melancholia. This is a
#$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness.
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pentagon shaped
This is the shape attribute shared by all five
sided two dimensional figures.
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perceptions
#$Perceiving is the collection of
sensory-perceptual events in which a #$PerceptualAgent
perceives, i.e. acquires information, using its senses.
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perceiving - involuntary
A collection of mental events, a subset of
#$Perceiving. Each element of this collection is a
perceptual event in which the agent involuntarily receives
senory information. Thus, if I am in a room, and a light is
turned on, I would see the light reflected off of the walls,
but without any effort on my part. On the other hand,
actively searching for something with my eyes would not be a
member of this collection.
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perceiving - voluntary
A collection of mental events, a subset of
#$Perceiving. Each element of this collection is a
perceptual event in which the agent does not merely
passively receive sensory information, but is actively
filtering or directing how he is perceiving. Thus,
searching for a set of lost keys would be an element of
this collection, as would straining to hear something, but
merely hearing a balloon pop next to you would not.
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perceiving slot
A collection of predicates. Each element of
#$PerceivingSlot is a binary predicate relating a perceiver
and an object or event (not a sense-datum) that s/he
perceives in the mode specified by the predicate; e.g.,
#$sees, #$hears, #$smells, #$perceivesByTouching, #$tastes.
Assertions that use a predicate belonging to
#$PerceivingSlot imply that some perception event occurs
during the time that the assertion holds. See also
#$Perceiving and its subsets.
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perceptual agent
The collection of all sentient agents. Elements
of #$PerceptualAgent are beings capable of doing instances
of #$Perceiving. Furthermore, in many cases the information
that a perceptual agent gathers is input that can influence
its other actions.
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periodically flooded terrain
Attribute of regions characterized by periodic
seasonal flooding, such that instances can veritably be said
to become standing bodies of water during the flood season.
In some cases the periodic flooding may be the deliberate
work of human agents.
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permits
A collection of agreements. Each element of
#$Permission is an agreement specifying some rights or
privileges which have been granted to an #$Agent. A
permission may be an informal agreement between individuals,
but many instances are formal and involve permissions
granted by a government authority to some agent. E.g., a
driver's license, a marriage license, a visa for
entering the U.S., a license to practice medicine.
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people
The collection of all human beings. The
collection #$Person constitutes the species Homo Sapiens;
thus, #$Person is an instance of #$BiologicalSpecies in the
#$BiologyMt. (See also #$HomoGenus, of which Homo Sapiens
is the only nonextinct species.) Persons constitute the
most intelligent subset of #$Primate, and it is the only
class whose elements are known to be naturally capable of
speaking a language. All cultural activity requires
participation of persons. #$Person excludes non-human legal
persons; see #$Agent.
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person by activity type
A collection of collections. Each element of
#$PersonByActivityType is a collection which classifies
people by some kind of activity that an individual does
regularly. Some examples are: #$Student, #$Tourist, and
#$HornPlayer. If the differentiating activity is one that
can be done as a career or job, it is preferable to make
that collection an element of the more specific
#$OccupationType (q.v.).
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person type by culture
A collection of collections. Each instance of
#$PersonTypeByCulture is the set of all persons who
participate (see #$cultureParticipants) in some particular
human culture. Examples include #$FrenchPerson and #$EthnicGroupOfAustralianAborigines.
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personal checks
A spec of #$Check-TenderObject. #$PersonalChecks
are issued to individual persons who have a
#$CheckingAccount with a bank. Each instance of
#$PersonalCheck will include the checking account number and
personal information, such as name and address.
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personal products
A collection of products. Each element of
#$PersonalProduct is a service or tangible product designed
for the physical body of a person, including clothing,
accessories, personal care products (e.g., deodorant, hand
soap) and devices (e.g., razors, heating pads), cosmetics,
and personal services such as massages and manicures. These
are products or services which a person would seek out or
apply to him/herself; i.e., it excludes products used on the
body of a person by physicians (e.g., scalpels), dentists
(e.g., dental drills), or morticians.
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personality attributes
The collection of attributes which describe
aspects of a person's personality. E.g.,
#$Dependability-Personality. Note that #$Gentleness,
#$Viciousness, and other emotive traits common to both
humans and other animals, appear under
#$TemperamentAttribute, which is a superset of #$PersonalityAttribute.
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pharmacists
The collection of professionals who are trained
and licensed to prepare and distribute legal drugs.
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pharmacies
The collection of (local-level) organizations
which sell mainly prescription drugs, but usually also carry
non-prescription drugs and other medical supplies that might
be needed by a family or individual. (i.e. not a supplier to
hospitals). Sometimes these are free-standing stores,
sometimes departments within other stores like drugstores
and supermarkets.
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pharmacy products
The collection of pharmaceutical product types,
including drugs and pharmaceutical devices.
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phone numbers
A collection of strings. Each element of
#$PhoneNumber is a string that represents a telephone number.
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measures
A collection of predicates. Each element of
#$PhysicalAmountSlot is a slot (i.e., a binary predicate)
used in assertions that state (perhaps roughly) `how
much' of an object there is. These can be viewed as
different ways of stating the size of an object; e.g.,
#$lengthOfObject, #$volumeOfObject, #$massOfObject,
#$depthOfObject, #$interiorFloorSpace.
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physical attributes
A collection of attribute values. Each element
of #$PhysicalAttribute is an attribute value could in
theory be measured using physical instruments. Subsets of
this collection include #$Density, #$Speed, #$Rigidity,
#$Mass, etc. Elements include #$ColdToBitterlyCold,
(#$MediumAmountFn #$Visibility), and #$AFewYearsDuration.
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physical attribute description slot
A collection of predicates.
#$PhysicalAttributeDescriptionSlot is a subset of both
#$BinaryPredicate and #$PhysicalFeatureDescribingPredicate.
Each element of #$PhysicalAttributeDescriptionSlot relates
some spatial thing to an instance of #$PhysicalAttribute
which characterizes that object. The attribute may or may
not be a quantifiable property. Examples of
#$PhysicalAttributeDescriptionSlot: #$objectEmitsOdor,
#$viscosityOfSubstance, #$colorOfObject, #$diameterOfObject,
#$physicalParts, #$shape, #$xzCrossSectionShapeType.
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physical conducting media
A collection of tangible stuff. Each element of
#$PhysicalConductingMedia is a physical thing that can serve
as a conductor, e.g., for heat or electricity. Examples
include power lines, pieces of superconductor materials,
ceramic, etc.
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physical locations
A collection of locations; a subset of
#$HumanShelterConstruction. An instance of
#$PhysicalContactLocation is the principal place(s) where an
#$Agent can be physically found. For people, that would
(probably) be their home and/or office. For an
organization, it would be the location of their place of
business, their headquarters, etc. Note that a purely
procedural method for getting in touch with someone, such as
their Post Office Box number in a certain city, is not a #$PhysicalContactLocation.
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physical contact situation
The collection of all temporal situations in which
two or more tangible objects are touching (see #$touches)
for at least part of the situation's duration. This
includes an object's rubbing against another, objects
colliding, as well as static touching configurations. Note
that, although most types of #$PhysicalEvents involve some
kind of touching, only those types for which contact is
salient should be subcollections of #$PhysicalContactSituation.
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devices
A collection of tangible things. Each
#$PhysicalDevice is an #$Artifact which is designed for a
specific use or to perform a specific function. Thus, the
collections #$Tool, #$Condom, #$BathTub, and
#$TransportationDevice-Vehicle are all subsets of this
collection, as are many other collections. Excluded are
artifacts which can only be 'used' in a very loose
or metaphorical sense, such as instances of #$Sculpture,
#$FlowerBed, or #$Advertisement-IBT. Also, an instance of
#$PhysicalDevice should have a relatively rigid, set shape
(which doesn't exclude it having moving parts!); hence,
#$GasolineFuel or #$AntiFreeze are not subsets of #$PhysicalDevice.
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physical events
A collection of localized spatial events each
instance of which involves one or more physical objects or
stuffs. #$PhysicalEvents typically involve interaction
among #$PartiallyTangibles. But note that a physical event
might consist in the creation, destruction, movement, or a
change in some physical feature of a single salient physical
object. (See #$PhysicalCreationEvent,
#$PhysicalDestructionEvent, #$MovementEvent and
#$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent.) For a contrasting (though not
necessarily disjoint) collection, see #$StrictlyMentalEvent.
For events that have both physical and mental components,
see the specialization #$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent.
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physical feature describing predicate
A collection of predicates. Each element of
#$PhysicalFeatureDescribingPredicate is a predicate used in
assertions that describe spatiophysical aspects of
individual objects. Examples: #$above-Directly,
#$physicallyContains, #$touchesDirectly, #$colorOfObject,
#$temperatureOfObject, #$spans-Bridgelike.
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physical part predicate
A collection of predicates. Instances of
#$PhysicalPartPredicate are used to describe the
relationship between a #$PartiallyTangible and its #$physicalParts.
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physical series
Each #$PhysicalSeries is a #$Group of
#$PartiallyTangibles which is ordered in a linear fashion,
most likely according to some spatial relationship. For
example, a group of people in line at a ticket booth, or the
vertebrae in one person's spine.
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physical state change events
#$PhysicalStateChangeEvent is the collection of
events in which some piece of matter changes from one of the
physical states of matter to another. Such changes of state
can be induced by changes in temperature (or the equivalent
in the manipulation of kinetic energy). Each particular
instance of #$Boiling, #$Freezing, #$Evaporating,
#$Condensing, #$Melting, etc. is an instance of
#$PhysicalStateChangeEvent. Note: Most Cyc
microtheories distinguish four states of matter, namely,
#$SolidStateOfMatter, #$PlasmaStateOfMatter,
#$LiquidStateOfMatter, #$GaseousStateOfMatter. See
#$StateOfMatter-SolidLiquidGaseous and its individual state constants.
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physical structural attributes
A collection of attributes. Each element of
#$PhysicalStructuralAttribute is a physical attribute that
determines or describes the structure of a tangible object.
These attributes are qualitative, not measurable; in that
way, they are unlike those described by the elements of
#$Density, #$Mass, #$Elasticity, #$ThermalConductivity, and
other attributes which belong to #$ScalarInterval. Examples
of #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute: #$Granular, #$Powdery,
#$Paste-Form, #$Brittle, #$Collapsible, #$Hollow, #$Woven,
#$Burnt. An individual object's
#$PhysicalStructuralAttributes are indicated with the
predicate #$physicalStructuralAttributes.
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urges
A collection of collections, and also a subset of
#$SensoryReactionType (qv). Its elements are distinct from
#$SensoryReactionType because they necessarily have a value
on #$urgeTypeSatisfied. An element of #$PhysicalUrgeType is
an #$AttributeType that describes one class of urges (to do
something) that animals have. The elements of
#$PhysicalUrgeType are rather earthy; some examples are:
#$UrgeToYawn, #$UrgeToScratch, #$UrgeToVomit,
#$UrgeToUrinate, etc.
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attacks
The collection of events in which one #$Agent (or
a small group of #$Agents) physically attacks another
#$Agent (or small group of #$Agents.) Each assassination
attempt is an example of such an event.
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physiological attributes
The collection of attributes related to a plant or
animal organism's physiological characteristics. Some
examples include #$Flexed, #$Deaf, #$Injured, #$Fertile,
#$Swollen, #$AcidIndigestion, etc.
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physiological conditions
The collection of #$Events in which an organism
undergoes (as #$bodilyDoer) some physiological state or
process, which may be normal or abnormal. An instance of
#$PhysiologicalCondition is, especially, a dynamic
physiological state that (1) has important temporal aspects,
such as a developmental condition or a progressive disease,
and/or (2) affects the organism's physiological
condition for a significant period of time, such that (a)
the condition may be thought of as an `episode' in the
life of the organism or even (b) a permanent aspect of the
organism's ongoing life. #$PhysiologicalCondition is
the most general collection of such states. In representing
particular cases, one of the various subsets of
#$PhysiologicalCondition is likely to be more useful; these
include: #$Pregnancy, #$BacterialPneumonia, #$Cancer,
#$KidneyStoneCondition, #$HeartAttack, #$AllergicReaction,
#$Phobia, #$ChronicCondition, #$Asthma, #$Dwarfism, etc.
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health conditions
A collection of collections. Each
#$PhysiologicalConditionType is a coherent set of
#$PhysiologicalConditions characterizing some
non-instantaneous aspect of an organism. Some sample
elements are: #$Menopause, #$SickleCellAnemia, #$Infection,
#$Malnutrition, etc.
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physiological function
The collection of those #$PhysiologicalProcesses
that serve some end for their doers, which may be cells,
tissues, or whole organisms; for example, #$Photosynthesis-Plant.
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physiological processes
The collection of events in which an organism does
(typically unconsciously) some process which involves
alteration of that agent's physiological state. A
#$PhysiologicalProcess is normally one that is done by
organisms (or parts of organisms) in the course of living.
A large subset of #$PhysiologicalProcess is
#$BodilyFunctionEvent, including its subsets #$Respiration,
#$DigestingInStomach, and #$Heartbeating. (Compare this
collection with #$PhysiologicalCondition, whose elements are
more episodic than process-like.)
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pipes
The collection of all enclosed tubular fluid
conduits with openings at both ends. #$Pipe-GenericConduit
encompasses both human-made pipes as well as natural pipes,
found naturally occurring in the environment, or found in an
organism's body, like #$BloodVessels.
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pipe end to cavity junction
The collection of junctions, in each of which some
#$Pipe-GenericConduit ends at a #$Cavity of larger diameter
than the pipe, allowing flow or access between them. The
flange where a water pipe enters a water tank is one
example, as is the junction of the esophagus and the stomach
in animals. See also the predicate #$pipeEndsAtCavity.
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pity
Feeling sorry for another agent on account of the
undesirable state of affairs s/he is in. This is a
collection; for an explanation of a typical
#$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness.
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places
The collection of #$SpatialThings that have a
relatively permanent location. Thus, every #$Place is
stationary in the frame of reference of the current microtheory.
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plan action restriction predicate
A collection of predicates. Instances are used to
express durationalconstraints, constraints relating to
temporal ordering, and subeventual commitments relating to
reified #$PurposefulActions that are represented in the
deontic contexts of #$Plans.
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planets
A collection of planetary bodies. Each element of
#$Planet is a planet either in Earth's solar system or
elsewhere in the universe. Examples: #$PlanetJupiter, #$PlanetVenus.
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plants
#$Plant is the collection of all plants; it is a
member of the #$BiologicalKingdom and contains the primary
subjects of #$Biology. Plants are typically stationary,
living, whole organisms; the cells of plants generally lack
cholesterol and have cell walls that include substances of
#$Cellulose. Most, though not all, plants are capable of
making sugars by #$Photosynthesis-Plant processes and have
green parts. Some example subsets of #$Plant are the
collections #$RoseBush, #$SpruceTree, and #$Moss.
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herbaceous plants
The collection of non-woody, herbaceous #$Plants.
Those #$Plants such as grasses, herbs, wildflowers, etc.
which are fairly low-growing, often annual, and don't
grow woody stems. Excludes large, hard bamboos, and Balsa.
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woody plants
The collection of #$Plants that have woody or hard
trunks, stems or branches (and usually roots). includes
large, hard bamboos, and balsa.
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plants or plant parts
A subset of #$BiologicalLivingObject. #$PlantBLO
includes the elements of #$Plant and of #$PlantPart.
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plant parts
The collection of all physical parts of #$Plants
of all kinds. In the traditional view, plant organs are of
four types: leaves, stems, roots and flowers. It seems
useful to have a category for smaller plant parts which
display a similar level of organization (they have vascular
tissue, ground tissue, and an epidermis) but have not been
included in the traditional view.
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plant physiological attribute
The collection of attributes referring to the
physiological properties of plants. At the very least,
these include seasonal stages, physical properties, and
plant health. These attributes apply to entire #$Plants
rather than just to certain parts of them.
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plant products
The collection of #$Products that are plants or
plant parts (individually or in bulk), or substances derived
from plants, which are produced by people or countries and
made available for use, sale or exchange.
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plastics
A collection of tangible things. Each element of
#$Plastic is a piece of some type of plastic. This
collection includes plastics of all kinds: artifical, mostly
polymeric, inedible, organic moldable hydrocarbons. Some
common types are rayon, nylon, polyethylene, etc.
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playa
A collection of desert basins with limited
drainage. Each instance is capable of becoming the bed of a
shallow lake during the rainy season.
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plumbing fixtures
A collection of physical devices. An instance of
#$PlumbingFixture is any object which is -- or was or will
be or could be -- part of some plumbing system. Types of
#$PlumbingFixture include pipes, sinks, and toilets, as well
as faucets and drain plugs. It must be a functional part
(so sewage doesn't count) and a significant part (so a
label on a pipe doesn't count) and a specialized part
(so an individual screw doesn't count, nor does an
individual iron atom that's part of a faucet) and a
relatively long-lived and localized part (so the water
flowing through a pipe doesn't count.)
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pointy ended
Includes anything which tapers to a pointy or
sharp end--pens, pencils, needles, pins, nails, and
wood-screws, but not wires (no taper). Most knives would be
included, but only because they have pointy ends. A knife
with a rounded ended and a sharp blade would not be included.
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polar attribute type
A collection of collections, a subset of
#$PrimitiveAttributeType. Each element of
#$PolarAttributeType is a collection of attributes which
can be possessed either to a positive or to a negative
degree. Thus, #$ElectricalCharge would be an instance of
this collection, whereas #$Wetness and #$BedSize would not be.
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polishing events
The subset of #$Cleaning processes in which
something is polished by rubbing it. For example, consider
the event in which Aladdin polished his magic lamp for the
first time. Polishing can be done to leather, wood, metal,
etc. A #$PolishingSomething may be performed either by a
person or by a machine.
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skirmishes
The class of all political disputes, including
serious political controversies and skirmishes between
individuals, organizations or countries. Such a dispute
involves some question of public policy, as opposed to
purely personal or commercial issiues.
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political organizations
A collection of organizations. An element of
#$PoliticalOrganization is an organization whose members
share some common political, social, or economic values and
goals, and the #$MainFunction of their organization is to
achieve those goals by influencing governmental powers or by
helping persons who favor their views and interests to win
elections or otherwise obtain governmental power. The
collection #$PoliticalOrganization includes instances of
#$PoliticalParty and also of #$PoliticalInterestGroup. Note
that governmental bodies (such as a #$CityCouncil) are not
considered #$PoliticalOrganizations. Although such
governmental bodies often act in political arenas, that is
not their primary function.
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political parties
A collection of political organizations. An
element of #$PoliticalParty is an organization that
primarily seeks to elect candidates to public office or have
members continue holding public office, and which are
identified as party affiliations by persons holding or
seeking public office.
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politicos
A collection of persons. Each element of
#$Politician is a person who is involved in politics.
Subsets of #$Politician include #$HeadOfState,
#$PresidentialCandidate, and #$HeadOfPoliticalParty.
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polygon 3 d shaped
This is the attribute (see #$ShapeAttribute)
shared by all three dimensional objects all of whose
surfaces (see #$objectSurfaces) are polygons (see #$PolygonShaped).
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polygon shaped
This is the attribute shared by all
two-dimensional objects that are polygon shaped. The sides
of such objects are defined by line segments that are joined
and define a closed shape.
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porosity
A collection of attributes; a subset of
#$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Porosity represents
a specific porosity of some physical object. Different
porosities may be represented using #$GenericValueFunctions.
Porosities of objects are indicated with the predicate #$porosityOfObject.
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portable objects
A collection of objects. An instance of
#$PortableObject is something that is not `fastened
down' and which is light enough for an average human
(or more to the point: for its average intended user) to
move it easily. For many #$PortableObjects, portability
is important for them to fulfill their primary functions;
for example, an article of clothing (a #$SomethingToWear),
a hand-guided tool (a #$HandTool), a coin or dollar bill (an
instance of #$Currency), a flashlight (a #$Flashlight), etc.
would be pretty useless if they weren't portable. In
other cases, making a device portable, or making a portable
version of a device, simply provides a convenience, as with
the subsets #$PortableTelevision and #$PortableStereoSystem.
Note that #$Tool is not a subset of #$PortableObject, since
many tools are heavy and/or stationary. A borderline
example would be a heart/lung machine; although the
beneficiary of its primary function is in no position to
move it around, the physicians and nurses who also are
`using' it can and do exactly that. The same goes for
a playpen; the kids in it had better NOT be able to move it
around, but the adults who set it up and put them there can
and do move it. A borderline non-example would be a car;
even though its user can make it move around, that is more a
controlling action than a transporting action --- i.e., the
car is doing the transporting in that case, not the driver.
A borderline example is a cat; even though it moves under
its own power, it is light enough for its owner to pick it
up and move around. A borderline example is a bed or a
dresser; though too heavy to lift, its owners can generally
move it around (by sliding, disassembling and reassembling, etc.)
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portals
The collection of all openings, as in a surface,
through a tube, etc., with or without a covering. This
includes doors, mouths, doughnut-holes, etc.
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portal covering
A collection of tangible objects. Each element of
#$PortalCovering is something that covers a portal (e.g.,
window, door, hatch). Portal coverings may be either
flexible or rigid; they may be either fixed in place or
removable. Examples include windows (in buildings or
automobiles), doors, shutters, screens, draperies, window
blinds, convertible tops, lids, corks.
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Portugal
The nation of Portugal as it has existed
throughout time; includes both its physical and its
political aspects.
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Portuguese Language
Indigenous language of #$Portugal and #$Brazil.
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position type
A collection of collections. Each element of
#$PositionType is a collection which represents a type of
position filled by people within an organization. Examples
of #$PositionType: #$Mayor, #$CampaignManager,
#$Director-Movie, #$Chairman, #$Resident-Medical.
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positive integers
#$PositiveInteger is the subset of #$Integer that
excludes the negative integers and zero. Each element of
#$PositiveInteger is a whole number greater than zero; thus,
it includes 5, but not -5 or 0.
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positive number
#$PositiveNumber is a subset of #$RealNumber.
Each instance of #$PositiveNumber is a #$RealNumber that is
#$greaterThan zero; thus, it includes 42 and 0.17 but not 0
or -5.
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postal codes
A collection of character strings. Each element
of #$PostalCode is a string used by a postal service to
designate a particular geographic area. For example, the
code used by the #$USPostalService for central downtown
Austin, TX, is `78701'. Most countries have their own
kind of #$PostalCodes. For example, see #$ZipCode, a
specialization of #$PostalCode, which is specific to the UnitedStatesOfAmerica.
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positions
The collection of postures, which are types of
attributes that describe bodily configurations and/or
orientations of #$Animals. Some #$Postures are:
#$UprightPosture, #$KneelingPosture, #$LyingOnBackPosture,
#$PronePosture, #$LeaningOnKnucklesPosture, #$ForwardFlyingPosture.
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pourable
A physical attribute. #$Pourable is the
structural attribute of a tangible thing that is capable of
flowing. #$Pourable things don't have intrinsic shape,
but instead take the shape of their containers. When acted
on by a force, a #$Pourable thing changes shape at a rate
proportional to the force. (In addition, #$Pourable things
may be easily separated into multiple pieces; however, such
a separation is not a breaking or shearing.) Mobs of
particles, such as portions of sand or snow, are #$Pourable;
but a gelatin-like semisolid is not. See also #$SemiSolidTangibleThing.
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powdery
A physical attribute. #$Powdery is the
#$PhysicalStructuralAttribute which describes a solid that
has the form of a powder. #$Powdery stuff is #$Pourable and
composed of multiple granules of solids.
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mechanisms
A collection of physical devices. An instance of
#$PoweredDevice is any device which requires some power
input in order to perform its function. The power supplied
may be muscle power, kinetic energy, fuel, electricity, etc.
This is much more general than #$ElectricalDevice (qv),
which is one of its subsets. #$PoweredDevice and
#$NonPoweredDevice partition #$PhysicalDevice.
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precipitation clouds
The collection of clouds that emit
#$PrecipitationParticles in instances of #$PrecipitationProcess.
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precipitation particle
The collection of particles of liquid or solid
water emitted by clouds in instances of #$PrecipitationProcess.
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precipitation processes
A collection of physical processes; a subset of
#$WeatherEvent. Elements of #$PrecipitationProcess are
meteorological processes in which atmospheric clouds
precipitate rain, snow, or other forms of H2O precipitation.
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predicates
The set of all Cyc predicates. Each element of
#$Predicate is a relationship in Cyc which takes some number
of arguments to yield a well-formed CycL formula; each of
those arguments must be of some particular type. For
example, the predicate #$genls, which represents the
subset/superset relation between collections, takes two
arguments; each argument must be an element of #$Collection.
The numbers and types of arguments to particular predicates
are specified by explicit assertions using #$arity,
#$arg1Isa, #$arg2Isa, etc., #$arg1Genl, #$arg2Genl, etc.
Our example #$genls has #$arity 2, and both its #$arg1Isa
and its #$arg2Isa have the value #$Collection. Informally,
you can think of elements of #$Predicate as functions that
always return either true or false. More formally, when an
element of #$Predicate is applied to the legal number and
type of arguments, an expression is formed which is a
well-formed formula (wff) in CycL. Such expressions are
called `atomic formulas' if they contain variables,
and `gafs' (short for `ground atomic formulas') if
they contain no variables. Quantifiers and logical
operators are excluded from #$Predicate; see #$Quantifier,
#$LogicalConnective. Currently (March 2000), the KB
includes predicates of arity 1-7, inclusive. The KB also
includes some predicates of variable arity (see
#$VariableArityRelation). Unary predicates, which take just
one single argument (e.g., `-- is a person' or `-- is
white', are usually represented in Cyc by elements of
#$Collection or #$AttributeValue, rather than of
#$Predicate; but see also #$UnaryPredicate. Naming strings
for elements of #$Predicate always begin with a lowercase letter.
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predicate category
A collection of collections; a subset of
#$RelationshipType. Each element of #$PredicateCategory is
a collection of Cyc #$Predicates. Examples:
#$TemporalPartSlot, #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot,
#$FunctionalSlot, #$InterActorSlot,
#$TransitiveBinaryPredicate, #$PropositionalAttitudeSlot.
See also the comment on #$Predicate.
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pregnancy ending event
The collection of events which terminate a
pregnancy, including birth, abortion, and miscarriage.
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telephone cards
The collection of all #$Cards that allow a user to
make telephone calls by debiting the price of the call from
the value remaining on the card. The value on the card may
be encoded on a magnetic strip on the card, or kept track of
by the company that issued the card.
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preparation attribute
A collection of attributes. Each element of
#$PreparationAttribute is a characteristic of a piece of
material (e.g., food) indicating (1) a type of physical
preparation which that stuff has already undergone, and (2)
something about its current, resulting condition. Examples
of #$PreparationAttribute which are applicable to food
include: #$Baked, #$Fried, #$Toasted, #$Fermented,
#$Grilled, #$Frozen, #$Dried, #$Raw.
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events in which food or drink is prepared
A collection of events. Each element of
#$PreparingFoodOrDrink is an event in which a single
instance of #$FoodAndDrink is created from something.
Preparation may begin `from scratch', with raw
ingredients, or may use semi-prepared or `convenience'
products (such as cake mixes, margarita mixes, or frozen
foods). Typical #$subEvents in elements of
#$PreparingFoodOrDrink include activities commonly performed
by cooks and/or bartenders, including instances of
#$ChoppingSomething, #$CookingFood, #$BakingFood,
#$MixingAlcoholicDrinks, etc. Each #$PreparingFoodOrDrink
event ends when the item prepared is ready to eat. This
collection is NOT to include activities that a diner does
with food at table (such as peeling, unwrapping, cutting
into bitesized pieces), nor activities that a farmer does
before food reaches market or kitchen (e.g., planting, harvesting).
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prepositions
The collection of all prepositions. Prepositions
are function words which usually take a noun phrase
complement. They usually express temporal, spatial, or other
relations. Example: `at'.
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prescriber
People who can prescribe medications. Doctors are
prescribers, as well as osteopaths and nurse-practitioners.
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prescription drugs
The collection of drugs that require a
doctor's permission before obtaining or consuming them.
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preservatives
Preservatives which are added to food to prevent spoilage.
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preserving food
A collection of events. Each instance of
#$PreservingFood is an event in which a single item of food
or drink (a member of the collection #$FoodAndDrink) is
acted on to prevent its #$Spoiling.
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presidents
A collection of persons. Each element of
#$President-HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState is a person who
holds the title of president of some element of #$Country,
whether that title belongs to a position which is
#$HeadOfState or #$HeadOfGovernment (or both). Examples:
Boris Yeltsin, #$BillClinton, Jiang Zemin, Lee Dung-Hui.
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pressures
A collection of attributes; a subset of
#$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Pressure represents
a specific measure of a force exerted on some surface.
Degrees of #$Pressure may be represented using
#$GenericValueFunctions or with qualitative collections
(e.g., #$BruisingPressure, #$FracturingPressure,
#$ImperceptiblePressure). Indicate the #$Pressure of a
particular fluid with the predicate #$fluidPressure;
indicate atmospheric pressure with #$barometricPressure.
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pride
Self-esteem based upon one's actions,
possessions, or relationships. #$Vanity is not necessarily
entailed by #$Pride. This is a collection; see #$Happiness.
More specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes include
#$PrideOfMembership, #$PrideOfAccomplishment, #$Vanity,
#$Patriotism, etc.
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primary role use rights
An attribute of an object with respect to an
#$Agent, meaning that the agent who holds this kind of
#$UserRightsAttribute to an object is allowed to use that
object in events where it performs its #$primaryFunction. A
rental agreement typically gives the renter this kind of
right to use of an object (such as a car, residence,
videotape, etc.) Just because you rent a car, though, does
not give you the right to sell it, burn it up, or repaint it.
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primary user rights
An attribute of an object with respect to an
#$Agent, meaning that the agent who holds this kind of
#$UserRightsAttribute to an object has priority to use that
object, over other agents who can also claim a right to use
it. E.g., parents have #$PrimaryUserRights to the family
car. Note that the attribute #$PrimaryUserRights makes
sense only for objects to which #$GroupUserRightsAttributes
apply, since there must be multiple authorized users in
order for priority of claims to occur.
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primates
The collection of all primates. The collection
#$Primate includes the subsets #$Person, #$Ape, #$Monkey,
etc. #$Primate is an instance of #$BiologicalOrder in the
#$BiologicalClass #$Mammal.
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prime ministers
A collection of persons. Each element of
#$PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment is a person who holds the
political office of Prime Minister in some element of
#$Country. Examples: John Major, Benjamin Netanyahu, Lien
Chen, #$AndreasPapandreou.
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primitive attribute types
A collection of collections. Each element of
#$PrimitiveAttributeType is a collection of `primitive'
attributes such as mass, distance, charge, and others which
have a single (total) ordering on (usually) a real line.
Note: #$PrimitiveAttributeType excludes the elements of
#$UnorderedAttributeType (e.g., gender). Cf. #$CompositeAttributeType.
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primitive temporal relations
#$PrimitiveTemporalRelations specify temporal
relations between #$TimePoints. The only two binary
predicates which are elements of this set are #$after and
#$simultaneousWith. Note: The predicate `before' is
unnecessary since (before x y) would be the same thing as
(#$after y x))
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private sector employees
A collection of persons; a subset of
#$Professional. Each element of #$PrivateSectorEmployee is
a worker who is not paid a salary or wage by a governmental
organization. For example, employees of publicly traded
corporations are elements of #$PrivateSectorEmployee. Note:
Private sector employees may contract with a government
organization as consultants, however.
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privately-held corporations
An incorporated business whose stock, if it
exists, is not traded publicly on some stock exchange.
Businesses that are traded publicly are instances of #$PubliclyHeldCorporation.
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psc
The collection of microtheories that are used in
applications as a means to reason about particular
situations. Every original query takes place in some
#$ProblemSolvingCntxt (as opposed to a #$GeneralMicrotheory)
which has access --- via the #$genlMt relation --- to other
relevant microtheories, all the way up to the most general
one, the #$BaseKB. A #$ProblemSolvingCntxt is usually
created temporarily for the problem at hand, and is
discarded after the problem is dealt with (unlike a
#$GeneralMicrotheory, which is created for lasting use).
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process predicate
A collection of predicates. Each element of
#$ProcessPredicate is a predicate used in assertions that
describe processes. For example, #$amountOfEnergyUsed,
#$signalState, #$toPossessor, #$primaryActivityType,
#$exports, #$monetaryValue.
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products
A collection of things. Elements of #$Product are
individual goods, services, investments, etc.--basically,
anything which is offered (or may be exchanged) for money or
trade. Typically, elements of #$Product are things which
are intended to be sold or used for some kind of service in
exchange for money at least once in their lifetime.
Examples: a Lexus sedan, a package of McDonald's french
fries, a massage, a bouquet of flowers, a share in a money
market fund, the services of a real estate agent, a research
satellite. See also #$Artifact.
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product standards
A collection of specifications. Each element of
#$ProductStandard is a precise description applied to the
instances of a particular #$ProductType. Manufacturers of
that product type agree explicitly or in practice, or they
may obey a government requirement, to make product designs
following the specifications stated in the standard, so that
products within the type will all have certain features in
common. For example, telephones and television sets fulfil
certain product standards. The resultant interchangeability
allows compatibility with other devices and products, with
public utilities, commercial trading expectations,
governement purchasing requirements, etc.
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product types
A collection of collections. Each element of
#$ProductType is a collection of things--i.e., some kind of
substances, objects, actions--at least some of which are
produced and/or performed and sold as products. Not all
elements in such a #$ProductType collection must be
products, but some are. Examples of #$ProductType:
#$DairyProduct, #$HardDiskDrive, #$PlasticWrap,
#$ServiceEvent, #$EnergyStuff, etc. Note that #$ProductType
is not a subset of either #$ObjectType or #$StuffType,
because there are products of both kinds (e.g.,
#$Rice-Foodstuff is a #$ProductType but not an
#$ObjectType), and there are even event types that are
instances of #$ProductType. *Many* of the collections which
are elements of #$ProductType will, however, be an instance
of either #$ObjectType or #$StuffType. Product types which
are specific to a single #$BrandName should be made
instances of the spec #$ProductTypeByBrand. Product types
which are specified by both #$BrandName and #$ProductVersion
should be made instances of #$ProductTypeByBrandVersion.
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professionals
A set of agents. Elements of #$Professional are
agents who spend a significant part of their waking hours
doing activities that are characteristic of some occupation,
skilled or unskilled. However, elements of #$Professional
need not be working the entire duration of when they are a
professional, such as a #$Professor on summer break, or
someone who is temporarily unemployed. The elements of
#$Professional are persons, most of whom belong to at least
one such collection during some portion of their lives.
Typically their actions are performed for pay, but not
always (e.g., #$Artist-Visual). What are colloquially
considered professions or occupations are subsets of
#$Professional; for example, #$LumberJack, #$Scientist,
#$Lifeguard, #$StockBroker, #$Technician, #$CraftWorker,
#$Housekeeper, #$SportsCoach, #$Athlete,
#$LegalProfessional, #$Publicist, #$CrewMemberOnShip,
#$SelfEmployedWorker (and many more). Additionally, other
subsets of #$Professional classify workers according to
other features of their working life besides skills; e.g.,
#$SelfEmployedWorker, #$DeskWorker. Subsets may be general
(e.g., #$DeskWorker, #$Doctor-Medical) or specialized (e.g.,
#$ContinuingEdProgramCoordinator, #$PediatricNeuroSurgeon).
Elements of #$Professional are temporal subabstractions
[#$subAbstrac] of people: #$MaryShepherd (#$HumanCyclist),
#$MichaelJordan (#$Athlete), #$AlfredNorthWhitehead
(#$Philosopher), #$Michelangelo (#$Sculptor,
#$PainterFineArtist), #$BillClinton
(#$UnitedStatesPresident), etc.
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professional offices
A collection of organizations. Every element of
#$ProfessionalOffice is a #$SingleSiteOrganization
comprising one or more professionals (physicians, dentists,
lawyers, accountants, etc.) and their support staff.
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prokaryotic organisms
The subset of #$SingleCellOrganism whose members
are single-celled but lack nuclei and mitochondria. The
members of the #$MoneraKingdom all belong to the collection
#$ProkaryoticCell, which includes the subsets #$Bacterium
and #$BlueGreenAlgae. #$ProkaryoticCell excludes viruses,
protista, prions, and rickettsia. Unlike the elements of
#$EukaryoticCell, prokaryotic cells are never assembled into
multicellular organisms.
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pronouns
The collection of all pronouns. Pronouns are
indexicals which can replace nouns. Example: `she'.
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proper count noun
The collection of all proper count nouns. Proper
nouns are usually capitalized, and they usually denote some
particular person, place, or thing. Many proper nouns
cannot be preceded by a determiner, and many have no plural
form. Example: `Dallas'. Although one might think
that names for languages e.g. ``Cherokee'' are
#$ProperCountNouns, they are actually #$MassNouns. One test
is to see if you can ``too much X'' or ``a lot of
X'' without a distinct plural form. For example
``too much Crest'' vs *``too much
Q-tips'' and ``a lot of Coke'' vs *``a
lot of Q-tip'' suggest that ``crest''
and ``coke'' are mass nouns, whereas
``Q-tip'' is a count noun.
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proper mass noun
The collection of all proper mass nouns. Proper
mass nouns are usually capitalized.
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titles
The collection of all proper names, considered as
character strings. This includes, as elements, city names
such as ``Dallas'', people's names such as
``Douglas'', company names such as
``Apple'', conference names, book titles, etc.
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proposals
The class of potential agreements or other kinds
of #$SupposedToBeMicrotheory which are in the
'proposal' stage -- i.e., which are under
consideration but which have not been adopted (yet). The
making and consideration of #$Proposals is an important part
of such activities as #$Negotiating and legislative
#$Debate. Examples of #$Proposals include #$BidOnSale, job
offers, proposed codes of conduct (including proposals for
new #$Laws), and proposed punishments.
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propositions
A collection of intangible individuals. Each
instance of #$Proposition is an abstract propositional thing
that has some truth value in some context or world. A
proposition is assumed to be representable (at least in
principle) by a sentence in some formal or natural language.
But it should _not_ be assumed that propositions are
themselves intrinsically linguistic items in the way that
sentences or formulae are. Indeed, propositions are often
viewed as extra-linguistic, intensional entities that (while
not sentences themselves) are represented or expressed by
meaningful sentences (or, on some versions of this view, by
concrete tokens of sentences). On such a view it is
possible for distinct sentences (either from the same
language or from different languages) to express the very
same proposition; e.g. 'Snow is white.',
'White is the color of snow.', 'Schnee ist
weiss.' (in German), and (arguably)
'(#$relationAllInstance #$objectHasColor #$SnowMob
#$WhiteColor)' (in CycL). Similarly, it is sometimes
the case that a single sentence -- when used in different
contexts -- will express distinct propositions; e.g. 'I
am hungry.' said by you and said by me. Most formal
languages (such as a first-order predicate calculus) and
natural languages (such as English) include the resources
for composing expressions that represent propositions from
component expressions (that might or might not themselves
represent other propositions).
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propositional attitude slot
The collection of #$BinaryPredicates in Cyc which
represent the various propositional attitudes. Examples
include #$beliefs, #$desires, #$biases, #$knows,
#$opinions, #$expects, #$intends, #$goals, #$notices, etc.
The first argument of instances of this collection is the
agent holding the relevant propositional attitude. The
second argument is the information towards which the
propositional attitude is held.
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information
A collection of intangible objects. Each element
of #$PropositionalInformationThing is a chunk of abstract
propositional information (`a PIT' abbreviates `a
propositional information thing'). Such a chunk of
information may consist of one or more propositions. The
propositional content of a PIT is not intrinsically encoded
in any particular language, but it may be representable in
many languages. PITs are used to represent the meaningful
contents of information bearing things. Physical
things--objects or events--which are elements of
#$InformationBearingThing are linked to the abstract PIT
contents they embody, by using the predicate
#$containsInformation (q.v.). An element of
#$PropositionalInformationThing may be something as simple
as the information content of a command to stop one's
vehicle, expressed verbally or symbolically in a road sign
or in a traffic officer's gesture; or a PIT may be
something as complex as the entire contemporary knowledge of
#$Mathematics, which is embodied in many and various
sources. More examples: the story embodied in a showing of
the movie `Citizen Kane', the information in my resume,
the content of a conversation in American Sign Language, and
the information contained in the #$CycKB, may all be
represented as PITs. Note that the collection
#$PropositionalInformationThing is a subset of
#$Microtheory, which makes the Cyc inference mechanisms for
handling microtheories available to manage the propositional
content of information bearing things. See also
#$Microtheory and #$ist-Information.
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protective garments
A collection of objects. Each element of
#$ProtectiveAttire is something to wear that is designed for
protection from the elements or from injury. Some subsets
of #$ProtectiveAttire include the collections #$SnowGoggles,
#$SurgicalGlove, #$WeldingMask, #$Helmet, #$BoxingHeadGear,
#$FaceMaskForCatcher, #$FirefightersCoat, #$RainGear.
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protista kingdom
A #$BiologicalKingdom proposed to include
primarily single-celled, eukaryotic organisms such as
#$Algae, #$Protozoans, and #$SlimeMolds.
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protons
A collection of objects; a subset of #$Nucleon.
Each instance of #$Proton is a nucleon which has an
#$ElectricalCharge of +1.
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protozoa
The collection of protozoa; a subset of
#$SingleCellOrganism. Elements of #$Protozoan are also
elements of #$EukaryoticCell. Subsets include #$Amoeba and
many others. Protozoa lack cell walls made of cellulose.
Many protozoa are motile, using pseudopoda, cilia, or
flagella to move. Some cause diseases in larger organisms.
The class #$Protozoan is an instance of
#$BiologicalSubkingdom in many classification systems,
sometimes placed under the #$ProtistaKingdom.
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psychological disorders
The collection of ailments that are classified as
psychological due to their origin and/or manifestation in
the mind of the sufferer rather than (or at least in
addition to, and perhaps causing) manifestations in the
sufferer's body. Having a brain tumor is not an
element of this collection, but imagining that you have one
is an element of #$PsychologicalAilment, and so is the deep
case of depression you fall into once you believe (rightly
or wrongly) that you have a brain tumor. Some subsets of
this collection are the collections #$Phobia,
#$Depression-PsychologicalCondition, and #$PanicAttack.
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public event
The collection of #$Events which occur in front
of, or in the contemporaneous awareness of, a large number
of #$Persons -- #$ThePublic. Usually these are intended to
be public events, such as the Olympics, a public beheading, etc.
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public officials
A collection of persons; a subset of
#$PublicSectorEmployee. Each element of #$PublicOfficial is
a person who holds a position that is directly involved with
some aspect of governing a country (or a sub-region of it).
Many public offices in democratically governed countries are
filled by election; some are filled by appointment. In
other countries, public offices are sometimes filled by
succession or by military decree. Note: Cyc represents a
public office, such as #$Mayor or #$UnitedStatesPresident,
as the collection of officials who have held that office,
together with axioms describing their responsibilities.
#$PublicOfficial is a #$PositionType.
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public sector employees
A collection of persons; a subset of
#$Professional. Each element of #$PublicSectorEmployee is a
person who is employed by a local, state (or provincial), or
national government. This collection includes both those
who are employed directly in government administration
(e.g., elected and appointed officials, tax officers, police
and military personnel, other regulatory agents) and those
who are employed in support services wholly funded by the
government (e.g., postal employees, public school teachers,
firefighters, unionized government workers, etc.).
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publicly held corporations
A collection of businesses; a subset of
#$LegalCorporation. An element of #$PubliclyHeldCorporation
is an incorporated business whose #$Stock is traded publicly
on some stock exchange or another public securities market.
Businesses that are not traded publicly are instances of #$PrivatelyHeldCorporation.
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publications
A collection of information bearing things (IBTs).
Each element of #$PublishedMaterial is an IBT that belongs
to a set of multiple copies which have identical information
contents, embodied in similar form, and which have been
produced for distribution. Note that published here does
not mean printed and physically distributed -- intangible
IBTs can be published using the #$WorldWideWeb, or broadcast
on the airwaves. #$PublishedMaterial includes the published
elements of #$TextualMaterial (e.g., books and magazines);
software duplicated for sale or distribution; and
mass-produced elements of #$RecordedSoundProduct.
Periodicals, television shows, commercial films, annual
business reports, tax schedules, Top 10 songs, all are
sub-classes of #$PublishedMaterial. Examples of
#$PublishedMaterial: Cycorp's copy of `The New York
Times' for July 4, 1998; my paperback copy of the novel
`Parade's End'; Bill's copy of OS/2; the
instance of the Beatles song `Can't Buy Me Love'
now playing on Lisa's radio. See also #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType.
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pulverize
A collection of events. In each
#$PulverizationEvent, some #$SolidTangibleThing is turned
into #$Powder or a #$LiquidStateOfMatter through the
application of a force.
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pure compounds
A collection of tangible stuffs. Each instance of
#$PureCompound is a chemically pure portion of
stuff belonging to some particular #$ChemicalCompoundType
(e.g., #$Carbon, #$Water, #$Cellulose).
`Chemically pure' applies to a piece of stuff which has
no sub-portions that fail to conform to the
chemical composition of its (single)
#$ChemicalCompoundType. In typical contexts, most
common portions of a #$ChemicalCompoundType will not be
instances of #$PureCompound. For
example, a piece of pencil lead, though mostly carbon,
will not be an instance since it is not pure carbon and any
portion of ordinary tap water will contain too
many impurities. Many sub-portions of either a
piece of pencil lead or portion of tap water will
fail to conform to the chemical composition of
either carbon or water. Some instances of
#$ChemicalCompoundType are #$genls of #$PureCompound in most
contexts but not in all. In typical domestic
contexts, for example, a piece of ordinary
distilled water would be an element of #$PureCompound.
However, in a clean room or microchip
manufacturing context, ordinary distilled water
would probably be considerd impure (see #$ImpureCompound).
In general, to refer to a pure instance of a substance
one can use the function #$PureFn, e.g. (#$PureFn #$Carbon).
Note that #$PureFn has #$PureCompound as a
#$resultGenl. Since this kind of purity is
relative to specified chemical composition only,
PureCompound (and PureFn) does not pertain to mixtures in
#$Cyc (such as #$Air). Cf. #$Mixture,
#$ChemicalCompoundType. See also
#$PureCompoundType and #$ImpureCompound.
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pure compound type
A collection of collections. Every instance of
#$PureCompoundType is a collection which is a subset of both
#$PureCompound and of some particular #$ChemicalCompoundType
(e.g., #$Carbon, #$Water, #$Cellulose). Each instance of
#$PureCompoundType is defined ONLY by the properties of its
#$ChemicalCompoundType, and of #$PureCompound (q.v.). For
example, (#$PureFn #$Fructose) is an instance of
#$PureCompoundType, but the subsets of #$Fructose, such as
(say) `pure fructose derived from honey' would not be
instances of #$PureCompoundType.
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purpose specification slot
Instances are predicates used to specify states
that instances of #$Plan or instances of #$PurposefulAction
in a planning context are supposed to bring about. Usually
but not always this will entail a specific statement of purpose.
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intentional actions
#$PurposefulAction is the collection of actions in
which at least one actor is consciously, volitionally, and
purposefully doing the action (i.e., there is one or more
#$deliberateActors (q.v.)).
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purposeful composite physical and mental activity
A collection of events that have both a mental and
physical component but are performed purposively. It is the
intersection of #$PurposefulAction and
#$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent. Cutting a piece of wood
would be an instance of
#$PurposefulCompositePhysicalAndMentalActivity since it
involves mental and physical functioning on the part of the
performing agent and is done purposively. Having a car
accident would not be an instance unless the actor
responsible for the accident purposefully crashed her car.
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purposeful mental activity
A subcollection of #$StrictlyMentalEvent, i.e.,
those involving intentional mental activity on the part of
at least one performer (see #$performedBy). Solving a
math problem, planning an attack, performing a thought
experiment are all examples of #$PurposefulMentalActivity.
However, daydreaming or having undesired obsessive thoughts
are not examples. A borderline example might be arriving at
the solution to a math problem in one's sleep after
intentionally working on the problem during the previous day.
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putting on a clothing item
A collection of events. Each element of
#$PuttingOnAClothingItem is an event in which some wearable
item is donned. Such an event may be performed either by
the wearer or by someone else (e.g., putting on a
horse's bridle or a child's mittens). After an
element of #$PuttingOnAClothingItem occurs, there exists an
element of #$WearingSomething (q.v.), i.e., the situation in
which the item donned is #$wornOn the body of the wearer.
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pyramid shaped
#$PyramidShaped is the instance of
#$ShapeAttribute shared by all three-dimensional object
made up of four triangular (see #$Triangular) sides (see
#$objectSurfaces) meeting at an apex and having a
rectangular (#$Rectangular) base.
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quadrilateral shaped
This is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute shared by
all closed four-sided two-dimensional figures.
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times of day
Instances of #$QualitativeTimeOfDay are #$Events,
not just #$TimeIntervals. They are celestial events such as
instances of #$Dawn, #$Morning, #$Evening, etc. On
#$PlanetEarth, each of these is of course synchronized with
the daily cycle of the calendar, but its absolute timing
(#$startingPoint and #$endingPoint) depends on the season
and the observer's location on the planet's surface.
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quantifier
A collection of mathematical objects. Each
element of #$Quantifier represents a relationship between a
variable and a formula. In Cyc, a quantifier binds the
variable found in its first argument within the formula that
appears as its second argument. Elements of #$Quantifier in
CycL include #$forAll, #$thereExists, #$thereExistExactly,
#$thereExistAtLeast, #$thereExistAtMost.
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quantity slot
A collection of predicates. Each element of
#$QuantitySlot is a binary predicate that takes a quantity
as the value of its second argument. In Cyc, those
quantities are elements of #$ScalarInterval (q.v.).
Examples of #$QuantitySlot: #$distanceTranslated,
#$spatialExtent, #$densityOfObject. See also #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot.
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quasi-orderings
The collection of all those
#$MathematicalOrderings ORDER in which the ordering relation
R is a reflexive and transitive relation on the #$baseSet S
of ORDER, i.e., for each X in S, R(X X) holds, and for each
X, Y and Z in S, if R(X Y) and R(Y Z) then R(X Z). For
example, if you take the set of all people in the states
today, and take the relation '__ is at least as tall as
...' (i.e., either __ is as tall as ... or __ is
taller than ...) on this set, you get a #$QuasiOrdering
because this relation is reflexive and transitive on the set
of all people in the states today. Note that the
#$QuasiOrdering in this example is neither a
#$PartialOrdering nor a #$PartialOrdering-Strict.
Subcollections of #$QuasiOrdering include #$PartialOrdering,
#$TreeOrdering, #$TotalOrdering and #$Lattice-LatticeTheoretic.
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quaternary function
#$QuaternaryFunction is the collection of all Cyc
functions which take four arguments.
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quaternary predicates
#$QuaternaryPredicate is the collection of all Cyc
predicates which take four arguments.
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quaternary relation
The collection of all #$Relations of arity 4 in
CycL. This collection was created in order to implement
automatic conclusion of arity for relations in CycL,
regardless of whether they are predicates or functions.
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query mt
The instance of #$IndexicalConcept used
specifically for referring to 'the microtheory in which
this particular query is being run. This allows for a
certain amount of reflection in queries, since it allows one
to pose a query about the #$Microtheory of the very same
Ask. It is useful for cases where one wants to obtain
certain facts about the context of an Ask without specifying
anything more about that context.
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quintary function
#$QuintaryFunction is the collection of all Cyc
functions which take five arguments.
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quintary predicates
#$QuintaryPredicate is the collection of all Cyc
predicates which take five arguments.
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quintary relation
The collection of all #$Relations of arity 5 in
CycL. This collection was created in order to implement
automatic conclusion of arity for relations in CycL,
regardless of whether they are predicates or functions.
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r s t relation
A set of predicates describing possible relations
between text constituents. These predicates are roughly
adopted from work in Rhetorical Structure Theory (Mann &
Thompson) and the SENSUS ontology (Hovy). Typically, these
relations serve as necessary coherence links between
segments of a text.
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radially symmetric object
The collection of objects which are radially
symmetric, such as wheels, starfish, etc.
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radiation resistance
A collection of attributes; a subset of
#$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$RadiationResistance
represents a specific capacity of a tangible object to
resist radiation. Degrees of #$RadiationResistance may be
represented using #$GenericValueFunctions. Indicate a
particular object's #$RadiationResistance with the
predicate #$resistanceToRadiation.
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radio waves
A collection of events; a subset of
#$ElectromagneticRadiation. Each element of #$RadioWave is
an instance of electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength
in the range from approximately 1 centimeters (1x10^8
#$Angstrom) to 3,000,000 meters (3x10^18 #$Angstrom), and a
frequency of approximately 10^8 #$Hertz to 10^2 #$Hertz.
This includes the spectrum for RadioWave-UHF, RadioWave-VHF,
RadioWave-FM, RadioWave-AM, and several other types of
common use #$ElectromagneticRadiation.
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railroad stations
The collection of all railroad stations (train
station buildings). These are buildings located near
railroad tracks and their primary purpose is to be a place
where trains discharge and receive passengers (and possibly freight).
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railroads
The collection of all pathways made of
RailroadTracks and used for train transportation. It
includes main lines and sidings.
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showers
The collection of events in which the condensed
liquid water in clouds forms droplets (or ice cystals which
subsequently melt) substantial enough to fall to the surface
of the earth.
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raindrops
The collection of drops of liquid water emitted by
clouds in instances of #$RainProcess.
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raininess
A collection of attributes; a subset of
#$ScalarInterval. Each element of #$Raininess describes the
intensity with which it is raining at an #$OutdoorLocation.
(At the low extreme, it is not raining at all.) Degrees of
raininess may be represented qualitatively (e.g., #$Rainy),
or using #$GenericValueFunctions. The raininess of a
location is indicated with the predicate #$raininessOfRegion.
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rainy
The #$WeatherAttribute that characterizes an
#$OutdoorLocation at which it is raining.
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rates
A subset of #$ScalarInterval, whose elements are
an amount of some property, taken with respect to some unit
of time. Elements of #$Rate include, for example, the
instances of #$Speed (e.g., 55 mph), #$Frequency (e.g., 55
kHz), #$MonetaryFlowRate (e.g., 55 cents per minute). See
#$UnitOfRate for the units used by Cyc to measure rates
(e.g., #$DollarsPerYear, #$MetersPerSecond).
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rate of rotation
A collection of scalar rates of rotation.
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rational numbers
The collection of all rational numbers; a subset
of #$RealNumber. Each element of #$RationalNumber is a
number that can be expressed as the quotient of two
integers, i.e., a ratio. For example, 3/4, 2 1/8,
0.3333333..., 11/5.
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reads
The collection of acts of reading
#$TextualMaterial. These may be for extracting some sort of
information from the text, for entertainment, to impart the
content of the text to others (if #$ReadingAloud), or to
test reading skills.
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properties
A collection of tangible objects. Each element of
#$RealEstate is either a parcel of land or a land-based
property that can be bought, sold, or rented. This includes
buildings and parts of buildings such as office suites or
condominiums, as well as parcels of land. Some prominent
examples: #$GuantanamoNavalBase, #$NewYorkHiltonAtBroadway, #$WorldTradeCenter.
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real numbers
The collection of all the minimal intervals (i.e.,
points) on the number line; a subset of
#$IntervalOnNumberLine. Each element of #$RealNumber is a
single point on the real number line, which has no upper or
lower bounds. Subsets of #$RealNumber include #$Integer,
#$RationalNumber, #$NegativeNumber, #$PrimeNumber, and
others. Note: Real numbers, like other elements of
#$IntervalOnNumberLine, are measured along a single number
`line'; but complex numbers, quaternions, etc., are
n-tuples of numbers, and therefore are elements of
#$NTupleInterval. For example, #$ComplexNumber is a subset
of #$NTupleInterval
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receiving
A collection of events; a subset of
#$GeneralizedTransfer. Each element of #$Receiving is an
event in which something `comes in' to an object.
Typically, a receiving has associated with it an element of
#$Translocation; a particular receiving and its associated
translocation(s) are related by the predicate
#$transferInSubEvent. If the thing which `comes in' is
an instance of #$PartiallyTangible (such as a baseball, or a
SCUD missile), then its reception belongs to the specialized
subset, #$ReceivingAnObject (q.v.). If the translocation
associated with the receiving is an instance of
#$WavePropagation (such as a radio broadcast, or heat
radiation from the Sun), then the receiving belongs to the
subset #$ReceivingAWave (q.v.).
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receiving a wave
A collection of events; a subset of #$Receiving.
Each element of #$ReceivingAWave is an event in which an
instance of #$WavePropagation is received at a #$toLocation.
For example, my CD player receiving an infrared signal from
the remote control; hearing a sound of distant thunder; a
radio telescope receiving signals from a celestial body. See
also #$WavePropagation.
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receiving an object
A collection of events, #$ReceivingAnObject is a
subset of the collection #$Receiving. An instance of
#$ReceivingAnObject is an event in which there is some
#$PartiallyTangible which is the #$objectMoving, i.e., the
thing which `comes in' to the receiver (the
#$toLocation). For example, the #$objectMoving on an
occasion when Lynn Swann received a pass from Terry Bradshaw
during a Steelers' game would be a football (i.e., some
instance of #$Football-American) and the passing/receiving
event itself would be a #$ReceivingAnObject.
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sound recordings
A collection of information bearing objects
(IBOs); a subset of #$PublishedMaterial. Each element of
#$RecordedSoundProduct is a sound recording which is one of
a class of similar recordings with the same information
content. Typically, #$RecordedSoundProduct includes audio
recordings (on audio cassettes, CDs, vinyl records) prepared
and duplicated for sale as a product. See also #$AudioRecordedObject.
bd590495-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
recorded video product
A collection of #$VideoRecordedObjects; a subset
of #$PublishedMaterial. Each element of
#$RecordedVideoProduct is a video recording which is one of
a class of similar recordings with the same information
content. Typically, #$RecordedVideoProduct includes video
recordings (on videotape, laserdiscs, etc.) prepared and
duplicated for sale as a product.
bd58e771-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
recoveries
A collection of events. In an instance of
#$RecoveringFromAilment, some member of
#$BiologicalLivingObject recovers from an #$AilmentCondition
it has at the beginning of this recovery period.
c10c3620-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
rectangular
#$Rectangular is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute
shared by all objects that are rectangular in shape, i.e,
parrallelograms (#$ParallelogramShaped) containing only
ninety degree interior angles (see #$angleBetweenEdgesOnObject).
bd60e0df-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
rectangular 3 d shaped
#$Rectangular3DShaped is the instance of
#$ShapeAttribute is held by all three dimensional objects
for which each face (see #$objectSurfaces) it is the case
that (#$shapeOfObject ?FACE #$Rectangular).
c05b14e7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
reference works
The set of all documents that provide a more or
less non-speculative, `fact-oriented,' comprehensive
description of some knowledge domain.
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reflexive binary predicate
A collection of predicates; the subset of
#$BinaryPredicate whose elements represent reflexive
relations. A predicate F is an element of
#$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate if and only if F is a binary
predicate, and for every X in the domain of F, (F X X).
Examples: #$subSeries, #$inRegion, #$genls, and #$equals.
Note this additional restriction: A Cyc predicate F can be
an element of #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate only if the type
(i.e., arg-Isa) constraint applicable to F's first
argument is not disjoint with the type constraint applicable
to F's second argument. See also #$NoteOnArgumentTypingAndPropertiesOfRelations.
bd63d3ad-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
reformulation backward direction
A meta-property of a #$CycLReformulatorDirective,
meaning that there exist two arguments in the directive such
that the higher-numbered arg (e.g. arg2 for a binary
predicate) is the 'from' arg, the input to the
reformulator, and that the lower-numbered arg (e.g. arg1 for
a binary predicate) is the 'to' arg, the output of
the reformulator. Its semantics are more fully determined
by context. See #$reformulationDirectionInMode for how this
direction can be used.
bf0f7037-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
reformulation forward direction
A meta-property of a #$CycLReformulatorDirective,
meaning that there exist two arguments in the directive such
that the lower-numbered arg (e.g. arg1 for a binary
predicate) is the 'from' arg, the input to the
reformulator, and that the higher-numbered arg (e.g. arg2
for a binary predicate) is the 'to' arg, the
output of the reformulator. Its semantics are more fully
determined by context. This is the default
#$preferredReformulationDirection for #$reformulatorRules.
See #$reformulationDirectionInMode for how this direction
can be used.
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reformulation neither direction
A meta-property of a #$CycLReformulatorDirective,
meaning that no arg is to be interpreted as either the
'from' or 'to' arg. See
#$reformulationDirectionInMode for how this direction can be used.
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reformulator directive predicate
The collection of #$Predicates which can affect
the behaviour of the #$CycLReformulator or its submodules.
When reformulator directive GAFs are asserted, they are only
relevant to the reformulator when it is reformulating
expressions in the microtheory in which the directive is
asserted, or a specMt thereof.
c0ad3020-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
reformulator highly relevant f o r t
The collection of Cyc FORTs that are highly
relevant to the reformulator.
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reformulator irrelevant f o r t
The collection of Cyc FORTs that are not relevant
to the reformulator.
bfe0bb3f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
a type of spatial regions
A collection of collections. Each element of
#$RegionType is a collection of spatial regions.Such
collections have elements that are identifiable subregions
of objects, but that are not themselves independent objects.
Collections that are elements of #$RegionType include
#$PalmOfHand, #$Doorway, #$Wall-GenericBarrier,
#$WorkSurface, #$Handle, and many others.
bd58e4d3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
regional governments
A collection of government organizations; a subset
of #$LegalGovernmentOrganization. An element of
#$RegionalGovernment is a government organization which
controls a particular geopolitical region (e.g., a country,
state, city, county, etc). The #$subOrganizations of an
element of #$RegionalGovernment may include such
function-specific #$Departments (q.v.) as legislatures,
cabinets, police departments, Boards of Education, and
miscellaneous regulatory agencies (which are also
#$LegalGovernmentOrganizations). The #$subOrganizations of
a #$RegionalGovernment do not include other #$RegionalGovernments.
c10aed16-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
regular decagon shaped
This is the shape attribute shared by all
ten-sided two dimensional figures in which all edges are of
equal length and all interior angles have the same measure.
Note that this is a specialization of the attribute
#$RegularPolygonShaped, i.e., being #$EquilateralShaped and
#$Equiangular are necessary conditions for having this
attribute. Hence, not all ten-sided polygons have this
attribute. To describe ten-sided figures that aren't
regular polygons use #$PolygonShaped and #$numberOfEdges.
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regular hexagon shaped
This is the shape attribute shared by all six
sided two dimensional figures in which all edges are of
equal length and all interior angles have the same measure.
Note that this is a specialization of the attribute
#$RegularPolygonShaped, i.e., being #$EquilateralShaped and
#$Equiangular are necessary conditions for having this
attribute. Hence, not all six-sided polygons have this
attribute. To describe six-sided figures that aren't
regular polygons or equiangular use #$PolygonShaped and #$numberOfEdges.
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regular octagon shaped
This is the shape attribute shared by all
eight-sided (#$numberOfEdges) two dimensional figures in
which all edges (#$objectEdges) are of equal length and all
interior angles have the same measure. Note that this is a
specialization of the attribute #$RegularPolygonShaped,
i.e., being #$EquilateralShaped and #$Equiangular are
necessary conditions for having this attribute. Hence, not
all eight-sided polygons have this attribute. To describe
eight-sided figures that aren't regular polygons or
equiangular use #$PolygonShaped and #$numberOfEdges.
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regular pentagon shaped
This is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute shared by
all five-sided two dimensional figures in which all edges
are of equal length and all interior angles have the same
measure. Note that this is a specialization of the
attribute #$RegularPolygonShaped, i.e., being
#$EquilateralShaped and #$Equiangular are necessary
conditions for having this attribute. Hence, not all
five-sided polygons have this attribute. To describe
five-sided figures that aren't regular polygons or
equiangular use #$PolygonShaped and #$numberOfEdges.
c02b13c4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
regular polygon shaped
This instance of #$ShapeAttribute is the shape
attribute shared by all polygons that have the attributes
#$Equiangular and #$EquilateralShaped.
bf21eb08-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
reifiable functions
The collection of all Cyc functions whose values
can be reified and treated like Cyc constants. Using
reifiable functions allow us to add to the KB efficiently;
e.g., (#$GovernmentFn #$France) can be treated more or less
the same as if we had created a new constant term called
`GovernmentOfFrance', and #$GovernmentFn can be applied
to any element of #$GeopoliticalEntity to produce such a
reified term representing the region's government. On
the other hand, it is not desirable to reify every
non-atomic term; for example, all the measurable quantities,
such as (#$Inch 5), and the numbers which result from using
elements of #$FunctionFromQuantitiesToQuantities (e.g.,
#$PlusFn), should all be instances of #$UnreifiableFunction
instead. Thus, #$IndividualDenotingFunction does not and
should NOT have #$ReifiableFunction as a #$genls, because
#$IndividualDenotingFunction includes the elements of
#$UnitOfMeasure and other functions whose uses we don't
want to reify. See also #$Function-Denotational,
#$CycLReifiableDenotationalTerm, #$UnreifiableFunction.
bd588002-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
relationships
A collection of abstract objects. Each element of
#$Relation represents some kind of relation. Some elements
of #$Relation are truth-valued, that is, when applied to
arguments, they yield statements which are true or false.
That includes elements of a subset of #$Relation,
#$TruthFunction (which has the subsets #$Predicate,
#$LogicalConnective, and #$Quantifier). Other elements of
#$Relation yield new terms, rather than just true or false
-- among them are all the members of
#$Function-Denotational. Syntactically, elements of
#$Relation are Cyc constants that can legally appear in the
`zero-th' argument place of a CycL expression, i.e.,
immediately after the opening parenthesis in a CycL expression.
bd5880cd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
relation predicate
A collection of predicates. Each instance of
#$RelationPredicate is a relationship between intangible
objects. Examples include #$subAlgorithms,
#$maxQuantValue, #$meanQuantValue, #$expectedValue,
#$derivativesOfFunction, #$rangeOfDistribution,
#$inverseFunc, and #$lessLikelyThan.
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relational structure
The collection of all mathematical structures each
being a composite individual structure consisting of a
#$baseSet with structuring relations or operations on that
set (and, optionally, one or more selected other sets,
relations, functions or individuals). Examples include
#$PartialOrderings, #$Multigraphs, etc. Sometimes
mathematicians specify these using a #$Tuple of sets,
relations, functions, and/or individuals, as specifications.
Note that RelationalStructure is not the same as its
#$baseSet since a pure SetOrCollection necessarily lacks the
associated 'structure'.
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relationship type
A collection of collections. Each element of
#$RelationshipType is a collection of relations used in Cyc,
including predicates, lambda functions, mathematical
functions, non-atomic terms, and other types. Examples:
#$UnaryFunction, #$LogicalConnective,
#$IndividualDenotingFunction, #$GenericTimePredicate, #$LanguageDescribingPredicate.
bd58dab6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
humidity
A collection of attributes; a subset of
#$ScalarInterval. The elements of #$RelativeHumidity
represent the extent to which the atmosphere at a location
approaches total saturation with water vapor. The relative
humidity of a location is indicated with the predicate #$ambientRelativeHumidity.
bd58935f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
relaxation
The feeling of being emotionally relaxed, of
having no pressing troubles or duties weighing on one, of
being at ease and untroubled. This is a #$Collection ---
for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. A related
#$FeelingAttributeType is #$Calm.
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reliefs
Emotion aroused by the removal or lightening of
something oppressive, distressing, or painful. This is a
collection; for an explanation of a typical
#$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness.
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religions
The collection of all religions or equivalent sets
of beliefs that answer the `big questions' about
creation, existence, etc. Some elements of this are:
#$AnimistReligion, #$Catholicism, #$Buddhism, etc.
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religious holidays
Each #$ReligiousHoliday is a #$Holiday which is
specified by some religious tradition. Note that
individuals may observe or otherwise participate in a
#$ReligiousHoliday without being members of the associated #$Religion.
c0fdf861-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
religious organizations
A collection of organizations. An element of
#$ReligiousOrganization is a #$BeliefSystemFocusGroup whose
members share religious beliefs, together with meetings,
rituals, or practices related to those beliefs. The
collection #$ReligiousOrganization includes elements of
#$LocalReligiousCongregation such as local churches,
temples, mosques and shrines (qua organizations), as well as
worldwide religious organizations such as the #$RomanCatholicChurch.
bd58db04-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
removals
A collection of #$Events. During an instance of
#$RemovingSomething, an #$Agent deliberately separates the
#$objectRemoved from the #$objectRemaining: that is, the
object to which the #$objectRemoved belonged prior to the
removal event. In different types of removals, either the
#$objectRemoved or the #$objectRemaining may be destroyed;
or both may survive. Examples of #$RemovingSomething
include: shaving, liposuction, raking leaves from a lawn,
sandblasting a building, evicting a tenant, or expelling a student.
bd588d0d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
removing something by moving it
A collection of #$Events; a subset of
#$RemovingSomething. During an instance of
#$RemovingSomethingByMovingIt, the #$objectRemoved is moved
out of the object or configuration to which it belonged
prior to the removal event. The #$objectRemoved is not
destroyed by the removal event. Examples of
#$RemovingSomethingByMovingIt include: someone unwrapping a
present, undressing, digging up a root, or removing an appendix.
bdd212ae-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
renting events
A collection of events; a subset of
#$MonetaryExchangeOfUserRights (among other supersets).
Each element of #$Renting is an event during which one agent
grants to another agent the use of an object (owned or
controlled by the first agent) in exchange for some
remuneration. The schedule of payment may vary, depending
upon the rental period, type of object involved, type of
usage granted, and/or other considerations. The agent
providing the object to rent is called the #$fromPossessor;
the agent paying to use the object is called the
#$toPossessor. Those agents enter into an #$Agreement
(q.v.). Examples of #$Renting might include: Fred renting
a particular apartment last year; Jane renting a car all
this week; Jack renting a canoe on Saturday morning. See
also #$PrimaryRoleUseRights.
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reproductive systems
The collection of all animals' reproductive
systems. A #$ReproductiveSystem is a system of organs used
by the #$Animal for reproduction; i.e., for creating an
offspring, a new member of that species. Note: Strictly
speaking, it might be more accurate to describe a
#$ReproductiveSystem as containing the above sorts of
systems for a mated male and female of a sexual species, as
only that combined system is capable of actually producing
an offspring. But most of the things one wants to say about
a #$ReproductiveSystem really do only make sense for one
single animal at a time. So think of reproduction as a
cooperative activity, such as having a conversation, where
we still refer to each animal's incomplete reproductive
system as a #$ReproductiveSystem.
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reptiles
The collection of reptiles; a subset of
#$AirBreathingVertebrate. Each element of #$Reptile is an
air-breathing, cold-blooded animal which has a body covered
by scales or bony plates. The collection #$Reptile includes
the subsets #$Snake, #$Turtle, #$Lizard, etc. Members of
most species of #$Reptile lay eggs; none has milk, hair,
feathers, or postembryonic gills.
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claims
The collection of communication acts in which one
agent requests something of another. Requests are typically
followed by a response.
bd58eaca-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
inquiries
A collection of actions, many of which are speech
acts. In each element of this collection, somebody asks a
question or requests some information. See also the
#$IllocutionaryForce associated with this action, #$Query.
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investigations
What some members of #$ResearchOrganizations do.
Students are often supposed to perform elements of
#$Research before they write term papers. Doers of
#$Research events aim to learn things that they did not
previously know. In some cases, they (e.g., professional
scientists) aim to learn things that no one knows, in other
cases they (e.g., high school students) aim to merely find
published knowledge which they did not know before. In some
cases research may involve doing experiments (see
#$Experimenting), building systems (see #$ResearchProject),
in other cases it may involve strictly document
search.--BillJ, Nov. 30, 1998
bd58ea8d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
Research centers
A collection of organizations. An element of
#$ResearchOrganization is an organization that carries out
basic or applied research as its #$MainFunction (or one of
its #$MainFunctions). It may or may not be a commercial, or
a governmental, organization. For example,
#$UnitedStatesSpaceProgram, Thomas J. Watson Research
Laboratory at #$IBMInc, and the Hoover Institute.
bd588d84-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
researchers
A collection of persons; a subset of
#$Professional. Each element of #$Researcher is a person
who performs research as his or her main occupation. This
collection includes academicians, clinical investigators,
experimental physicists, market researchers, industrial
researchers, etc.
bd589a23-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
resentments
Indignation, displeasure, and ill will felt about
something regarded as a slight, affront, insult, or
indignity. This is a collection; for an explanation of a
typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. More
specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Resentment are
#$Jealousy and #$Envy.
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respect
A feeling of just regard, consideration, or
appreciation for the worth of someone or something. Note:
#$Admiration (qv) is different than, or rather a more
specialized form of, respect. To feel #$Respect towards
someone is just to feel that s/he should be treated with
politeness and consideration, as having dignity;
#$Admiration and #$Wonder-Admiration implies all of that,
but also implies that the target of the #$Respect actually
did something special or has some special quality that sets
them apart from others (or at least from the respecter).
#$Respect is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that,
see #$Happiness. Some more specialized
#$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Respect are #$Reverence,
#$Wonder-Admiration, #$Adulation, #$Awe, etc.
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respirations
The subset of #$PhysiologicalProcesses in which an
organism performs respiration; i.e., it exchanges carbon
dioxide for #$Oxygen which is used to oxygenate (in
#$Vertebrates) hemoglobin, an oxygen carrier in the #$Blood
distributed to all of the organism's cells.
#$Respiration concerns the exchange of #$Oxygen and waste
gasses with the environment. Circulation concerns
distributing the oxygenated #$Blood to the cells. The
oxygen carrier (hemoglobin) releases the oxygen to the
cells, allowing chemical reactions necessary to sustain the
cell life, which in turn sustains the life of the breather.
bd59061e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
respiratory systems
The collection of all animals' respiratory
systems. A #$RespiratorySystem is composed of body parts
(such as the lungs) of the animal, which together function
so as to enable it to breathe. Note: it is generally
required that the #$RespiratorySystem (of a #$Vertebrate)
work together with the #$CirculatorySystem (qv), as the air
is used to supply needed substances to the blood and to
remove waste products from the blood.
bd58f314-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
restaurants
The collection of all #$Organizations that operate
individual restaurants. For example, the group of
individuals that operates the Threadgills on Lamar in Austin
(and no other restaurants) is an instance of
#$Restaurant-Organization, while the #$Organization that
owns and operates both Threadgills (the one on Lamar and the
one on Barton Springs) is not an instance of this collection
(that organization would be an instance of
#$FoodServiceOrganization). Instances of
#$Restaurant-Organization operate out of #$Restaurant-Objects.
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resting events
The collection of events in which an animal
abstains from strenuous physical activity.
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restlessness
The feeling of being troubled, restless, concerned
about something, or in emotional turmoil. This is a
#$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness.
c1007595-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
resurrection
The collection of events in which a dead human
being is raised from the dead. Examples from #$Christianity
include the #$Resurrection of #$JesusOfNazareth after the
#$CrucifixionOfJesus, or the resurrection of Lazarus by
#$JesusOfNazareth in the new testament. Currently, this
concept is defined relative to the religious (i.e.,
#$Christianity) interpretation of #$Resurrection, and
should probably not be used in non-religious contexts
(e.g., a doctor resurrecting a patient who 'died'
twenty-seconds ago). However, fictional/mythological
contexts that are in part informed by religious thought
(e.g., #$Vampire, zombies, etc.) could conceivably employ
this event.
c08f96d3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
retail organizations
A collection of organizations. Each element of
#$RetailOrganization is an enterprise that engages primarily
in selling goods to end-users or consumers, rather than to
wholesale customers. Examples: #$SearsTheCompany,
#$WaldenBooksTheCompany, #$StudtmanPhoto.
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stores
A collection of retail organizations. Every
element of #$RetailStore is a #$SingleSiteOrganization (but
not necessarily a stand-alone business) which sells goods
directly to consumers at store's #$physicalQuarters.
Note that the Niemann-Marcus store at the Galleria is an
instance of #$RetailStore, but the Niemann-Marcus company as
a whole is not, because it is a #$RetailStore-ParentCompany
(with multiple outlets); both are #$RetailOrganizations.
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rhomboid shaped
This is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute shared by
all quadrilateral shaped objects that contain no right
angles and whose adjacent sides are of unequal length.
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rhombus shaped
#$RhombusShaped is the instance of
#$ShapeAttribute shared by all two-dimensional four sided
figures in which all sides have the same length. They may
or may not contain right angles. If so, see #$SquareShaped.
c0419650-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
right object
The collection of objects that are meant for, or
are found on and distinctively structured for, the right
side of some larger entity or ensemble of parts. Examples
include right hands, right shoes, right automobile turning signals.
bd589f35-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
right side up
(#$orientation OBJECT #$RightSideUp) means that
OBJECT's intrinsic top (e.g., the lid of a teapot) is
above (#$above-Directly) its intrinsic bottom (e.g., bowl of
a teapot).
c0fbac6d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
rigid
A physical attribute. #$Rigid is the
#$PhysicalStructuralAttribute of solids which are
stiff--neither flexible nor foldable nor elastic. Examples
of rigid things: bricks, wooden boards, steel. Non-rigid
things: sand, rubber, cloth. Borderline: lampshades.
bd58926a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
rigidity
A collection of attributes; a subset of
#$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Rigidity is a
property of rigidity belonging to physical objects.
Rigidities in Cyc are measured using a
#$GenericValueFunction. Rigidities of objects are reported
using the predicate #$rigidityOfObject.
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ring shaped
#$RingShaped is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute
shared by all ring-shaped objects. Such objects are defined
by a circular space encompassed by two concentric circles.
The diameter of the larger circle should be no more than
twice the diameter of the smaller circle. Hence, a wedding
ring has the attribute of being ring-shaped while a
phonograph record does not. These objects may be two or
three dimensional. For instance, a donut might be
ring-shaped as might the spatial region defined by two
concentric circles.
c06534b0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
rituals
The collection of highly stylized or formalized
actions (or series of actions) performed by #$Persons (alone
or in groups), usually performed with some solemnity.
Note: as further explained in the comment for
#$SocialRitual, a #$WeddingCeremony or #$Inauguration is
`more than' just a #$Ritual, but following the
`script' for such a ceremony, and actually carrying it
out, is a #$Ritual.
bd58de45-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
rivers
A collection of topographical features. Each
element of #$River is a natural stream of water, normally of
a large volume. Cf. #$Creek. Examples of #$River include
the #$ColoradoRiverOfArizona, the #$AmazonRiver, the
#$YangtzeRiver, the #$ThamesRiver.
bd590733-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
motor vehicles
A collection of transportation devices. An
instance of #$RoadVehicle is a vehicle which would typically
be found travelling on roads and (optionally) carrying
passengers: cars, busses, vans, pickup trucks, fire trucks,
RVs, motorcycles, etc.. Since #$RoadVehicles are vehicles,
i.e. self powered (e.g. see #$vehicle),
#$LandTransportationDevices such as #$Bicycles, or
#$Wheelchairs are not in this class.
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road work vehicle
The class of heavy construction equipment vehicles
that are used to make roads and in other situations where
one needs to move quantities of earth, rocks, etc. around.
These are powered by internal combustion engines, and often
have wheels but just as often have treads like tanks.
bd596847-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
rods
A subset of #$CylinderShape. Each element of
#$RodShape is a solid cylinder whose height is much greater
than the radius of its base. Examples include spatially
localized objects, such reactor rods, logs, and bacilli, as
well as some abstract cylinders.
c1195f2c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
roles
A collection of relationships; #$Role is a subset
of #$Predicate. Each instance of #$Role represents a kind
of relation that can hold between a situation and something
`involved' in it. Note that the involvement may be
active (e.g., #$doneBy) or passive (e.g., #$objectActedOn or
even #$eventOccursAt), central (e.g., #$primaryObjectMoving)
or peripheral (e.g., #$assistingAgent). Important
sub-collections of #$Role are #$ActorSlot and #$SubProcessSlot.
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roofs
The collection of all roofs of structures which
are instances of #$HumanShelterConstruction. Like instances
of #$Wall-Vertical, instances of #$RoofOfAConstruction may
be considered as having one or two sides; the
'inner' side of a roof may or may not qualify as a
#$CeilingOfARoom. It is understood that one and only one
side of a #$RoofOfAConstruction is 'exposed to the elements.'
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rooms
The set of rooms in #$ConstructionArtifacts
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rotation - non periodic
The set of all rotational movements in which
rotation occurs in a nonperiodic fashion; e.g., the turning
of a knob on a kitchen appliance or a radio dial, or
movements of a trackball. See also #$Rotation-Periodic for
the context-sensitive nature of this dichotomy.
c0962af5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
periodic rotations
A collection of rotational movements; a subset of
#$Movement-Rotation. In any instance of
#$Rotation-Periodic, either partial rotation (e.g., rocking)
or full rotation (e.g., spinning) occurs periodically.
Examples include the swinging of a clock pendulum and the
rotation of the Earth on its axis. Note that the accuracy
and duration of the periodic rotation is context-dependent.
E.g., in a context spanning a long enough period of time,
and/or if measured sufficiently accurately, the Earth's
rotation does not have a fixed period. In a context short
enough, and `approximate' enough, a spinning Olympic
ice skater is performing a #$Rotation-Periodic event, even
though a few seconds later they slow down and stop rotating.
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round
The attribute of being round, this applies very
generally to spherical (see #$Spherical), circular
(#$Circular) and ring-shaped (#$RingShaped) things. Note
that two or three dimensional objects can have this attribute.
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rowboats
A subcollection of #$Watercraft that contains all
boats each of which is usually powered by one or more
persons' rowing.--Kat, April 15, 1998
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rude action
The collection of behaviors that go against the
social conventions of politeness. This will be a different
set of behaviors in different circumstances (contexts). In
an office, e.g., it might be rude to make a loud noise, but
at a football game it might be rude to not do so.
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rule macro predicate
Instances of #$RuleMacroPredicate are predicates
that have, implicit in their definition, the schema for a
class of quantified formulas. A ground assertion (GAF)
using one of these predicates is in fact shorthand for a
rule fitting this schema. For example, #$genls is a
#$RuleMacroPredicate and its implicit schema would be
(#$implies (#$isa ?X ARG1) (#$isa ?X ARG2)). Therefore,
(#$genls #$Poodle #$Dog) is shorthand for the rule
(#$implies (#$isa ?X #$Poodle) (#$isa ?X #$Dog)).
#$RuleMacroPredicates may be supported by system code, as is
#$genls, or they may be defined with an #$expansionAxiom.
In general, one should only introduce a new
#$RuleMacroPredicate if 1) there is a plan to eventually
provide code support for efficient reasoning with its uses,
and/or 2) using it enables useful type-level reasoning.
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rule templates
Terms denoting formulas (typically without support
for efficient inference) that can be (partially)
instantiated as Cyc assertions (typically with support for
efficient inference); see #$trueRule and #$ruleTemplateAssertion.
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Russia
Russia, the world's largest
#$IndependentCountry, occupying most of the North, Center,
and East of the #$ContinentOfAsia. This constant includes
Russia throughout time, both political and physical aspects.
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Russian Language
Dominant language of #$Russia.
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SENSUS-Information1997
SENSUS is a #$KnowledgeBase, created by the
Information Sciences Institute at USC. An earlier version
of it was known as Pangloss, and it was developed primarily
in order to support machine translation.--OKeefe, Oct 15, 1997
c02822fc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
blues
Emotion felt when one is unhappy or low-spirited.
This is a collection; for more details, see #$Happiness.
Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes are #$Remorse,
#$Gloominess, #$Disappointment, #$Depression-Emotion,
#$Grief, #$Misery, #$Despair, #$Anguish, etc.
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safeness
#$Safeness is the #$ScriptPerformanceAttributeType
for describing actions in which the performer acts without
endangering itself or others.
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salaried
An attribute; an element of #$WorkStatus. The
attribute of being a salaried worker in some organization.
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sale by check
Sales in which the payment tendered is a check.
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credit card sales
A collection of events; a subset of #$Buying. An
instance of #$SaleByCreditCard is a purchase in which the
#$buyer makes payment using some element of #$CreditCard
(the set of all credit cards). Note: This is different from
instances of #$CreditSale (q.v.), in which the #$seller
(rather than the credit card company) extends credit to the customer.
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sales activities
A collection of events. Each element of
#$SalesActivity is an event which the performing agent does
in an effort to achieve a subsequent sale to a second agent.
Types (i.e., subsets) of #$SalesActivity include
#$Advertising, telemarketing, showing sample and/or actual
products to customers in a show room or a store. Elements
of #$SalesActivity which are successful lead to
corresponding elements of #$Buying. Note: #$SalesActivity
does NOT include manufacturing, accounting, and other such
ancillary business activities.
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sales agreements
A collection of agreements. Each element of
#$SalesAgreement is an agreement which governs aspects of
some #$Buying activity. This includes bidding activities
(in the subset #$SalesBidOrContract), as well as the
instances of #$SalesContract.
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salespeople
A collection of persons; a subset of
#$Professional. Each element of #$SalesPerson is someone
whose principal job activity is negotiating with potential
buyers, finding out what they want, describing what is
available, taking orders, etc. This collection includes
door-to-door salespeople, Avon reprentatives, new and used
car salespeople, sales representatives for the product lines
of large industrial companies, and store clerks working on a
sales commission.
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food-salting events
Soaking food in salt to prevent it from rotting.
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sanskrit language
This language was originally spoken in the Indic
area and is now a dead language. Its sacred literature,
however, was transmitted orally and eventually written in
the then-current Devanagari script
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satisfying
Feeling of appeasement, not only of one's
desires or longings but also of his needs or requirements.
This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical
#$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. Some more
specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Satisfaction are:
#$Approval, #$Pride, #$Triumph-TheFeeling, etc.
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quantities
A collection of mathematical objects; a subset of
#$NTupleInterval. For a measurable quantity, the ordered
sequence of possible values may be thought of as a line.
Each element of #$ScalarInterval is a line segment (or
point) on such a line, representing a range of consecutive
values. The most common case is where the line is just the
real number line, and the scalar interval is either a
contiguous set of points there (i.e., a range of numbers) or
just a single point there (i.e., a single #$RealNumber).
Another common case is where the line has some unit of
measure marked off, such as meters. In relation to the
latter kind of interval, see also #$UnitOfMeasure.--Nichols,
Feb 21, 1997
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scalar values
The collection of minimal scalar intervals. That
is, each element of #$ScalarPointValue is a scalar interval
which has no `width'. Scalar intervals include both
pure numbers, such as 3.14, and linear measurements such as
3.14 meters, which in CycL would be written `(#$Meter 3.14)'.
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schools
A collection of school organizations. An element
of #$SchoolInstitution-KThrough12 is an educational
institution which provides instruction in all or some of the
grades from kindergarten (K) through high school
(12th-grade) education. Commonly, individual schools teach
some subset of those grades; see also the specializations
#$ElementarySchoolInstitution, #$MiddleSchoolInstitution,
and #$HighSchoolInstitution.
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scientific disciplines
A collection of fields of study. Each element of
#$ScientificFieldOfStudy is a specialized body of knowledge,
theory, hypothesis, observations, and problems, which are
the propositional contents of the systematic endeavor to
explain the natural world by rational (and frequently,
quantifiable) methods, including induction, falsifiable
hypotheses tested by repeatable physical experiments, and
deductive proof. #$ScientificFieldOfStudy includes the
traditional hard sciences (e.g., #$Physics, #$Chemistry),
the life sciences (e.g., #$Biology, #$Genetics,
#$Toxicology), and #$Mathematics.
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scientists
A set of persons; a subset of #$Professional.
Each element of #$Scientist is a person who is educated and
employed in one (or more) of the natural or abstract
sciences. Elements of #$Scientist include members of its
subsets #$Astronomer, #$Chemist, #$Linguist,
#$Mathematician, #$Geneticist, #$CulturalAnthropologist,
etc. Examples of #$Scientist: #$CharlesDarwin,
#$RichardFeynman, Noam #$Chomsky.
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scoping relation
Relations that define a scope for one or more variables.
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screw shaped - generic
#$ScrewShaped-Generic is the instance of
#$ShapeAttribute defined by the typical shape of a screw.
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script performance attribute
The most general type of attribute describing the
manner in which an actor performs an action; specializations
of this include #$CorrectnessOfPosture, #$Competence,
#$Precision, #$Dexterity, #$Gracefulness, #$Creativity, etc.
The elements of #$Precision, e.g., represent the various
qualitative levels such as high precision, low precision, etc.
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script performance attribute type
A collection of collections. Each
#$ScriptPerformanceAttributeType is a type of attribute that
can be used to describe the manner in which actions are
performed. Examples include: #$Competence, #$Precision,
#$Dexterity, #$Gracefulness, #$Creativity, etc. So, e.g.,
one may run a race with some measure of #$Gracefulness, some
measure of #$Competence, etc.
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sculptures
A collection of art objects. Each element of
#$Sculpture is a tangible three-dimensional work of art;
buildings are NOT included, even though sculptural features
of buildings (such as friezes) are. Types of #$Sculpture
include stone statues, friezes, wood carvings, pipes welded
into abstract art sculptures, etc. Examples: the
#$StatueOfLiberty, the #$MountRushmoreMonument,
Michelangelo's David, the friezes on the Parthenon, the
Buddhas at Longan.
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seas
A collection of topographical features. Each
element of #$Sea is a body of salt water as large or larger
than a lake. #$Ocean is a subset of this collection.
Examples of #$Sea: #$PacificOcean, #$IonianSea,
#$GulfOfCorinth, #$EastChinaSea, #$BlackSea.
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sea water
A collection of tangible things; a subset of both
#$LiquidTangibleThing and #$Water-Saline. Each element of
#$SeaWater is a portion of salt water with the kind of
mineral concentrations found in oceans--including the oceans themselves.
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seasons
A collection of events -- specifically, the
seasons that occur as #$subEvents of an
#$AnnualClimateCycle. For example, the elements of
#$WinterSeason are all instances of #$SeasonOfYear.
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seats
A set of physical objects. An instance of
#$SeatingDevice is a device whose #$primaryFunction is to
serve as a sitting place for people. Types of seating
devices include sofas, chairs, benches, camp and stadium
stools, theatre seats, swings, bicycle seats, saddles, and more.
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secretions
The collection of all #$NaturalTangibleStuff
secreted by an organism's body. There are a wide
variety of bodily secretions, including #$Hormones, #$Mucus,
#$InsulinTheSecretion, and #$Semen. Secretions may be
deposited either within the body (e.g., #$BileTheSecretion)
or outside of it (e.g., #$Sweat). Note: Secretions are
different from #$ExcretionSubstance in that secretions are
not necessarily waste products. E.g., they may be a release
of pheromones to attract a mate, a layer of sweat to cool
off the organism, a layer of nectar to attract bees, etc.
Some subsets of #$Secretion-Bodily, such as #$Sweat, are
also subsets of #$ExcretionSubstance (i.e., wastes).
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secretion event
A collection of events; a subset of
#$BiologicalProductionEvent. Each element of
#$SecretionEvent is an event in which a living animal or
plant secretes a substance.
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sector shaped
#$SectorShaped is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute
shared by all pie slice shaped two-dimensional objects. Two
line segments and the arc of a circle form a closed area and
define this shape.
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seeds
The collection of all plant seeds: small nodules
or granules consisting of young angiosperms and their
protective containers during early (zygotic and embryonic
stages) of development. Seeds, if planted, may grow into
adult plants.
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self-confidence
Faith in oneself and one's powers without any
suggestion of conceit or arrogance. If one has a large
portion of #$SelfConfidence, their state of mind is often
marked by ease and freedom from uncertainty, diffidence, or
embarrassment. This is a collection; for an explanation of
a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. A
typical more specialized #$FeelingAttributeType than
#$SelfConfidence is #$Vanity.
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self employed worker
A collection of persons; a subset of
#$Professional. Each element of #$SelfEmployedWorker is a
worker who earns a living from funds paid directly to
him/her by customers, or who is paid by a company s/he owns.
An instance of #$SelfEmployedWorker has no boss but him/herself.
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self powered device
A collection of #$MechanicalDevices, classified by
the main way of supplying the force needed to operate them.
#$SelfPoweredDevice is a subset of #$PoweredDevice. An
instance of #$SelfPoweredDevice has an `on-board' part
which converts some kind of potential energy into force.
That may be a battery and motor to convert electricity
stored in the battery into kinetic energy (as in a cordless
electric drill); other examples are the elements of
#$Automobile, which (typically) convert gasoline and battery
power to get the energy to move the vehicle. Some muscle
power is involved in operating both a cordless drill and an
automobile, but not the main part of the power, in either
case. Negative exemplars of a #$SelfPoweredDevice include a
#$Bicycle (powered by the person that rides it) a Cable Car
(pulled along by cabled embedded in the street) and subway
train (often powered by an electrified `third rail').
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selling organizations
A collection of organizations. Each element of
#$SellingOrganization is an organization whose main function
is to sell things by conducting sales activities. Examples:
sales departments (e.g., the sales department of
#$ToyotaTheCompany); advertising agencies; and retailers
(e.g., #$WaldenBooksTheCompany, #$KMart-TheCompany).
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semi - directed path system
An instance of #$PathSystemType-Structural and a
subcollection of #$PathSystem. Each instance of
#$Semi-DirectedPathSystem is a path system SYS in which
every link LINK is given at least one direction (specified
by (#$linkFromToInSystem LINK X Y SYS)), and in which every
loop is given two directions (so in a sense we can ignore
the directions of loops). The directions of paths and
non-loop-cycles (if they have any) in SYS are determined by
the directions of links in SYS. When designing a particular
semi-directed path system, it is convenient to start
creating a name for the system (say SYS1, and assert (#$isa
SYS1 #$Semi-DirectedPathSystem)), a name for each node (such
as Node1) in the system, and a name for each link (such as
LinkA) in the system (using (#$isa LinkA #$Path-Simple)),
and then assert directions of links using
#$linkFromToInSystem (e.g., (#$linkFromToInSystem LinkA
Node1 Node2 SYS1)). The axioms for #$linkFromToInSystem
will automatically infer other assertions such as those
involving #$pointOnPath, #$linkBetweenInSystem,
#$nodeInSystem, #$linkInSystem etc. Then one can proceed
creating loops, isolated points and extra points on links if
they are desired.
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semisolids
A collection of tangible things which are
tactually intermediate between solids and fluids. When a
force is first applied to a semisolid object, it deforms
substantially and does not break or crack. It may return to
its original shape, like a sponge, or retain the shape which
resulted from the application of force, like soft clay. Like
#$SolidTangibleThings, semisolids have shapes independent of
their containers (they satisfy (hasAttributes ?X
#$ContainerIndependentShape)) and they cannot be poured.
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semicircular
#$Semicircular is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute
shared by all semicircular objects.
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semiconductor resistance
A measurable physical attribute.
#$SemiconductorResistance is the element of
#$ElectricalResistance that represents the level of
resistance found in instances of #$SemiconductorStuff. See
also #$resistanceOfObject.
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semiconductors
The collection of those elements of
#$TangibleThing that can, under varying electrical fields,
behave as an electrical insulator at times and an electrical
conductor at other times.
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sending events
The collection of events in which an #$Agent
intends to have an object (other than itself) delivered to
some other #$Agent. This involves at least a temporary loss
of some user rights to the object by the sender. If
successful, an instance of #$SendingSomething is also an
instance of #$TransferringPossession.
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sensors
The collection of devices, biological or
artificial, that gather information. Note: If a
well-known named part of such an entity does the
data-gathering, then generally only those parts are
considered sensors, not the whole entity. E.g., even though
a person gathers information, we generally do not consider
them to be a sensor, but rather the sensors are their eyes,
ears, skin, etc. In a context such as an ophthalmology
convention, `well-known part' has a different binding,
and they would consider just certain parts of the eye to be sensors.
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sensory attribute
A collection of attributes. Each element of
#$SensoryAttribute is a sensory datum detectable by sentient
beings. #$SensoryAttribute includes colors, odors, tastes,
sounds, and feels, as well as the various feelings
represented by its subset #$InternalSensoryAttribute.
Examples of #$SensoryAttribute: #$Rough, #$Smooth, #$Slimy,
#$GoldColor, #$VeryBrightLightIntensity, (#$HighAmountFn #$NoiseLevelAttribute).
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sensory information
A collection of mental information. Each element
of #$SensoryInformation is the propositional content of a
mental state in which the nervous system of an animal or
other sentient perceives something. For example, if I
perceive that my office is hot, the information is that my
[the perceiver's] office is hot; if you perceive that
my eyes are brown, the information is that Deborah's
eyes are brown.
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sensory reaction type
A collection of collections. Each element of
#$SensoryReactionType is an #$AttributeType, describing one
natural kind of sensation (e.g., pain, pressure, pleasure,
warmth, etc.) that may be felt by #$PerceptualAgents. Some
examples of #$SensoryReactionType are #$LevelOfDizziness,
#$LevelOfSoreness, #$LevelOfColdSensation, etc.
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separating a mixture
A collection of events. In each instance of this
collection, a #$Mixture is separated into two or more #$constituents.
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divisions
A collection of physical separation events. In
each #$Separation-Complete, one object is separated into two
or more distinct pieces.
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separations
A collection of events. In each
#$SeparationEvent, an object is cut, scraped, broken,
cracked or pulverized, so that part of the object is no
longer attached where it once was. That part has not
necessarily completely separated; it may still be attached
in places. See #$Separation-Complete for the complete case.
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September
The collection of all Septembers, the ninth
month of the year in the #$JulianCalendar.
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series
The collection of situations in which 2 or more
''parts'' or
''members'' are ordered in some linear
fashion, by some relations among them. For example, the
line of people at a ticket booth (a #$PhysicalSeries), an
alphabetized set of words, or the series of pitches in a
baseball game (an #$EventSeries). In every instance of
#$Series, there is some relation by which its members are
ordered (see #$seriesOrderedBy); this is in contrast to an
instance of #$List, in which the only ordering relation on
its members is that of succession in the list.
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commercial service establishments
A collection of #$Organizations. Each element of
#$ServiceEstablishment is a local, commercial service
organization with a single physical location. What an
individual retail store or outlet is for tangible products,
a #$ServiceEstablishment is for services. Positive examples
include the Broken Spoke bicycle repair shop on South Lamar
in Austin, and the dry cleaners in Westlake Village.
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services
A collection of events. Each element of
#$ServiceEvent is an event in which one agent (or set of
agents) does something for another agent (or set of agents).
The former is the #$providerOfService; the latter is the
#$recipientOfService. A service event may involve
maintenance, repair, or refurbishing of some object
belonging to the #$recipientOfService (including care of
his/her person); a service event may involve gathering or
transmitting information, providing advice, entertainment,
transportation, etc. Service events may or may not be done
for payment.
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service organizations
A collection of organizations. Each element of
#$ServiceOrganization is an organization whose main function
is to provide some set of services, i.e., to perform certain
service events. A service organization may be a subsidiary,
a department, or an independent organization. A service
organization may or may not be a for-profit organization;
see the subset #$CommercialServiceOrganization. Examples:
#$FederalExpress; the mail department at MCC;
#$NewYorkHospital; the #$USMedicareAdministration; the Jiffy
Lube at Guadalupe and 38th St; #$Threadgills restaurant;
KEYE-TV in Austin, TX.
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events in which food or drink is served
A collection of events. Each element of
#$ServingFoodOrDrink is an event in which an item of food or
drink is served. It starts when the server picks up the
food or drink from a preparation or pickup area and ends
when it is deposited at the location where the people being
served may eat or drink it. Such events are typically part
of the job of any restaurant server who waits on tables, and
they may be performed also by a host or servant at a dinner
party or banquet, or by a family member at a home meal.
Note: this collection does not include placing a
`serving' of food from a common dish onto a
diner's plate.
bd58ae4c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
sets
The collection of mathematical sets. An element
of #$Set-Mathematical can be any arbitrary set, including
sets whose members have nothing in common. In contrast, the
members of an instance of #$Set-Mathematical's sibling
#$Collection (q.v.) all have some important, natural
properties in common. Sets and collections also differ in
that there cannot exist two distinct sets that have exactly
the same elements. A third point of contrast between sets
and collections is that rarely will it be desirable to
create a new constant to refer to a set. Instead, a set
will either be intensionally specified by a defining
property, using #$TheSetOf, as in (#$TheSetOf ?X
(#$likesAsFriend Lenat ?X)), or extensionally specified by
listing its elements, using #$TheSet, as in (#$TheSet 3 4
5). (In certain cases, a set will be extensionally
specified by means of one of the more specialized functions
#$ThePartition or #$TheCovering. See #$partitionedInto and #$covering.)
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set or collection
The collection of all mathematical sets and all
collections. Instances of #$Set-Mathematical and instances
of #$Collection share some basic common features. They are
both abstract entities, lacking spatial and temporal
properties. More specifically, they (can) have elements,
and hence may stand to one another in set-theoretic
relations such as #$subsetOf and #$disjointWith.
Nevertheless, sets and collections differ in two important
respects. Every collection is associated with an
intensional criterion for membership -- a more or less
natural property or group of properties possessed by its
members. (The criterion for membership need not, and often
will not, be precisely definable in any language.)
Collections are thus akin to kinds. In contrast, the
elements of a set are not required to be homogeneous in any
respect; any things whatsoever may together comprise the
members of a set. The second major difference between sets
and collections is that no two distinct sets can be
co-extensional (be such that every element of one is an
element of the other and conversely). Sets are, so to
speak, identified on the basis of their extensions.
Collections, on the other hand, are identified by their
intensional criteria for membership. So collections which
have exactly the same elements may be distinct, differing in
their respective membership criteria.
bd58e5fd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
set the format
Any argument place of a Cyc predicate may have a
specified format that constrains its possible value(s). If
an argument position has #$SetTheFormat as its entry format,
then --- given some fixed set of values for the other
arguments to that predicate --- any number of assertions can
still be true in the KB with different terms in that
argument position. E.g., the #$arg1Format for #$mother is
#$SetTheFormat, since a woman can have any number of
children. See also #$Format, and contrast with #$SingleEntry.
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shafts
A collection of artifacts. An instance of #$Shaft
is an object which is long, straight, and cylindrical. A
shaft may be made of wood, metal, etc.
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shames
Painful self-conscious feeling of guilt,
shortcoming, or impropriety. #$Shame often accompanies
social disgrace or disrepute. It often leads to #$Remorse.
This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical
#$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness.
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shape attribute
The collection of different shape attributes.
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shape describing predicate
A collection of predicates. Each element of
#$ShapeDescribingPredicate is a predicate used in assertions
about abstract shapes and shape-like configurations, such as
posture. Examples: #$shape, #$xyCrossSectionShape,
#$yzCrossSectionShapeType, #$continuouslyConnectedTo, #$postureOfAnimal.
bd58c1b7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
shape functions
A collection of Cyc functions. Each element of
#$ShapeFunction is a function which returns an element of
#$GeometricThing-Abstract, an abstract physical region with
a specific shape and dimensions. Elements of
#$ShapeFunction include #$RectangleFn, #$EllipseFn,
#$CircleFn, #$RectangularSolidFn, #$CylinderFn, etc. Each
shape function takes as argument(s) the dimension(s) of
#$Distance needed to determine a geometric shape of that
kind, then returns a shape which has those dimensions. For
example, (#$CylinderFn L D) denotes an abstract cylinder of
length L and diameter D.
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configurations
A collection of collections. Each element of
#$ShapeType is a subset of #$GeometricThing.
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shaped
The most general shape attribute (see
#$ShapeAttribute) , something that an object has in virtue
of having some definable form that remains constant for some
period of time.
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shaping events
A collection of events in which something (usually
more or less plastic in nature) is given a definite shape,
or has its shape changed, through the purposeful actions of
an agent. In many (but not all) cases, an instance of
#$ShapingSomething is also a #$PhysicalCreationEvent (e.g.
#$MakingPottery). Normally, elements of #$ShapingSomething
are concerned with the basic, overall shape of an object.
Thus, a #$PolishingSomething event, which doesn't
affect the basic shape of the #$objectOfStateChange, is not
a #$ShapingSomething.
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shared note
#$SharedNote is an element of the Cyc collection
#$DocumentationConstant. Each instance of #$SharedNote is a
constant which contains only documentation (usually a
#$comment) about two or more constants (not including that
documentation constant). See #$sharedNotes for more information.
c0fb9bb4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
sharing events
A collection of events; a subset of
#$MakingSomethingAvailable (among other supersets). In an
instance of #$Sharing, one #$Agent receives
#$PrimaryRoleUseRights over an object for a limited time
from another #$Agent, who doesn't give up his or her
own right to use it, too (but does give up exclusive right
to it). Cf. #$BorrowingSomething.
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sharp edged
Includes anything which has a sharp edge.
Includes knives, scissors, and broken glass. Does not
include the right angle at the edge of a desk--that's
not sharp enough. Does not include the edge of a cotton
sheet--that's not hard enough to be sharp. Does not
include a needle--it may be sharp, but it's not an
edge. For needles, nails, etc., see #$PointyEnded.
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shattering event
A collection of events. In each
#$ShatteringEvent, something is destroyed by being broken
into a mob of pieces. [A `mob' means `a large but
indeterminate number'] Since the salient parts of the
#$inputsDestroyed must be #$Brittle in order for this to
happen, fluids (such as liquid water) and elastic stuff
(such as rubber at room temperature) will generally not
undergo any #$ShatteringEvents. Items which can be an
#$objectActedOn in shattering events are typically made of
glass, pottery, bone, plaster, etc. Many substances,
particularly solid metals and alloys, are extremely
difficult to shatter.
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shave
A collection of events. In each
#$ShavingSomething event, thin pieces of material on an
object's surface are removed. An example would be
someone whittling a wooden spoon, someone using a lathe to
make a table leg, someone scraping the top layer of mold and
cheese off a brick of cheese that was left in the
refrigerator just a little too long, etc. WARNING: an
event in which someone ``shaves'' their body hair
(a #$ShavingBody event) from one's face, legs, etc.
with a shaver or razor is NOT a #$ShavingSomething event;
rather, it is an element of the collection
#$CuttingSomething. If one uses a depilatory such as Nair,
then one could actually ``shave'' (genuinely a
#$ShavingSomething event) the resultant coating of
depilatory and separated hair ends away.
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shear strength
A collection of attributes; a subset of
#$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$ShearStrength
represents a specific capacity of some physical object to
resist the slipping of one segment in relation to another.
Shear strengths are designated using a
#$GenericValueFunction; higher value means more resistance
to slippage. Shear strengths of objects are indicated with
the predicate #$shearStrengthOfObject.
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sheets
A collection of tangible stuff. Each element of
#$SheetOfSomeStuff is a substance which (in its
`intrinsic' shape) is continuous and, when flattened,
uncrumpled, unfurled, etc, has one dimension which is
significantly smaller than the other two dimensions. The
requirement of being a continuous sheet does not preclude
some type of penetrability, as in instances of
#$Screen-Mesh, #$Netting, or #$LaceCloth. Instances of
#$SheetOfSomeStuff may be solid, liquid, or gaseous. A
#$Puddle on a relatively flat surface (but not in a deep
pothole) or an #$AltoStratusCloud would be members of this
collection. Belonging to this collection implies
nothing about the current configuration of the object; in
particular, elements of #$SheetOfSomeStuff need not be lying
flat. Aluminum foil on a roll or a bedspread crumpled up on
a bed are instances of #$SheetOfSomeStuff. Cf.
#$SheetShaped, #$TwoDimensionalShape.
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panel
A physical attribute. #$SheetShaped is the
element of #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute that describes a
tangible object that is flat and spread out, planar, and
neither fully crumpled nor compactly folded. It has two
opposing surfaces which have the attribute of #$Flat. The
other surfaces have much smaller area than the two main flat
surfaces. Thus an object having the
#$physicalStructuralAttributes of #$SheetShaped, one of its
three orthoganal dimensions (e.g. length, width or height)
is much smaller than in the other two. Ice over ponds, and
sheets of paint on a house are all possible examples of
objects having this attribute. A bedspread is #$SheetShaped
only if it is not folded into a small cube or crumpled. See
#$CurrentShapeVsIntrinsicShape. For describing a sheet of
something (e.g., waxed paper, aluminum foil, cloth)
regardless of its configuration, use #$SheetOfSomeStuff.
For 'one-sided' surfaces (see
#$SurfaceOnTangibleObject), such as
'TheGreatPlains' #$SheetShaped is not appropriate
but #$Flat is appropriate.
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shells
The collection of all animal shells. An
animal's shell is one of its #$AnimalBodyParts, and
functions as a hard protective outer covering for the animal.
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shelters
A collection of artificial tangible objects. Each
element of #$ShelterConstruction is an artifact built by
some entity or creature, including but not limited to
humans, and intended for use as a shelter. Elements of
#$ShelterConstruction include bird nests, termite mounds,
beaver dams, the #$SydneyOperaHouse, the
#$PalaceOfFineArts-SanFrancisco, and the #$NewYorkHiltonAtBroadway.
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ships
A subcollection of #$Watercraft-Surface, whose
instances are large, typically ocean-going vessels. How big
is 'large'? Mariners often use the rule of thumb
that a #$Ship is too large to be carried by any other #$Ship.
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shipping events
Shipping of objects from one physical location to
another. Shipping from the perspective of being done as a
dedicated service, such as what UPS, the US Postal Service,
or Dominoes Pizza Delivery might do.
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shipping locations
A collection of places; a subset of
#$ContactLocation. Each element of #$ShippingLocation is a
location to which merchandise is physically delivered, e.g.,
a house, an office, a corporate mailroom, a post office box.
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shirts
A collection of objects. Every element of #$Shirt
is a clothing item that is worn to cover the upper part of
the human torso, with openings for the neck and lower body,
and either openings for, or sleeves encircling, the arms.
Subsets include #$LongSleeveShirt, #$Blouse, and #$TankTop.
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shoes
A collection of objects. Every element of #$Shoe
is a shoe or shoelike thing worn on the feet. Important
subsets include #$Boot-Footwear, #$Sandal, #$Slipper, and
#$CasualShoe. Elements of the collection #$Shoe are single
shoes. Pairs of shoes are elements of the collection
denoted by (#$PairFn #$Shoe).
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pairs of shorts
A collection of objects; a subset of #$Pants.
Every element of #$ShortPants has pantlegs that cover only
the upper part of the wearer's legs, being typically
knee-length or shorter.
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shred
A collection of events. In each #$ShreddingEvent,
the #$inputsDestroyed are destroyed by a large number of
#$Ripping #$subEvents.
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sibling disjoint attribute type
A collection of collections. Each element of
#$SiblingDisjointAttributeType is a collection of
attributes. If COL is such a collection, then nothing can
have two instances of COL as attributes unless those two
instances are related in a #$genlAttributes relationship to
each other. For example, #$MaritalStatusOfPeople is an
element of #$SiblingDisjointAttributeType; no person can
have (at the same time) the #$maritalStatus #$Married and
the #$maritalStatus #$Single. However, a person could have
both the status #$Single and the status #$Divorced, if
#$Single is a #$genlAttributes of #$Divorced. See also #$SiblingDisjointCollection.
bd590951-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
sibling disjoint collections
#$SiblingDisjointCollection captures a very
important concept, but one that is rarely given a name.
There are many sets of sets for which any two member sets
either will be disjoint (i.e., have no intersection) or else
one will be a subset of the other. For instance, consider
the various types (i.e., sets) of animals in the usual
Linnaean taxonomy: Vertebrate, Bird, Dog, Mammal,
Invertebrate, Person, etc.; Vertebrates and Invertebrates
are mutually disjoint, while Bird, Mammal, Dog, and Person
are all subsets of Vertebrate. Dog and Person are disjoint
with each other, but each of them is a subset of Vertebrate.
All of the Linnaean sets, or collections, of animals can be
grouped together into one set, or collection, of sets, which
in turn is an instance of #$SiblingDisjointCollection.
It turns out that the real situation --- and the real
definition of #$SiblingDisjointCollection --- is slightly
more complicated than that. Consider types of appliances:
toasters, cars, shavers, clocks, etc. Is the set of such
appliance-types a #$SiblingDisjointCollection, the way we
defined it above, for types of animals? Almost, but not
quite. One could have an appliance-type `ClockRadio',
which would be the set of all clock radios, and clearly each
clock radio is both a clock and a radio, yet neither #$Clock
nor #$RadioReceiver is a subset of the other. So if we have
some item that purports to be both a clock and radio, that
is okay if one of the following three conditions is met:
(1) the collection #$Clock is known to be a subset of
#$RadioReceiver; (2) the collection #$RadioReceiver is
known to be a subset of #$Clock; (3) there is already
defined a collection X which is a subset of both #$Clock and
#$RadioReceiver. More formally, the axiom that defines
#$SiblingDisjointCollection is as follows: SIB is an element
of #$SiblingDisjointCollection if and only if: (#$implies
(#$and (#$isa C1 SIB) (#$isa C2 SIB)
(#$isa C1-EL C1) (#$different C1 C2)) (#$or
(#$not (#$isa C1-EL C2)) (#$thereExists C3 (#$and
(#$genls C3 C2) (#$genls C3 C1) (#$isa C1-EL C3))))) That
axiom, together with the minimization of #$genls, gives us
the following characterization of our concept: If we have a
collection SIB that is an element of
#$SiblingDisjointCollection, and if we take two elements C1
and C2 of that collection SIB, then each element of C1 which
is not an element of a common specialization (C3) of C1 and
C2, MUST NOT BE an element of C2. In cases where there are
a few exceptions --- that is, a couple of elements of SIB
might have some overlap --- but it is undesirable to
explicitly create a new reified constant (like
`ClockRadio', above) for that intersection, Cyc allows
you to use an explicit mechanism to override the
#$SiblingDisjointCollection constraints for a particular C1
and C2; namely, you would assert to Cyc
(#$siblingDisjointExceptions C1 C2). See also
#$siblingDisjointWith and #$siblingDisjointExceptions.
bd5880e2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
sides
Elements are portions of some #$Surface-Physical
which constitute a boundary between the inside and outside
of a tangible object.
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signs
A collection of #$InformationBearingObjects
(IBOs), a subcollection of #$VisualInformationSource. Each
instance of #$SignTheDisplay is an object typically posted
where people can see it so that they can obtain information
from it. Uses of signs include identification of objects
(e.g., street signs, name tags, species labels at zoos),
advertising (e.g., billboards, neon signs, posters for
garage sales, #$WorldWideWeb page banners), and warnings
(e.g., signs for road hazards or road construction, `No
Trespassing'postings, printed tape marking off a police line).
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simple contact acquaintance
The attribute which specifies that persons X and Y
have met each other at least once, and probably would be
able to recall this, and even recognize each other, if they
meet again. I.e., (#$acquaintances X Y
#$SimpleContactAcquaintance) implies (#$acquaintances Y X
#$SimpleContactAcquaintance); that is, if X has met Y, then
Y has met X. This assumes that there was a meeting event in
which (earlier subabstractions of) X and Y interacted, that
both were minimally conscious, etc.
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simple graphs
The collection of all #$PathSystems that are
instances of both #$SimplePathSystem and #$Multigraph. Each
instance of #$SimpleGraph-GraphTheoretic is a
'graph', as studied in graph theory, in which
there are neither loops nor multiple links between the same
pair of nodes.
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simple nouns
The collection of all simple nouns, also called
common nouns. Simple nouns can typically be preceded by a
determiner, and in English they inflect for number. Example: 'dog'.
bd588078-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
simple path system
An instance of #$PathSystemType-Structural and the
collection of #$PathSystems without loops or parallel links.
This collection includes #$SimpleGraph-GraphTheoretic when
there are no non-node points along links.
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repairing activities
The collection of events in which something gets fixed.
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simple segment of path
The collection of all segments of #$Path-Generics
each of which has no path junctions between its ends. The
two ends of such a segment may or may not coincide at the
same location (i.e. a #$SimpleSegmentOfPath may form a loop
-- see also #$SimpleUnloopedSegmentOfPath and
#$SimpleLoopedSegmentOfPath). The only access to something
located along a #$SimpleSegmentOfPath is via the
#$endsOfPathSegment locations for that
#$SimpleSegmentOfPath. When the segment is part of a
specified #$PathSystem (as opposed to a mere
#$CustomarySystemOfLinks), the predicate #$linkInSystem (or
else #$loopInSystem) may apply to it and the system.
c019b6d1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
simple whole body movement
A collection of common bodily movements (e.g.,
walking, jumping) in which the whole body is involved in the movement.
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single cell organisms
The collection of living things which are all
elements of both #$Organism-Whole and #$Cell. Each element
of #$SingleCellOrganism is an organism consisting of one
self-reproducing living cell.
bd5906e6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
actions with only one performer
A collection of actions. Each element of
#$SingleDoerAction is an action which can have only one
`doer' (i.e., only one agent `doing' it). Such
events may be intentional or not. Most bodily functions
belong to subsets of this collection, because the only agent
of a normal bodily function is the agent whose body it is
(e.g., #$Heartbeating, #$Bleeding). For a type of action to
be a subset of #$SingleDoerAction, it must be inconsistent
to assert, for any member of the subset, both (#$doneBy ACT
X) and (#$doneBy ACT Y), where X and Y are different
entities. In contrast, #$CarryingWhileLocomoting is NOT a
subset of #$SingleDoerAction. For, although an action of
that kind might often be done by only one performer, it is
also common for two or more people to cooperate in carrying something.
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single entry
Argument places of Cyc predicates may have
specified formats that constrain their values.
#$SingleEntry is a format constraint used to indicate that
there is at most one value in a certain argument place, when
all other arguments are fixed. For example, the
#$arg2Format of #$mother is #$SingleEntry, since an animal
can only have one mother. See also #$Format, and contrast
with #$SetTheFormat.
bd5880eb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
single-family dwellings
A collection of human residences. Each element of
#$SingleResidenceUnit is either a modern-style detached
house, an apartment, or another instance of
#$ModernHumanResidence designed to accomodate either a
single person or a single family (i.e., instance of
#$FamilyCohabitationUnit). Usually, each element of
#$SingleResidenceUnit has a unique mailing address.
bd58b1b2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
local customer contact points
A collection of organizations. Each element of
#$SingleSiteLocalOrganizationWithClients is a single-site
organization serving customers in a local area, working from
a particular store, office, or other physical quarters where
customers (or their agents) go in person to speak with
company representatives about the services or products
offered. Elements of
#$SingleSiteLocalOrganizationWithClients may be either
stand-alone organizations or sub-organization of a larger
company. Examples of
#$SingleSiteLocalOrganizationWithClients include
#$NewYorkHospital, #$Threadgills restaurant, the Bank of
America office on Jollyville Road, #$StudtmanPhoto studios,
the Village Cinema on Anderson Lane.
bd58c0cd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
single-site organizations
A collection of organizations. An instance of
#$SingleSiteOrganization is an organization which has a
single location as its #$physicalQuarters. For example, the
#$KMartStore at Parmer Lane, Simon & David at the
Arboretum, and Great Hills #$FireStation Number 2 would be
positive instances. But the #$KMart-TheCompany,
#$TomThumbTheCompany, and the Austin City Fire Department
are negative examples, since those `parent'
organizations have several sites as their #$physicalQuarters.
bd6788e9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
sitting posture
The attribute that describes, most generically, an
#$Animal in a seated position. The exact nature of the
position depends upon the typical body structure of the
animal's species.
bd58b417-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
situations
The collection of situations. A situation is a
state of affairs; it identifies roles played by objects
involved in the situation, and it articulates the
relationships between those roles. One important
partitioning of #$Situation is: (1) #$Event (q.v.), which
consists of dynamic situations; (2) #$StaticSituation
(q.v.), instances of which exist in time but are not
dynamic, and are more like a set of static relationships
among objects; and (3) atemporal situations, including
#$RelationalStructures and abstract #$Lists. For a
specialization of #$Situation that includes (1) and (2) but
excludes (3), see #$Situation-Temporal. Also note that there
is a fine line between (1) and (2). Consider Bill Clinton
sitting in his easy chair on the evening of 7/4/96. This
might be construed as an _event_ in which Clinton carries
out a particular sitting process. But it might instead be
viewed as a _static_situation_ involving Clinton, the
chair, and various relationships such as the chair's
seat supporting Clinton's bottom, Clinton's weight
being off his feet, etc. In such cases, the interests and
needs at hand will often make one of these sorts of
representation more useful than the other.
bd58e90b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
temporal situations
A subcollection of both #$Situation and
#$TemporalThing. #$Situation-Temporal is the collection of
all instances of #$Situation that have duration or other
temporal properties . Thus, #$Situation-Temporal subsumes
#$Event and #$StaticSituation, as well as some other
specializations of #$Situation. It does _not_ subsume
specializations of #$Situation that have atemporal
instances, such as #$Series, #$Tuple, or #$RelationalStructure.
bd88c84b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
situation type
A collection of collections. #$SituationType is
the collection of subsets of #$Situation.
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situation type pred - ternary
Every predicate in this collection is a
#$TernaryPredicate that takes a #$SomethingExisting as its
first argument, a #$SituationType as its second argument,
and a #$Role as its third argument. Many of these
predicate are used to express some version of capability;
others may be used to delineate options or potential duties
of an agent.
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situation type slot
Every instance of this collection is a
#$BinaryPredicate taking a kind of #$Situation as the second
argument. Many of these predicates can be used to represent
certain intentional concepts, such as the goals or beliefs
of an #$Agent #$Plans to talk about states of affairs that
various events or plans are supposed to facilitate or
prevent, or that must be facilitated or prevented in order
for the plan to count as successful.
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skeletons
The collection of all animals' skeletal
systems. A #$SkeletalSystem is a system of body parts used
to support, separate, and protect the other parts of the
body, especially the torso and the soft, vulnerable internal
organs of the animal. It can be an external #$Exoskeleton
(see also: #$Shell-AnimalBodyPart) or an internal
interlinking of numerous parts composed of #$Bone-BodyPart
and #$Cartilage.
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hides
A (piece of) skin serves as outer protective and
tactile sensory covering for (part of) an animal's
body. This is the collection of all pieces of skin. Some
examples include TheGoldenFleece (an entire skin) and
YulBrynnersScalp (a small portion of his skin).
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skirts
The collection of all skirts, a category of
clothing intended to cover the lower part of the body.
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skolem func n
#$SkolemFuncN is a collection of Cyc
system-generated functions that partially implement
existential quantifications in Cyc. Whenever someone
asserts to Cyc an expression that contains a
'#$thereExistAtLeast', a
'#$thereExistAtMost', or a
'#$thereExistExactly' quantifier, Cyc
automatically creates a new element of #$SkolemFuncN and
rewrites the assertion using this skolem function instead
of that existential quantifier. See also #$termOfUnit. At
this time (3/98), skolem functions are automatically named
by the Cyc system using the prefix 'SKF-' followed
by a number.
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skolem function
#$SkolemFunction is a collection of Cyc
system-generated functions that implement existential
quantifications in Cyc. Whenever someone asserts to Cyc an
expression that contains a `#$thereExists', Cyc
automatically creates a new element of #$SkolemFunction and
rewrites the assertion using that Skolem function, as
described in what follows. (Most Cyc users don't need
to know the following details, which are supplied only for
the curious.) Suppose we tell Cyc that every
animal has a birth date; i.e., for each animal, there exists
a date such that the animal was born on that date --- in
CycL, (#$implies (#$isa ?X #$Animal)(#$thereExists ?Y
(#$birthDate ?X ?Y))). In response to that CycL formula,
Cyc would create a new element of #$SkolemFunction -- we
might call it the `BirthDateFn' -- whose single
argument would be an animal and whose resultant value would
be a date, namely, that animal's date of birth.
Subsequently, Cyc would automatically use the
`BirthDateFn' in asserting our rule, eliminating the
need for a `#$thereExists'. Our formula would thus be
rewritten by the system, as follows:
(#$implies (#$and (#$isa ?X #$Animal)
(#$termOfUnit ?Y (`BirthDateFn' ?X)))
(#$birthDate ?X ?Y)). See also #$termOfUnit.
Note: Although our example uses the name
'BirthDateFn' for our Skolem function, at this
time (4/97), Skolem functions are automatically named by the
Cyc system using the prefix `SKF-' followed by a number.
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slumbers
The collection of all #$Sleeping events, i.e.,
natural processes in which an #$Animal engages in some
unconscious mental activity coupled with physical rest.
#$Sleeping is a subset of #$BodilyFunctionEvent-Involuntary;
the process of #$Sleeping is essential for the health of
sentient animals.
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sleepy
#$Sleepy is the #$Alertness attribute which is a
specialization of #$Awake. It is the state an animal
normally passes through before #$GoingToSleep.
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smell perception
The collection of sensory #$Perceivings in which a
#$PerceptualAgent #$smells something and thereby acquires
information about it.
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smoking food
A kind of cooking in which the food is exposed to
smoke. This adds nitrates to the food to prevent rotting.
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snowflakes
The collection of frozen water crystals emitted by
clouds in instances of #$SnowProcess.
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snow process
The collection of events in which the condensed
liquid water in clouds freezes into ice crystals which
become substantial enough to fall to the earth as snow.
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snowy
The #$WeatherAttribute that characterizes an
#$OutdoorLocation at which it is snowing.
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social activities
The collection of socially based actions, those
performed mostly for the sake of sociability, in which
considerations of socially acceptable interactions with
others are important.
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social attribute type
This is a collection of collections. Each
#$SocialAttributeType is itself a coherent collection of
attributes that pertain to human behavior. This definition
is very broad, and embraces attributes of behavior (personal
and social) one might read about in a sociology, psychology,
cultural anthropology, economics, political science, or
social philosophy course -- in short, in the (human)
`behavioral' sciences. A more specialized concept is
#$SocialStatusAttributeType, which limits the focus to
status-related attributes. This is a superset of that, much
more general collection which includes, as elements,
#$AcquaintanceAttribute, #$InterAgentRelationAttribute,
etc., as well as all the elements of
#$SocialStatusAttributeType (qv).
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social agents
The collection of beings whose existence is
accepted by some social system. (Thus, the elements of
#$SocialBeing will vary with social contexts.) Social
beings are entities able to perform social roles in the
system that recognizes them. #$SocialBeing includes
elements of #$Organization (e.g., the #$QueensGuard) as well
as the elements of #$LegalAgent (in that system), so, for
example, in modern industrial social systems, the elements
of #$LegalCorporation and #$Person are instances of
#$SocialBeing.
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socio-economic classes
The collection of attributes that indicate a
person's social class, as determined by the
person's general lifestyle, quality of life, and
relative access to the (material and security oriented)
desiderata of life. It may depend on a cultural
non-material system of social rank, based on birth, office,
manners, vocal accent or other factors. Members of this
collection include #$LowerMiddleClass, #$UpperClass, etc.
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social occasions
The collection of intentional social gatherings of
people who have the same or similar purposes in attending,
and in which there is communication between the
participants. E.g., a party, a conference, a wedding, etc.
Note: A group of people waiting to board an elevator is not
typically a #$SocialGathering, even though they share a
common purpose, since they are not expected to talk to each other.
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societal events
A collection of events; a subset of
#$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent. Each element of
#$SocialOccurrence is an event in which two or more agents
(and often many more than two) take part. Often, elements
of #$SocialOccurrence involve communication among the
participating agents. Usually there are some social
occurrences in every culture that have very elaborate role
structures (e.g., a lawsuit or a wedding), and some that are
fairly simple (e.g., belching at the dinner table). See
also: #$socialParticipants.
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social ritual
The collection of social events in which some kind
of ritual is performed. E.g., a wedding, an awards
ceremony, a baptism, an inauguration, a graduation ceremony,
etc. Note: In Cyc's ontology, the collection
#$Inauguration is not exactly a subset of #$SocialRitual;
e.g., it is not true that (#$isa
The1992InaugurationOfGeorgeBushAsPresidentOfTheUSA
#$SocialRitual). This is because there are many aspects to
an #$Inauguration, besides the social ritual aspects. E.g.,
there is the political aspect, namely the legitimate change
of chief executive of a nation. The carrying out of the
`script' for an inauguration (i.e., the ceremony
itself) is an element of the collection #$SocialRitual.
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social statuses
The collection of #$AttributeValues that pertain
to human social status; role or rank (formal or informal) in
the surrounding culture. Most assertions should be made in
terms of some specialization of this collection (or an
instance of some specialization of this collection).
Members of this collection include: #$LowerMiddleClass,
#$GoodLooking, #$FourthGradeLevel, etc.
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positions
This is a collection of collections. Each
#$SocialStatusAttributeType is itself a coherent collection
of attributes that pertain to rank/status along some
particular `dimension' related somehow to `status in
society.' Some sample elements of
#$SocialStatusAttributeType are: #$SocialStatusAttribute,
#$Glamor, #$SocialPower, #$CredibilityStatus,
#$EducationLevelAttribute, etc.
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solar powered device
A collection of physical devices; a subset of
#$PoweredDevice. An instance of #$SolarPoweredDevice is a
device which is powered by energy from sunlight. Examples
include solar-powered calculators and solar heating systems.
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soldiers
A person having as a profession a branch of Soldiering
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sole proprietorships
A collection of unincorporated businesses
organizations. An element of #$SoleProprietorship is a
business in which an individual #$Person (or a married
couple) owns, operates, and assumes liability for the
business. A #$SoleProprietorship may or may not have
employees. It has no shareholders or partners.
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solid
One of the basic physical states of matter. In
scientifically sophisticated contexts, it characterizes
pieces of matter which are at a sufficiently low enough
temperature or high enough pressure for the particular
type of matter involved that the molecules of the matter
are bonded to each other by various sorts of forces, and
don't move away from their neighbors. Examples of
things that typically have this #$AttributeValue are: a
piece of aluminum foil, a lump of coal, a quartz crystal,
a gold ingot stored in Fort Knox. In more common contexts
(like the one represented by the #$NaivePhysicsMt) it
characterizes everything which is intuitively thought of as
solid (including such things as glass and wood)
irrespective of whether it has the microstructural
features to qualify as being solid according to the
standards of physical science.
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solid tangible product
A collection of tangible products. Each element
of #$SolidTangibleProduct is a tangible product that is a
solid -- either a solid object (e.g., an automobile) or a
stuff in solid form (e.g., lumber) -- that is sold
separately. Items that are always part of something else
(e.g. #$DiskSector) are not instances of #$SolidTangibleProduct.
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solid objects
A collection of tangibles. Each element of
#$SolidTangibleThing is a piece of stuff which shares many
of the properties that matter in a #$SolidStateOfMatter
exhibits (though not all instances of #$SolidTangibleThing
are formally in a solid state). Instances have a shape
independent from their container. When deformed with
sufficient force (which may be small for weak, brittle
materials or high for materials that deform easily), they
break. Examples of #$SolidTangibleThings include: pieces of
substances having #$SolidStateOfMatter such as ice cubes;
solid mixtures like a quarter-dollar coin or a paper bag;
and complex mixtures of biological origin that behave like
solids, e.g., bone. Collections of the solid form of any
type of stuff can be created using #$SolidFn (q.v.).
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solubility
A collection of attributes; a subset of
#$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Solubility describes
how readily some tangible substance dissolves in some kind
of liquid. Different levels of #$Solubility may be
represented with #$GenericValueFunctions or qualitatively
(e.g., #$WillDissolve, #$Insoluble).
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solutions
A collection of tangible stuffs; a subset of
#$Mixture. Each instance of #$Solution is a #$Mixture of
two or more chemically distinct substances. #$Solutions are
homogeneous, meaning that the composition at any one point
in the #$Mixture is the same as that at any other point. In
contrast, a #$Suspension is a #$Mixture in which small
discontinuous particles are surrounded by a continuous
fluid. The #$solvent of every #$Solution has the
#$stateOfMatter #$LiquidStateOfMatter. Thus #$Solutions
also normally exhibit the properties of a liquid, since
#$solvents are #$mainConstituents. Examples of
#$Solutions: seawater, a cup of coffee, a tincture of
iodine, some vanilla extract.
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things existing stably in time
#$SomethingExisting is the subset of
#$TemporalThing whose elements are more or less static, at
least compared to the highly dynamic elements of #$Event.
The clearest examples of #$SomethingExisting are tangible
things, like people, lakes, stars, the Earth's
ionosphere, etc. Some elements of #$Intangible, such as
agreements and obligations, also exist stably in time over
their lifetime (rather than `happening'), and thus both
#$Agreement and #$Obligation are subsets of (i.e., have the
#$genls) #$SomethingExisting).
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wearable items
A collection of tangible objects. Each instance
of #$SomethingToWear is an object that an animal (usually a
person) wears on its body, i.e., in a #$WearingSomething
event. It is worth remarking that, in such an event, the
wearer doesn't have to exert any intentional effort to
continue wearing the object. For example, shirts remain on
people's torsos, hats stay on heads, rings on fingers;
once in place, dog collars stay on dogs, saddles stay on
horses. By contrast, a hula hoop is NOT an example of
#$SomethingToWear. A borderline case is a #$Purse, which at
first blush seems to be something to wear, yet requires
carrying by the performer, hence is not a member of this
collection. Similarly, a briefcase is not an #$SomethingToWear.
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sounds
A collection of events; a subset of
#$WavePropagation. Each element of #$Sound is an instance
of wave propagation in which longitudinal pressure waves
travel through matter. Includes the elements of
#$AudibleSound, #$UltraSound, and temblors.
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sound information bearing things
A collection of information bearing things (IBTs);
a subset of #$InformationBearingWavePropagation. Each
element of #$SoundInformationBearingThing is an audible
sound that contains information: a spoken utterance, the
performance of a sonata, a Morse code message tapped out on
a prison wall, etc.
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source microtheory
A collection of microtheories. An instance of
#$SourceMicrotheory represents a source external to the
#$CycKB, from which the Microtheory Contents of such a
microtheory were obtained.
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south - directly
Due South, an element of #$TerrestrialDirection.
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southern
The general direction of South. The element of
#$VectorInterval that comprises the cone-shaped set of
vectors pointing (from some reference point) within
approximately forty-five degrees of pointing in the same
direction as #$South-Directly.
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south east - directly
The precise Southeast direction from any
geographic point other than a pole.
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Southeast
The general direction of SouthEast. The
#$VectorInterval comprising the cone-shaped set of vectors
pointing (from some reference point) within approximately
forty-five degrees of pointing in the same direction as #$SouthEast-Directly.
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south west - directly
The precise Southwest direction from any
geographic point other than a pole.
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south west - generally
The general direction of SouthWest. The
#$VectorInterval comprising the cone-shaped set of vectors
pointing (from some reference point) within approximately
forty-five degrees of pointing in the same direction as #$SouthWest-Directly.
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indoor spaces
A collection of open spatial regions. Each
element of #$SpaceInAHOC is a space found inside some
instance of #$HumanOccupationConstruct (= HOC). Elements
include all major spaces inside any
#$HumanOccupationConstruct, including not only rooms
(elements of #$RoomInAConstruction), but halls, elevator
shafts, attics, stairwells, and the spaces inside trains,
cars, and airplanes that are designed for human occupation.
Other building parts which are not open spatial regions
(e.g., walls, plumbing, etc.) are NOT included in this
collection; cf. #$PartOfBuilding. #$SpaceInAHOC is
#$disjointWith the collection #$OutdoorLocation.
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points in space
A subset of #$GeometricThing. Each element of
#$SpacePoint is a zero-dimensional geometrical object.
Examples include spatially localized objects, such as the
center of mass of the universe at the beginning of the
twentieth century, as well as abstract objects, such as the
point where two abstract lines intersect.
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regions of space
A specialization of #$SpatialThing-Localized whose
instances are intangible regions of space located in the
empirically observable universe. A space region might or
might not be connected (see #$spatiallyContinuous). It
might be partially or completely filled with (occupied by)
#$PartiallyTangibles, or it might be completely empty (but
cf. #$EmptySpaceRegion). In any case, the space region
itself is not to be confused with a physical object or other
spatially localized (non-space-region) thing that might
happen to be #$cospatial with it. A given space region can
be characterized fully merely by specifying its location and
dimensions. Thus (although this is not the case with
spatial things in general), space regions are identical
(#$equals) if and only if they are #$cospatial.
#$SpaceRegion is in a way the spatial analogue of
#$TimeInterval, whose own instances can be fully
characterized by specifying their temporal properties; these
two collections can be used, respectively, to talk about
space and time as dimensions .
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space transportation event
The collection of all space transportation events.
For each instance TRAN of #$SpaceTransportationEvent, at
least a part of the #$Trajectory of #$objectMoving in TRAN
must be in the outer space. Note that
#$SpaceTransportationEvent is different from
(#$TransportViaFn #$Spacecraft) because the former
emphasizes where to find the #$Trajectory while the latter
emphasizes what is used as a tool, not to mention instances
of the former do not have to have parts on Earth or inside
our atmorsphere.
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spacecraft
The collection of transportation devices deployed
entirely in outer space, or whose trajectories leave the
atmosphere of the planet they're launched from, in
order to orbit the planet or to travel away from it beyond
its gravitational field.
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Spanish Language
The indigenous language of #$Spain and,
secondarily, most of Central and South America
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spatial relations
The collection of predicates that are spatial
relationships. Instances of this collection take one or
more instances of #$SpatialThing as arguments and give
information about its/their spatial location, position, or
orientation by relating it/them to a direction or other
spatial thing. (Of course, the asserted isa-contraints on
the relevant argument places might be proper subcollections
of #$SpatialThing.) Note that when an element of
#$SpatialPredicate has an instance of #$Group as one of its
arguments, in many cases a certain spatial relationship is
being asserted to hold of all or most of the members of that
group; but there are exceptions (e.g. #$in-Among) for which
this is not the case.
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spatial things
The collection of all things that have a spatial
extent or location relative to some other #$SpatialThing.
Note well that to say that an entity is a member of this
collection is to remain agnostic about two issues. First, a
#$SpatialThing may be #$PartiallyTangible, like
#$Texas-State or wholly #$Intangible, like the
#$ArcticCircle or a line or a plane referenced in a
geometric theorem. Second, although we do insist on
location relative to another #$SpatialThing, a
#$SpatialThing may or may not be located in the physically
observable universe. It is far from clear that all
#$SpatialThings are so located: eg, a trajectory through
the phase space of some physical system. If the intent is
to imply location in the empirically observable cosmos, the
user should employ this collection's spec, #$SpatialThing-Localized.
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spatially disjoint region type
A collection of collections; a subset of
#$RegionType. Each element of #$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType
is a collection of geographical regions, none of whose
elements spatially intersects another. For example, the
collection #$State-UnitedStates is an element of
#$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType, because the territories of
U.S. states do not overlap. Other examples of collections
that are elements of #$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType:
#$CanadianProvince, #$IndependentCountry, #$City, and
#$Colony. A non-example is #$EcologicalRegion, since
ecological regions can overlap.
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speech
The collection of actions generating
#$Utterances which are speech. A subset of #$Talking: hence,
#$Speaking normally includes only those #$Utterances using
#$Language as a communication convention, unlike other
#$Utterances, such as #$Booing and #$Cheering.
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specified information bearing thing types
A collection of collections which is being phased
out. In most instances instances of #$ConceptualWork should
be used instead. Each element of
#$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType is a subset of
#$InformationBearingThing, all of whose instances are
instantiations of the same #$ConceptualWork and share a
primary media form. Instances of
#$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType can be created to
refer to any instance of #$ConceptualWork. For example,
the collection of all instances of #$BookCopy which are
instantiations of #$WarAndPeace-TheNovel would be an element
of #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType, as would the
collection of all instance of #$MovieShowing which are
instantiations of #$Jaws-TheMovie (even though both the
novel `War and Peace' and #$Jaws-TheMovie were issued
in slightly different variants). Heterogeneous collections,
however, such as those defined by `copies of books written
by Mark Twain', or by `physical instantiations of the
Jaws story in all its forms [movie, book, comic book,
tape]', are NOT elements of
#$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType, although they are
subsets of #$InformationBearingThing. Example of
#$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType: #$DimeCoin-US.
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parts of speech
The collection of all parts of speech. Instances
of #$SpeechPart include #$Preposition, #$Adverb,
#$SimpleNoun, #$Determiner, #$QuantifyingIndexical,
#$Punctuation-SP, #$Pronoun). To link a specific word with
the parts of speech for which it has forms, see #$posForms;
e.g., #$You-TheWord has a#$Pronoun form, #$And-TheWord has a
#$CoordinatingConjunction form, #$Hit-TheWord has both
#$SimpleNoun and #$Verb forms.
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speeds
A subset of #$Rate. Each element of #$Speed is a
rate of change in position (of an object, wave front, etc.).
Elements of #$Speed may be either fixed amounts, such as
(#$MilesPerHour 55), or a range, such as #$WalkingSpeed or
#$Calm-WindSpeed. See #$UnitOfSpeed for the units used by
Cyc to measure speeds.
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sperm
A subset of #$Cell. #$SpermCell is the collection
of specialized gamete cells which are produced by meiosis in
the reproductive tract of male animals. Each sperm cell
usually has half the number of chromosomes that regular body
cells do, and when it fertilizes an ovum, the ovum becomes a
zygote and continues to develop into a mature individual.
See also #$MaleAnimal, #$SexualReproductionEvent.
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spherical
#$Spherical is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute
shared by all spherical objects.
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spiral shaped
#$SpiralShaped is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute
shared by all typically shaped spiral objects.
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splitting
A collection of separation events in which
something splits apart, often at a seam (e.g. in an item of
clothing), perforation, or grain-line (e.g. in a piece of
wood). That is, two areas of the thing are separated from
one another (though perhaps not separated completely into
discrete pieces or parts). Usually, a splitting occurs
along a single line or plane that runs parallel to, and
for a significant distance relative to, the length of the
thing split. In order to undergo a #$Splitting, the
#$objectOfStateChange must be in a #$SolidStateOfMatter.
See also #$Cracking.
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rhetorics
A collection of information transfer events; a
subset of #$AudioCommunicating. Each element of
#$SpokenCommunicating is a transmission of sound-borne
verbal information by spoken words between two (or more)
agents. The communication may be one-way or two-way (or
multi-way); see #$Communicating. Examples of
#$SpokenCommunicating: a telephone conversation, a classroom
discussion, the #$GettysburgAddress-Speech. Note that the
collection #$Speaking contains events in which a person
generates spoken language but doesn't necessarily
communicate it; e.g., a person practicing a speech alone.
If someone who is speaking is also communicating, then her
speaking is a #$subEvents of some element of
#$SpokenCommunicating. Every element of
#$SpokenCommunicating has at least one #$communicationToken
which is an element of #$Utterance.
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sports events
The collection of individual sports events, such
as a single game of baseball, an individual 100M race, etc.
An entire sandlot baseball game would be a #$SportsEvent,
but one inning wouldn't be. A double-header could be
viewed as a single #$SportsEvent, though, even though each
half of it was also a #$SportsEvent. Several #$SportsEvents
can be organized into a #$SportsFormalCompetition. One
single double-header evening of baseball would not be a
#$SportsFormalCompetition, nor one single tennis match, etc.
note: The collection #$SportsEvent does not include every
#$AthleticActivity; e.g., Rocky training for his boxing
match, a group of kids racing to the bus stop, a person
skiing for pleasure, etc. are not instances of
#$SportsEvent, because they are not necessarily instances of #$Competition.
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spreadsheets
A collection of #$InformationBearingThings (IBTs);
a subset of #$StructuredInformationSource. Each element of
#$Spreadsheet is an IBT that presents (usually numeric) data
in a two-dimensional matrix of cells that are organized into
rows and columns. A spreadsheet may be produced by hand
with pencil and paper or generated by a computer
#$SpreadsheetProgram such as #$Lotus123. Associated with
every spreadsheet are mathematical definitions of some of
its cells as a function of other cells in that spreadsheet.
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springs
The collection of Spring seasons. In the
#$TemperateClimateCycle, Spring is the time ice melts, the
average temperature starts to increase, the days get longer,
plants begin to put forth buds, etc. #$SpringSeason
represents the climatic aspects of spring; see
#$CalendarSpring for the purely temporal aspects of spring.
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square shaped
#$SquareShaped is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute
shared by all objects that are square shaped, i.e.
rectangular (#$Rectangular) and having four sides of equal length.
c009c6db-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
standard unit of measure
#$StandardUnitOfMeasure is a subset of
#$UnitOfMeasure, the collection of units used to measure
quantifiable properties. #$StandardUnitOfMeasure contains
those units which are considered the #$standardUnit for the
property they measure. Some examples: the standard
#$UnitOfVolume is the #$Liter; the standard
#$UnitOfTemperature is the #$DegreeKelvin; the standard
#$UnitOfMass is the Kilogram. Every unit type has one unit
designated as the standard unit for that type.
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starvation
A collection of events. Each instance of
#$Starvation is an event in which an #$Animal is so hungry
as to be #$Starving. If prolonged, it results in death.
NB: Note that this is a #$SingleDoerAction (q.v.), so it
doesn't cover cases wherein one creature withholds food
from another.
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starving event
A #$LevelOfHunger (q.v.) one step beyond #$Hungry.
Note: this constant expresses a static
#$AnimalPhysiologicalAttribute, not a dynamic process. For
the #$Event that involves #$Starving, see #$Starvation.
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states
A collection of geopolitical entities which are
sub-divisions of countries. An element of
#$State-Geopolitical is a ``state-equivalent,''
i.e., a region whose political government is at the very
next administrative level down from the national level. In
different countries, such a main geopolitical subdivision
may be called variously a `region', a `state', a
`province', a `prefecture', a `department', a
`parish', or something else. In the U.S.A., it is
called a `state'. See also #$Province.
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U.S. states
A collection of geopolitical sub-regions. Each of
the (currently 50) elements of #$State-UnitedStates is a
State in the #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica; i.e., #$Alabama-State,
#$Alaska-State, #$Arizona-State, #$Arkansas-State, etc.
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state capitals
A collection of cities. Each element of
#$StateCapital is a city that is the capital city of the
geopolitical state in which it is located. Note that this
collection is for capitals of all the elements in
#$State-Geopolitical (q.v.), not just members of the subset
#$State-UnitedStates. Examples: #$CityOfJuneauAK,
#$CityOfLansingMI, #$CityOfAnnapolisMD,
#$CityOfQuebecCanada, #$CityOfEdmontonCanada,
#$CityOfPerthAustralia, #$CityOfXianChina,
#$CityOfGuangzhouChina, #$CityOfLahorePakistan.
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states of matter
#$StateOfMatter-SolidLiquidGaseous is the
collection of attributes which describe the basic physical
states that pieces of matter can be in. The only four
elements of this collection are #$SolidStateOfMatter,
#$LiquidStateOfMatter, #$GaseousStateOfMatter, and
#$PlasmaStateOfMatter. Although the chemical composition of
a substance does not change when its basic physical state
changes, many of its intrinsic physical properties do
change--including its density, viscosity, brittleness,
color, size, etc. States of matter concern the
organization of matter at the molecular level, as determined
by temperature and pressure. Changes in temperature and or
pressure will cause matter in one physical state to
transform into another (see #$PhysicalStateChangeEvent). In
scientifically sophisticated contexts states of matter
apply only to a set of molecules of a single kind, but not
to mixtures as a whole: Given a mixture such as liter of
mud, we can say that the water part is in a liquid state,
but we can't say anything about the mud as a whole.
In scientifically naive contexts such as the one
represented by the #$NaivePhysicsMt, states of matter can
be correctly attributed to mixtures: Wine, a mixture of
solids and liquids, may be have the attribute
#$LiquidStateOfMatter in such a context.
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static situation
#$StaticSituations are states of affairs between
two or more things, persisting statically over some time
interval. #$StaticSituations always have a temporal extent;
they usually have a tangible and spatial extent. As an
example, consider the situation of Bill Clinton sitting in
his easy chair on the evening of 7/4/96. There are
participant objects such as Bill and the chair, there are
relationships such as the seat of the chair supporting his
bottom and his weight being off his feet, etc. In any
#$StaticSituation, for the participants in that situation,
there is some significant or focal relationship between
them which does not change. In the most typical cases,
there is no important change whatsoever, e.g. someone
sitting would be such a #$StaticSituation. But some things
represented as #$StaticSituations can alternatively be
represented as #$Events. For example, a situation in which
geese were flying in a flock would be static (the
flock-like spatial relationship between the geese would be
retained) but it would also be dynamic in that the geese
were moving, so either representation could be chosen
depending on the context.
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thefts
A collection of events; a subset of
#$TakingSomething. In an instance of #$Stealing-Generic,
one #$Agent takes a possession of another agent's
without the owner's permission (and possibly without
the owner's knowledge). Stealing is commonly
considered criminal in most contexts. Note: It is not the
case that every use of another's things without
explicit permission is categorized as an instance of
#$Stealing-Generic. An informal agreement or
`understanding' may exist between #$Agents that would
cover casual `borrowing' (and excuse it from being
stealing); the closer the relationship the more expensive
and personal the items that fall into such an exclusion.
E.g., even if I am in a perfect stranger's office, and
they have left for a minute, I feel it is not stealing to
take one of their Kleenexes if I am about to sneeze.
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steamed
The attribute #$Steamed is a specialized form of
#$Cooked. Food that is #$Steamed has been prepared in an
event of #$SteamingFood.
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steaming food
Cooking food by surrounding it in steam.
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steppe
Attibute of areas of #$Grassland where short
grasses are dominant: traditionally, the wild grasslands of
Eurasia, but also found extensively in central North
America, central and southern Africa, and Australia.
Source: The Times Atlas of the World (1995).
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steppe climates
A collection of annual climate cycles. Each
element of #$SteppeClimateCycle is a year-long event
consisting of weather occurring (typically) on the steppes
(i.e., temperate zone semiarid plains). Characteristics of
a steppe climate include: little precipitation, but wetter
than a desert; wide temperature extremes, from very hot in
the day to cold at night.
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stocks
A collection consisting of all shares of stock.
An element of #$Stock is a share of ownership in some
instance of #$LegalCorporation; its owner is an #$Agent who
is recorded as a shareholder in the official records of that
corporation. A company may have several classes of #$Stock,
such as Common, Preferred, Class A, Class B, etc.
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stock certificates
A collection of official documents. Each element
of #$StockCertificate is a document issued by a company to
one of its shareholders, certifying the shareholder's
ownership of some number of shares of stock in that corporation.
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stock holdings
A collection of partially tangibles; a subset of
#$FinancialAssetHoldings. Each instance of #$StockHoldings
is a group of #$Stock shares owned by an #$Agent. It may
consist of shares in only one company or different groups of
shares in multiple companies.
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stock type
A collection of collections. An instance of
#$StockType is a collection of all shares of stock of a
particular type in a particular corporation. For example,
``General Motors Class E Stock''.
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stomachs
The collection of all stomachs. An individual
#$Stomach is an #$Organ which is part of the
#$DigestiveSystem that churns and digests #$Food.
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stone
A collection of tangible things; a subset of
#$EarthStuff. Each element of #$StoneStuff is a piece or
portion of rock or stone; e.g., #$MountRushmoreMonument.
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streams
#$Stream is the generic collection for natural,
flowing bodies of water, including everything from great
rivers to tiny creeks. Every stream flows in (see
#$in-ContOpen) some conduit (see #$FluidConduit) such as a
streambed or riverbed. Examples: #$AmazonRiver,
#$LittleMissouriRiver, #$WoundedKnee-Creek. Cf. #$River,
#$Creek. Note that riverbanks are not streams nor are they
parts of streams, but rather they mark the edges of a stream.
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streets
The subcollection of #$Roadway that contains all
streets inside of cities and towns.
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street addresses
A collection of strings. Each element of
#$StreetAddress is a string that denotes a street number and
street name. For example, `3721 Executive Center
Drive', the street address of #$Cycorp.
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vigors
#$Strength is the #$ScriptPerformanceAttributeType
for describing actions performed by exerting nontrival force
at the times it is necessary.
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structural support stuff
A collection of tangibles. Each element of
#$StructuralSupportStuff is a hard, rigid substance
typically used for structural support. For example, the
instances of #$Wood, #$BoneTheStuff, #$StoneStuff.
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structured information sources
A collection of #$InformationStores, either
intangible or partially tangible. Each element of
#$StructuredInformationSource is an #$InformationStore in
which bits of information are represented as related in a
systematic way that is easily characterized by some type of
formal structure, including spatial or architectural terms
(used metaphorically). Examples include: a database
organized in fields and values; a spreadsheet organized in
rows and columns with entries; an organizational tree
diagram with nodes and branches; a topographical map; a
document written in HTML (hyper-text markup language).
Negative examples include computerprograms poems, and novels.
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students
A collection of persons. Each element of
#$Student is someone who studies at an academic institution.
This collection includes students at all levels of study in
all types of educational institutions.
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student status attribute
A collection of attributes. Each
#$StudentStatusAttribute indicates the currency or
bureaucratic phase of processing a student's
participation in an educational course or institution;
elements of this collection include #$Graduate, #$Enrolled, etc.
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stuff type
The collection of all collections that are
stuff-like in at least one respect. A collection COL is
stuff-like just in case there is some sense of
'part' according to which every part of an
instance of COL is itself an instance of COL. More
precisely, for a collection to be a #$StuffType it is
sufficient that there be some spec-pred of #$parts,
PARTPRED, such that if (#$isa OBJECT1 COL) and (PARTPRED
OBJECT1 OBJECT2), then (#$isa OBJECT2 COL). (See the
cyclistNotes for more detail). Here are two examples.
Consider #$Breathing. Take an instance of that, say a ten
minute long period in which I am breathing. Imagine some two
minute snippet of that, one of its #$timeSlices (a spec-pred
of #$parts). That, too, is an instance of #$Breathing. So
#$Breathing is a #$StuffType, since all #$timeSlices of an
instance of #$Breathing are also instances of #$Breathing.
Consider #$Water. Take any instance of #$Water -- say the
water in the Pacific Ocean. Now take any portion of that
water -- say a handful of it that I scoop up near Honolulu,
one of its #$physicalPortions (a spec-pred of #$parts). That
handful is itself an instance of #$Water. Hence #$Water is a
#$StuffType, in virtue of the fact that all
#$physicalPortions of all instances #$Water are themselves
instances of #$Water. Other examples are:
#$AbstractInformationalThing, which is stuff-like with
respect #$subInformation; #$CharacterString, which is
stuff-like with respect to #$subCharacterStrings; and
#$List, which is stuff-like with respect to #$sublists.
These examples are somewhat exceptional -- most #$StuffTypes
are like the examples of #$Breathing and #$Water. Before
using #$StuffType read the cyclistNotes. See #$ObjectType,
for the contrasting notion of being object-like.
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sub abs
If the predicate P has entry format #$SubAbs for
one of its argument positions N, then, given some fixed set
of arguments in the other positions, mutiple assertions may
be added to the KB so long as each term appearing in
argument position N is a #$subAbstrac of some common
#$Entity. Note that the case where the entity itself appears
as arg N is allowed, since for all x, (#$subAbstrac X X) is
true. Let's consider an example. The #$arg2Format of
#$laterSubAbstractions is #$SubAbs. Thus Cyc will allow one
to assert that #$laterSubAbstractions of
SamZilkerAsATeenager include SamZilkerAsAnAdult, and
SamZilkerDuringHisFirstMarriage, etc., so long as all of
those are known to be subabstractions of the very same
entity, in this case the one representing Sam Zilker.
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subatomic particles
A collection of objects; a subset of
#$MicroscopicScaleObject. Every instance of
#$SubAtomicParticle is a physical particle smaller than an
atom. Major subsets of #$SubAtomicParticle include
#$Electron, #$Proton, and #$Neutron.
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sub events format
If a predicate P has #$SubEventsFormat for
argument position N, then given some particular list of
terms that occupy the other argument positions of P, there
may be multiple assertions with different terms in position
N (keeping the other arguments fixed), but only so long as
the terms in position N are all interrelated by the
predicate #$subEvents. For example, the #$arg1Format of
#$finalSportsEvent is #$SubEventsFormat. This allows us to
state (#$relationAllExists #$finalSportsEvent
#$TennisTournament #$TennisMatch), (#$relationAllExists
#$finalSportsEvent #$TennisTournament #$TennisSet), and
(#$relationAllExists #$finalSportsEvent #$TennisTournament
(#$GameFn #$Tennis-TheGame)).
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Cyc system atoms
A collection of the atomic data belonging to the
CycL substrate of the Cyc System. Elements of #$SubLAtom
cannot be decomposed (e.g., a symbol).
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Cyc system atom with values
A sub-collection of the atomic data belonging to
the CycL substrate of the Cyc System. Each element of
#$SubLAtomWithValue is an atomic datum that has a value
(e.g., 2) associated with it.
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sub l atomic term
The collection of all denotational terms in the
CycL language that are not explicitly represented in CycL,
but are represented in SubL, the underlying implementation
of the Cyc system. Examples include the terms 212, foo ,
:NOUN, #x, and VARIABLE-P.
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sub l character
The collection of all character-denoting terms in
the CycL language, which are represented in SubL, the
underlying implementation of the CycL system. Example: the
term #x.
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Cyc system integers
#$SubLInteger is the set of all numbers which
satisfy the #$defnIff CYC-SYSTEM-INTEGER (i.e., the set of
numbers which are considered integers by CycL). Thus, 3,
0, and -4 are legitimate elements of #$SubLInteger. But
(#$Meter 6), (#$Unity 3.3), :34, #$PlusInfinity, and
Avogadro's number are NOT legitimate elements of #$SubLInteger.
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Cyc system keywords
The collection of SubL keywords (e.g., :KEYWORD,
:OBJECT, :PLURAL, etc.), which is a subset of the collection
of #$SubLSymbol. Every element of #$SubLKeyword satisfies
the #$defnIff KEYWORDP.
bf8b47b8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
sub l list
A collection of tuples (see #$Tuple). Each
element of #$SubLList is an ordered list of items enclosed
in parentheses. Cyc system lists are those things that pass
the #$defnIff LISTP, i.e., those things considered by the
Cyc System to be lists.
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Cyc system list or atoms
A collection including both the lists and the
atomic data belonging to the CycL substrate of the Cyc System.
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sub l non variable symbol
The collection of all 'symbols' in the
CycL language, excluding variables. Note that this is a very
technical definition of the word 'symbol'; the
definition used in SubL, the underlying implementation of
Cyc. Symbols are rarely used in CycL, except for some
#$HLPredicates like #$defnIff. Examples: the symbols GENLS
and CYC-SYSTEM-NON-VARIABLE-SYMBOL-P.
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Cyc system objects
The collection of computational (i.e., abstract,
intangible, syntactically structured) objects which make up
Cyc's CycL-based system.
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Cyc system real numbers
The collection of all number-denoting expressions
in the CycL language that are not CycL constants or NATs,
but are terms of SubL, the underlying implementation
language of CycL. Examples: the terms `212' and
`3.14159d0'. Non-examples: the expressions #$One,
(#$Meter 6), (#$Unity 3), `:34', #$PlusInfinity, and
`Avogadro's number'.
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Cyc system strings
The collection of all string-denoting terms in the
CycL language, which are represented in SubL, the underlying
implementation of the CycL system by a sequence of
characters enclosed in double quotes. Example: the term foo .
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Cyc system symbols
A collection of symbolic atomic terms, namely, all
those things that satisfy the definition of a symbol in the
Cyc system. Every element of #$SubLSymbol satisfies the
Heuristic Level (SubL) #$defnIff SYMBOLP. Such terms cannot
include numbers or strings (i.e., they must be symbolic),
nor can they include lists, non-reified function terms, or
axioms (i.e., they must be atomic).
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Cyc system variables
The collection of atomic data, each element of
which denotes a variable within CycL and therefore can have
a value associated with it during inferencing.
#$SubLVariable excludes Cyc System symbols which designate
constants or strings.
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sub process slots
A collection of binary predicates; a
specialization of #$Role. Each element of #$SubProcessSlot
relates one instance of #$Event to a second instance of
#$Event that is in some way a part of the first. Examples:
#$subEvents, #$inPreparationFor, #$manufacturingSteps, #$outboundLegOfRoundTrip.
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sublimations
The collection of events in which a piece of stuff
is transformed from a #$SolidStateOfMatter to a
#$GaseousStateOfMatter by sublimation as opposed to evaporation.
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submarines
Submarine is the collection of all boats that can
operate underwater.
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subtropical forest
Attribute of hardleaf evergreen forest regions
growing between the latitudes of 15-40 degrees north and
south of the equator in China, Japan, Australia, New
Zealand, and South Africa. Source: The Times Atlas of the
World (1995).
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subways
The collection of all underground #$Railways,
under the surfaces of major cities. Some parts of Subways
may be in trenches, on bridges or on elevated tracks, but
most of a Subway is in underground tunnels.
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subway stations
The collection of all subway (underground
railroad) stations. These are usually located at least
partly underground, on subway tracks, and their primary
purpose is to be a place where subway trains discharge and
receive passengers.
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success criterion slot
Instances are predicates used to give criteria of
success for #$Plans, or for #$PurposefulActions reified in
planning contexts.
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summers
The collection of Summer seasons. In the
#$TemperateClimateCycle, Summer is generally the time of
greatest warmth. #$SummerSeason represents the climatic
aspects of summer. For its purely temporal aspects, see #$CalendarSummer.
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sunny
A current condition in which the sun is shining
bright in a region (implies daytime hours). This implies
that the air is ClearVisibility and that the sky is not
Hazy, and either PartlyCloudy or Cloudless. As this
attribute may be described in terms of others, it may be
redundant, use your own discretion.
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sunrises
Each #$Sunrise is an #$Event where, at a given
location, the #$Sun appears to clear the horizon as it
`rises'. This event is construed to occur regardless
of the visibility of the #$Sun due to obscuring objects such
as clouds. Every #$Sunrise is #$contiguousAfter a #$Dawn,
and every #$DaytimeHours is #$temporallyStartedBy a #$Sunrise.
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sunsets
Each #$Sunset is an #$Event in which, at a given
location, the horizon occludes the #$Sun as it appears to
set. This event is construed to occur regardless of the
visibility of the #$Sun due to obscuring objects such as
clouds. There is a #$Dusk which is #$contiguousAfter each
#$Sunset. Every #$DaytimeHours is #$temporallyFinishedBy a
#$Sunset (unless it #$endsDuring a #$MidnightSun), as is
every #$Afternoon.
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superconductor resistance
A measurable physical attribute.
#$SuperconductorResistance is the element of
#$ElectricalResistance that describes an object which has
absolutely no resistance to the passage of electricity.
That level of resistance is found only in superconductors.
be01f327-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
supply companies
A collection of commercial organizations. An
element of #$SupplyCompany is a company whose #$MainFunction
is selling supplies to other companies. For example,
elements of #$ElectricalSupplyCompany or grocery #$Wholesalers.
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supposed to be microtheory
The collection of microtheories that describe how
things are 'supposed to be' according to some
agent or agents. This technique can be used to represent
things like the policies of a company, the laws of a
country, the tenets of a religion, the rules of proper
conduct for employees of a particular corporation, etc. The
assertions in a #$SupposedToBeMicrotheory may or may not
describe the world as it actually is. Examples:
#$BasicWesternLegalConceptsMt,
#$SportsRulesOf-BoxingSportsEvent, #$CycStaffCalendar, and #$OfficeCodeOfConductMt.
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surface - generic
The collection of all surfaces (including
#$Surface-Abstract and #$Surface-Physical); each is a
#$SpatialThing that has extent in at least two dimensions,
but either does not have a thickness (i.e. a two dimensional
object) or has an insignificant thickness compared with its
length and width (Note: if the object is a closed surface,
e.g. an apple skin, any significant sub region must have
insignificant thickness compared to its length and width).
Surfaces may be two or three dimensional, tangible or
intangible. Such a surface may be curved, folded, crumpled,
or flat. Thus a Euclidian two dimensional disc, a dinner
plate, a crumpled sheet of paper, the top of a desk, a
ribbon, and a basket ball's skin are exemplars of a
#$Surface-Generic. They may be spatially connected or not
spatially connected. Thus, both a frisbee and the Milky Way
galaxy (as it appears in the sky) are examples. Negative
exemplars include an entire basket ball (i.e. its skin plus
the cavity inside), a planet, and a euclidian solid sphere.
All of these are negative exemplars because thickness is not
significantly smaller than length and width. If an object
has an #$areaOfObject it must be a #$Surface-Generic. If
the object `has two sides' (e.g. a sheet of paper, a
frisbee, but not #$Texas-State or an #$InsideSurface of a
cave or room. (See #$OneSidedVsTwoSidedObjectNote.) The
areas on either side of a #$Surface-Generic are equal.
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abstract surfaces
A subset of #$GeometricThing. Each element of
#$Surface-Intangible is an intangible mathematical surface.
Positive examples are a convex hull of a coffee table or the
surface of an abstract sphere. A negative example is the
surface of a coffee table, since this is a physical surface
and thus partially tangible.
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physical surfaces
The collection of all of real physical (hence
technically three-dimensional) surfaces. The thickness of a
#$Surface-Physical is much less than its average length or
width, but it is not of zero thickness. A Surface-Physical
may have holes, tears, and may be unconnected, in multiple pieces.
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surfaces
The collection of all physical surfaces
(#$Surface-Physical) which are subsets of #$SheetOfSomeStuff
and for which there exists a change in quality between the
surface and the rest of the tangible object. These physical
surfaces will be continuous: they may not be unconnected or
in multiple pieces. Thus a veneer surface of a table would
be an instance of #$SurfaceOnTangibleObject, whereas the
surface of a plain wooden table with no lining would be an
instance of #$Surface-Physical. Positive exemplars would
include carpet that is part of a floor, #$Skin, #$Paint on a
wall, the earth's crust, and crust on bread. However,
negative exemplars would be crust removed from bread, a
loose sheet of paper (because it is not attached to anything
else), and a face of a cliff.
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surgical procedures
A collection of actions. An instance of #$Surgery
is a medical care event in which a medical professional cuts
a part of the living body, either to examine what's
inside (a diagnostic, exploratory surgery) or to treat an
ailment (a #$MedicalTreatmentEvent). Examples of surgeries
which are medical treatments include: removal of a foreign
body, cancer, an organ that's causing trouble, etc.;
insertion of a medical device (e.g, a pacemaker); or repair
of some internal structure.
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surprising
Impression due to something unexpected,
unanticipated, or startling. This is a collection; for an
explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see
#$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes
than #$Surprise are #$Disappointment and #$Wonder-Admiration.
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suspensions
A collection of tangible stuffs; a subset of
#$Mixture. Each instance of #$Suspension is a mixture which
has exactly one #$suspendingFluid and at least one kind of
#$suspendedPart. Each of the #$suspendedParts is an
instance of #$Particle, and there are a mob of them. Some
suspensions are fairly stable (e.g., mayonnaise), while
others tend to separate quickly (e.g., sugar stirred into
cold lemonade). Other examples of #$Suspension: a cloud, a
spray of aerosol deodorant.
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swallows
The collection of actions in which an #$Animal
moves a solid or a liquid from its #$Mouth to its #$Stomach.
A type of #$BodilyFunctionEvent as well as a type of #$BodyMovementEvent.
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Switzerland
The nation of Switzerland as it has existed
throughout time; includes both its physical and its
political aspects.
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icons
A collection of #$SymbolicThings which have some
material part (i.e. are instances of #$PartiallyTangible).
Each element of #$SymbolicObject by convention symbolizes
some thing or event or achievement, without describing it
propositionally in any detail. Examples include national
flags, military medals and ribbons, an Oscar, a Crucifix, a
caduceus, and printed trademark logos of commercial brands.
Elements of #$SymbolicObject need not have propositional
information contents; probably most do not. Rather,
symbolic objects are typically associated (by an informed
interpreter) with the particular entities that originated or
appropriated them. To emotional interpreters, such as
humans, symbolic objects are often evocative of certain
attitudes associated with the entities symbolized--such as
nationalism, respect, school spirit, hatred, reverence, etc.
Only some elements of #$SymbolicObject have the
#$primaryFunction of serving as symbols (e.g., national
flags, war memorials); others are symbolic in a secondary
capacity (e.g., a gravestone symbolizes death but its
primary function is as a marker). Some objects are created
to serve a symbolic function (primary or secondary), while
others acquire symbolic associations in the course of their
`lifetimes' (e.g., San Juan Hill, Ellis Island).
Examples of #$SymbolicObject: the #$ArcDeTriomphe, the
#$StatueOfLiberty, the #$PyramidOfCheops, the
#$UnitedStatesCapitolBuilding (and other capitol buildings);
a hangman's noose, a Menorah, a white dove, a black
armband. Negative examples include instances of
#$NationalAnthem, #$Halo-Symbolic (unless as a physical
represenation in some artwork), and projected #$Swastikas
because none of these has a material part. For such
symbols, use the broader concept, #$SymbolicThing.
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symmetric anatomical part type
A collection of collections. Instances are types
of #$anatomicalParts of bilaterally symmetrical organisms
(#$Organism-Whole) which occur in bilaterally symmetric
pairs. This is not intended to include broader categories
like #$Tooth, #$Rib-AnimalBodyPart, or #$Finger, but the
specific parts of which the organism only has two (EyeTooth,
FifthRib, or #$RingFinger).
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symmetric binary predicate
A collection of predicates; the subset of
#$BinaryPredicate whose elements are all symmetric
relations. A predicate F is an element of
#$SymmetricBinaryPredicate if and only if F is binary and (P
X Y) implies (P Y X). Examples: #$siblings, #$teammates,
#$connectedTo, #$bordersOn.
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symmetry member function
The class of functions which return one member of
a symmetric relation. This class consists of #$LeftFn and #$RightFn.
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forms of government
A collection of attributes. Each element of
#$SystemOfGovernment is an attribute describing a type of
government that a country might have. Used with
#$governmentType. Examples: #$DemocraticGovernment,
#$Monarchy, #$SocialistGovernment, #$MilitaryGovernment.
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tactile sensors
A subset of #$Sensor, namely those sensors that
operate by coming into physical contact with the object
being perceived. #$TactileSensors are capable of perceiving
properties such as texture, hardness, roughness, etc.
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taiga
Attribute of subarctic regions characterized by
extensive forestation, short, cool summers, and long, cold
winters with heavy snowfall. Also known as boreal forests.
Predominant trees are pine, larch, spruce, and fir. Source:
The Times Atlas of the World (1995).
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Taiwan
Taiwan, governed as The Republic of China, is a
country which claims to be the government of all of China.
#$China-PeoplesRepublic also makes this claim. The
government of #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina #$controls Taiwan
Province on the #$Island of #$Formosa (or
'Taiwan') off the southeast coast of China in
the far western #$PacificOcean, #$QuemoyIsland and
#$MatsuIsland of Fujian Province a few kilometers off the
coast, and Pratas Island in the #$SouthChinaSea. It claims
several disputed islands in the #$SouthChinaSea. The
territory controlled by #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina is between
the #$EastChinaSea and the #$SouthChinaSea. De facto,
#$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina and #$China-PeoplesRepublic are two
separate independent countries each with its own territory,
while de jure there is a single #$IndependentCountry of
China, but two governments with separate regions of control.
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taking off a clothing item
A collection of events. Each element of
#$TakingOffAClothingItem is an event in which something
being worn is removed, either by the wearer or by someone
else (e.g., removing a child's boots or a horse's
saddle). After an element of #$TakingOffAClothingItem
occurs, the situation (an element of #$WearingSomething) in
which the item was being #$wornOn the body is over.
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events of taking something
A collection of events; a subset of
#$GainingUserRights. In an instance of #$TakingSomething,
an #$Agent takes an object, in the sense of taking it away
or using or exercising access to it. The agent may or may
not have any legal right or authorization to use that
object. In an instance of #$TakingSomething, the taker (the
#$toPossessor) must intend and actively (attempt to) acquire
the #$objectOfPossessionTransfer, so the taking event is
intentional and thus, strictly speaking, #$performedBy the taker.
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tangible object predicate
A collection of predicates. Each element of
#$TangibleObjectPredicate is a predicate used in assertions
which describe the properties of tangible objects.
Examples: #$viscosityOfSubstance, #$objectHasColor,
#$porosityOfObject, #$physicalBuild.
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tangible products
A collection of tangible stuff. Each element of
#$TangibleProduct is a tangible object or tangible material
that is exchanged for money or trade. Tangible products are
purely tangible and do not have an intangible component (cf.
#$PartiallyTangibleProduct, #$PartiallyTangible).
#$TangibleProduct is the most general class of tangible
products--everything from cotton swabs to coconut oil to
F-16s belongs to this collection.
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tangible stuff composition type
A collection of collections. Instances are
collections of #$TangibleThing whose membership is based
only on the physical and/or chemical composition of the
elements, and not on any other property. Thus
#$TangibleStuffCompositionType does not have as elements any
collections whose instances are determined by the physical
state they are in. For example, the collection #$Water is
an instance of #$TangibleStuffCompositionType: instances of
#$Water are all pieces of substance with the chemical
composition H20. On the other hand , the collection of all
pieces of ice [i.e., (#$SolidFn #$Water)] is not a
#$TangibleStuffCompositionType, because membership in the
collection of ice depends not solely on the substance's
composition, but also on its physical state. More sample
instances of #$TangibleStuffCompositionType: the
collections #$Nylon, #$GasolineFuel, #$CottageCheese,
#$FattyTissue, #$BabyPowder, #$Nitrogen, and #$Glass.
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tangible stuff state type
A collection of collections. Each element of
#$TangibleStuffStateType is a collection of all pieces of
tangible stuff that are associated with only a single
physical state (i.e., structural phase). This includes
collections both (1) of substances which exist only in one
state (e.g., #$Diamond) and (2) of stuff which by definition
has a certain state (e.g., ice, or gels of any composition).
Thus, ice, water vapor, and liquid water--i.e., (#$LiquidFn
#$Water)--would be represented by a
#$TangibleStuffStateType. Water itself, however, can exist
in all three states; thus, the collection #$Water, which
includes all instances of water regardless of state, is NOT
a #$TangibleStuffStateType. Elements of
#$TangibleStuffStateType include the collections
#$SolidTangibleThing, #$Air, #$Powder, #$Gel, #$Paste, and
many others. Any of the Cyc functions #$SolidFn,
#$LiquidFn, or #$GaseousFn can be used to create a
collection which #$isa #$TangibleStuffStateType.
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tangible substance predicate
A collection of predicates. Each element of
#$TangibleSubstancePredicate is a predicate that is used to
specify or describe the properties (usually physical
properties) of tangible substances. Examples:
#$stateOfMatter, #$freezingPoint,
#$physicalStructuralIntegrity, #$solubleIn.
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tangible objects
The collection of things which are made of some
sort of matter and whose nature is purely material--in the
sense that they are not considered to have non-physical
properties (such as encoded information). (Compare
#$PartiallyTangible.) Because almost any tangible object
could be considered to have information content in a
particular context, #$TangibleThing should have almost no
subsets or instances in the #$BaseKB. Material things which
do have important non-physical aspects should be elements of
#$PartiallyTangible instead. Collections of material things
whose elements could conceivably have non-physical aspects
should be made subsets of #$PartiallyTangible.
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tanks
The collection of all tanks, armored vehicles
designed for military purposes, with mounted guns, heavy
armor, and often tracked wheels.
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taste perception
The collection of sensory #$Perceivings in which a
#$PerceptualAgent #$tastes some object, by means of the
appropriate #$Sensor, and thereby acquires information about it.
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taxonomic slots
A collection of predicates. Each element of
#$TaxonomicSlot is a binary predicate used in assertions
indicating the position of a Cyc constant in one of
Cyc's taxonomies (for #$Collections, #$Events, etc.).
Examples: #$isa, #$genls, #$partitionedInto,
#$coExtensional, #$disjointWith, #$hasMembers,
#$subBeliefSystem, #$subGoals.
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taxonomic slot for any unit
A collection of predicates; a subset of
#$TaxonomicSlot. Each element of #$TaxonomicSlotForAnyUnit
is a binary predicate that may be used to define the
taxonomy of instances; i.e., the collection of binary
predicates applicable to any term. Examples: #$isa, #$generalizations.
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taxonomic slot for collections
A collection of predicates; a subset of
#$TaxonomicSlot. Each element of
#$TaxonomicSlotForCollections is a binary predicate used to
form assertions that define the taxonomy of #$Collections by
specifying relations between various collections. Examples:
#$genls, #$partitionedInto, #$coExtensional, #$covering, #$disjointWith.
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teaching events
One agent imparting learned knowledge to another.
This may have #$subEvents of the student asking or
responding to questions, but the teacher is the primary performer.
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technical worker
A collection of persons; a subset of
#$Professional. Each element of #$TechnicalWorker is a
professional who works in some branch of engineering,
computers, mathematics or one of the natural sciences.
Negative examples are #$MarketingPerson, #$Manager and #$Psychiatrist.
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teeth cleaning
A collection of events. In each #$TeethCleaning
event, an animal's teeth are cleaned. In order to
distinguish, e.g., professional teeth cleaning by a dental
technician from daily personal care, different microtheories
are used. Consider just the frequencies of performing this
action: in the #$HumanActivitiesMt, where a person brushes
their own teeth as a subevent of #$DailyPersonalCleaning,
this occurs once or twice per day. In the
#$ProviderOfServicePerspectiveMt, that is from the dental
hygienist's point of view, it occurs about ten times
per day. In the #$RecipientOfServicePerspectiveMt, that is
from the point of view of someone going to get their teeth
cleaned at a dentist's office, it happens a couple
times per year.
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temperate climate cycles
A collection of annual climate cycles. Each
element of #$TemperateClimateCycle is a year-long event
consisting of weather occurring (typically) in terrestrial
regions between (roughly) the Tropic of Cancer and the
Arctic Circle in the Northern Hemisphere, and between the
Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle in the Southern
Hemisphere. Characteristics of a temperate climate include:
four distinguishable seasons, Spring, Summer, Fall, and
Winter, with variations in temperature and precipitation;
overall moderate precipitation.
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temperatures
A collection of physical attributes. Each element
of #$Temperature is an amount of heat in a particular
instance of #$PartiallyTangible. Elements of #$Temperature
may be either a fixed interval, such as 98.6 degrees
Fahrenheit, or a range, such as #$HumanHabitableTemperature.
See #$UnitOfTemperature for the units used by Cyc to measure temperatures.
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temperature changes
A collection of events. Each
#$TemperatureChangingProcess is an #$Event which has, as one
of its significant effects, changing the #$Temperature of
some object. E.g., #$CookingFood is a subset of this
collection. A particular event in which somone uses a
soldering iron to connect a resistor to a circuit board
would be an element of this collection. Note that a change
in temperature is one of the kinds of intrinsic change which
an object can undergo; i.e., #$TemperatureChangingProcess is
a subset of #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent.
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temporal object types
A collection of collections. Each element of each
element of #$TemporalObjectType is temporally object-like.
Take an element of #$TemporalObjectType -- say COL. Take an
element of that -- say OBJ. Imagine making a videotape of
OBJ. Now play back just a small piece of that videotape.
It won't be an element of COL. E.g., COL could be the
set of events in which an orange is cut into quarters. Say
a videotape of that has been made of one such event, which
lasted thirty seconds. Now imagine some 5-second excerpt of
that videotape. That, in turn, is not a videotape of
someone cutting up an orange into four pieces. So the
collection of all orange-quartering events is itself an
element of #$TemporalObjectType; it is NOT an element of
#$TemporalStuffType (q.v.). If a collection COL #$isa
#$TemporalObjectType, it is reasonable to state axioms about
temporally extrinsic properties of COL's instances --
properties such as duration, distance, cost, etc. E.g., it
makes sense to talk about the #$duration of a particular
#$Event in which an orange is quartered.
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temporal part slots
A collection of predicates. Each element of
#$TemporalPartSlot is a binary predicate used to relate two
things which have temporal extent, asserting either that one
thing is a temporal part of the second thing, or that one
thing is a temporal composite that includes the second
thing. Examples: #$developmentalStages, #$subEvents,
#$firstSubEvents, #$subAbstrac, #$manufacturingSteps,
#$beforeActors, #$afterActors.
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temporal relation
#$TemporalRelations specify relative positions of
#$TemporalThings in time. #$PrimitiveTemporalRelations
(such as #$after) interrelate time points, and
#$ComplexTemporalRelations (such as #$postEvents and
#$laterSubAbstractions) interrelate more complicated
temporal objects such as a pair of events, a pair of
tangible objects, etc.
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temporal stuff types
A collection of collections. Each element of each
element of #$TemporalStuffType is temporally substance-like.
Consider, e.g., #$AnimalWalkingProcess, the set of all
walking events. Consider a particular walking event.
Videotape it. Play back a few seconds of that videotape,
showing one of many #$timeSlices of the original walking
event. That shorter video is still clearly going to be a
video of a walking event. So the collection
#$AnimalWalkingProcess (the set of all walking events) is an
element of #$TemporalStuffType; it is NOT an element of
#$TemporalObjectType (q.v.). Of course, there is a
#$granuleOfTime for #$AnimalWalkingProcess, namely,
#$TakingAStep, such that any #$timeSlices shorter than that
are likely not to be considered real walking events. This
is analogous to granule-size for physical substance types
such as peanut butter (the granules there are a peanut
piece, a glob of peanut oil, etc.) or wood (the granule
there is an individual plant cell). More esoterically,
consider a time slice of a person. `Albert Einstein while
at Princeton' was still a person. So #$Person (the set
of all people) is an element of #$TemporalStuffType. All
tangible objects are temporally stuff-like in this fashion.
If a collection COL #$isa #$TemporalStuffType, it is
reasonable to state axioms about the temporally intrinsic
properties of COL's instances --- properties such as
rate of speed, cost per pound, kinds of actors, etc.
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things that exists in time
#$TemporalThing is the collection of all things
which have a particular temporal extent, things about which
one might sensibly ask `When?'. #$TemporalThing
therefore includes many things, such as actions, tangible
objects, agreements, and abstract pieces of time. Some
things are NOT instances of #$TemporalThing because they are
abstract, timeless, etc. -- such as a mathematical set, an
attribute, an integer, etc. This collection is designated #$MathematicalOrComputationalThing.
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temporally disjoint interval type
(#$isa X #$TemporallyDisjointIntervalType) means
that any two distinct instances of X are
#$temporallyDisjoint. It is true that (#$isa #$Wednesday
#$TemporallyDisjointIntervalType because no Wednesday can
temporally intersect any other (distinct) Wednesday. [See
also #$MutuallyDisjointIntervalCollection.]
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temporary change of user rights
A collection of events; a subset of
#$ChangeInUserRights. In an instance of
#$TemporaryChangeOfUserRights, one agent temporarily gives
up user rights over some object (see #$UserRightsAttribute),
while another agent temporarily gains some user rights over
that object. This occurs in renting, loaning, or sharing of things.
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temporary english paraphrase mt
This is a temporary MT for holding paraphrase
assertions prior to review, after which time they will be
moved to #$EnglishParaphraseMt
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temporary work
An attribute; an element of #$WorkStatus. The
attribute of being a temporary worker for an organization.
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items of legal tender
A collection of objects. Each element of
#$TenderObject is an item presented by an agent in
instances of #$Paying or #$Spending. Typical examples
include cash, checks, credit cards, travellers's
checks. Unusual but possible tender objects could be gold,
goats, or golf balls.
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tensile strength
A collection of attributes; a subset of
#$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$TensileStrength
describes a specific capacity of a physical object to
withstand a force pulling it apart. The higher the tensile
strength of the object, the higher the force required to
pull the object apart. Different tensile strengths may be
represented using a #$GenericValueFunction. Tensile
strengths of objects are indicated with the predicate #$tensileStrengthOfSubstance.
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terminal conditions
A collection of ailments which are distinguished
by the shared characteristic that if left untreated, those
ailments will certainly cause a patient to die -- and may
eventually do so despite treatment. Subsets of this
collection include: #$Diabetes, #$Cancer, #$Botulism, and
#$Rabies. Note that this does not mean: `are 100% likely to
lead to death if untreated'. It does not mean `the
organism will not seek treatment elsewhere,. Also note that
this is somewhat context dependent.
c0fd6503-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
ternary function
#$TernaryFunction is the collection of all Cyc
functions which take three arguments.
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ternary predicates
#$TernaryPredicate is the collection of all Cyc
predicates which take three arguments.
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ternary relation
The collection of all #$Relations of arity 3 in
CycL. This collection was created in order to implement
automatic conclusion of arity for relations in CycL,
regardless of whether they are predicates or functions.
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terrain attribute
A collection of attributes. Each element of
#$TerrainAttribute is an attribute used for describing the
terrain in a geographic region. Examples: #$USCS-Code-RK,
#$Sandy-SoilAttribute, #$RuggedTerrain, #$Desertlike,
#$SnowCovered, #$HighMountainous.
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terrestrial directions
The collection of directions used to describe the
orientation of objects on or near the surface of the Earth.
Includes terrestrial directions related to compass points
(e.g., #$East-Directly) and to the gravitational vector
(e.g., #$Down-Directly, #$VerticalDirection). Note that
assertions in different terrestrial contexts can be
inconsistent in a neutral context: East in China points in a
different direction than East in New York!
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terrestrial frame of reference
The terrestrial frame of reference is the unique
individual #$FrameOfReference that generally regards the
surface of the #$PlanetEarth as fixed in the background
space. It permits fixed notions of #$VerticalOrientation
and #$HorizontalOrientation. There are multiple standard
coordinate systems based on the
#$TerrestrialFrameOfReference, including #$latitude and
#$longitude, Earth-Centered Cartesian, and others. Various
local frames of reference and coordinate systems assume the #$TerrestrialFrameOfReference.
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terrestrial organism
The collection of organisms adapted to life on
land, out of water. Elements of #$TerrestrialOrganism spend
all or most of their time out of the water, in air, either
on the land surface or under it. #$TerrestrialOrganism
includes, for example, members of its subsets #$Elephant,
#$Ladybug, #$Bird, #$Person, etc.
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territories
A collection of geopolitical entities. Each
element of #$Territory is a geopolitical region which is
distinct from, but dependent on and controlled by, another
geopolitical entity. Examples: #$PuertoRico,
#$BritishAntarcticTerritory, #$GalapagosIslands, #$RyukyuIslandsTerritory.
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texts
A collection of #$AbstractInformationStructures.
Each element of #$TextGroup is associated with a
#$CharacterString which forms a 'natural' or
meaningful group, at or above the level of a word, a
multi-character symbol in a #$ComputerProgram-CW, or a chord
in a #$MusicalText. Thus, 'er#q2' would be a
#$CharacterString not represented by a #$TextGroup, whereas
the #$Sentence you are now reading is represented by a
#$TextGroup, as is a paragraph, etc. Note that a #$TextGroup
is the abstract sequence of symbols, not the tangible
encoding of them.
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text microtheory
The collection of Microtheories each of which
contains assertions that convey the information content of a
particular text. The propositional content of a text is a
#$PropositionalInformationThing, and it forms a #$TextMicrotheory.
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textiles
A collection of tangible products. Each element
of #$TextileProduct is a product made by spinning, weaving,
knitting, wrapping, pressing, or other processes used to
form fibers into usable materials such as cloth or line.
Examples include elements of the subsets #$Yarn, #$Rope, and #$CottonCloth.
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texts
A collection of information bearing things (IBTs).
Each element of #$TextualMaterial is an IBT whose
informational content is encoded in some instance of
#$CommunicationConvention which is a linear symbolic
language; e.g., a newspaper printed in English written with
the Roman alphabet; a book printed in English using Braille;
or a poster written in Chinese using characters. Textual
material always includes some physical representation of one
or more elements of #$CharacterString (which are abstract).
Textual materials may be tangible objects, such as
newspapers, but also may include intangibles such as
patterns of light projecting words onto a wall. The subsets
of #$TextualMaterial are multifarious, including, e.g.,
#$GroceryList, #$W2-Form, #$RestaurantMenu, #$GrantProposal,
#$WillAndTestament, #$BusinessCard, #$MusicalText, #$BalanceSheet.
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the empty list
#$TheEmptyList denotes the empty list--the list
that has no members at all. Note that every list that has
no members is the same as #$TheEmptyList, i.e.,
#$TheEmptyList is the only list whose length is 0. Note
also that #$TheEmptyList is a sublist of every list (see
#$sublists). Note, finally, that #$TheEmptyList is not the
same as #$TheEmptySet.
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the start of the common era
This is the instant of time between the years BC
and AD.
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the term
A special kind of term that allows back-reference
to any individual thing that satisfies the constraints on
the #$TheTerm. E.g., 'Suppose a cat walks into a fish
store. The cat is likely to get into a lot of
trouble.' 'The cat' in the second sentence
refers back to 'a cat' in the first; i.e., any cat
that walks into a fish store. In Cyc, the constraints for a
#$TheTerm in a given context are given by use of the
predicate #$theTermConstraints on the unit representing that
context. In lifting assertions out of that context, the
constraints are added as antecedents.
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thermal conductivity
A collection of attributes; a subset of
#$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$ThermalConductivity
represents a specific ability of some physical object to
conduct heat; e.g., #$ConductsHeatPoorly,
#$ConductsSomeHeat, #$ConductsHeatWell. An individual
object's #$ThermalConductivity is indicated with the
predicate #$thermalConductivityOfObject.
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things
#$Thing is the universal set: the collection of
everything! Every Cyc constant in the Knowledge Base is a
member of this collection; in the prefix notation of the
language CycL, we express that fact as (#$isa CONST
#$Thing). Thus, too, every collection in the Knowledge Base
is a subset of the collection #$Thing; in CycL, we express
that fact as (#$genls COL #$Thing). See #$isa and #$genls
for further explanation of those relationships. Note:
There are even a few collections, such as #$CharacterString
and #$Integer, which have a #$defnSufficient that recognizes
non-constants (such as strings and numbers) as instances of #$Thing.
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think
A collection of events, a subset of
#$StrictlyMentalEvent. Each element of #$Thinking is a
mental process in a general sense that assumes
consciousness, has some propositional content and differs
from experiencing a sensation or emotion. The collection
includes both atomic mental events of having a single
thought, with propositional content, and composite mental
events involving the processing of thoughts. Thinking need
not necessarily be purposeful mental activity. Obsessive
thoughts and thinking of a solution to a math problem would
both be examples of events that belong in this collection.
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three dimensional
The attribute of being three-dimensional, it
serves as a #$genlAttributes to any instance of
#$ThreeDimensionalShape. Note that spatial things might
have this attribute in some microtheories and fail to have
it in others insofar as the size of its third dimension is
small enough to be disregarded in some situations but
considered in others. For instance, we might consider a
decal to be two dimensional in most situations, but
three-dimensional in situations where the thickness is
relevant, e.g., considering what an ant could traverse.
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three dimensional shapes
A subset of #$GeometricThing. Each element of
#$ThreeDimensionalShape is a three-dimensional object.
Examples include spatially localized objects, such as the
Pentagon, as well as abstract three-dimensional shapes.
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three dimensional shape attribute
The collection of all instances of
#$ShapeAttribute that are unique to three-dimensional
objects. For instance, #$Round is not an instance of
#$ThreeDimensionalShapeAttribute as it can be held by
objects that are not three dimensional. However,
#$Spherical is a three dimensional shape attribute as being
three-dimensional is a necessary condition for being spherical.
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three dimensional shape type
A collection of collections. Each element of
#$ThreeDimensionalShapeType is a collection of things which
are subsets of #$ThreeDimensionalShape. Examples:
#$CylinderShape, #$Rectangular3DShape.
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three story buildings
Collection of all three story buildings.
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times
#$Time-Quantity is a physical quantity possessed
by #$TemporalThings. An #$Event transpires over a certain
amount of #$Time-Quantity, a #$SomethingExisting exists
for a lifetime which is a certain amount of #$Time-Quantity,
and of course an abstract #$TimeInterval has a duration
which is a certain amount of #$Time-Quantity. The
standard unit of #$Time-Quantity in Cyc is
#$SecondsDuration (qv) but there can be and are many other
ways to specify an amount of time; e.g., with other
#$UnitOfMeasure instances such as #$WeeksDuration and
#$YearsDuration, and with reified quantities of (instances
of) #$Time-Quantity such as #$LongTime, #$Immediately,
#$AFewDecadesDuration, etc.
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periods of time
#$TimeInterval is a subset of #$TemporalThing.
Each #$TimeInterval can be characterized fully just by
specifying its temporal attributes. Anything which has a
temporal extent is an instance of #$TemporalThing, but if
that is essentially ALL that it has, then it is also a
#$TimeInterval. In this respect #$TimeInterval and
#$SpaceRegion are similar; they both can be used to talk
about time and space as 'dimensions'. For
example, `the year 1967' is a just a #$TimeInterval:
although many interesting things happened during that year,
the year itself is completely defined by its temporal
extent. `Neil Armstrong Walking on the Moon' is an
#$Event, not a #$TimeInterval, since it would be defined by
many non-temporal assertions. And of course, `Neil
Armstrong' is a #$SomethingExisting, not a
#$TimeInterval, but like all instances of
#$SomethingExisting, he does have temporal extent and is
therefore a #$TemporalThing. One could, in principle,
separately reify (name) the #$TimeInterval which is the
period of existence of any #$SomethingExisting, or the
period of time during which any #$Event occurred, but in
practice that is rarely useful. Since they all have an
implicit #$TimeInterval associated with them, any predicates
which one might apply to time intervals can also be applied
to a football game, a football, etc. E.g., we can talk
about the #$startingPoint of a football game, or for that
matter the #$startingPoint of the football itself (the
moment of its creation).
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time of day
The collection of all temporal intervals marking
times of the day. This includes the twenty-four clock
hours, and also longer and shorter pieces of time.
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AMs
The collection of half-days from Midnight to Noon.
See #$CalendarDay.
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PMs
The collection of half-days from Noon to Midnight.
See #$CalendarDay.
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times of day
A collection of collections, whose elements are
some class of time of day, such as #$TimeOfDay-PM,
#$TimeOfDay-9AM, #$TimeOfDay-MidnightHour, and so on.
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time point
A #$TimePoint is a piece of time which has an
infinitely small duration. In Cyc's basic
representation of time, all time is like an infinite
straight line, and any #$TimePoint is like a point on that
line. Many temporal attributes of a #$TemporalThing may be
described in terms of time points; e.g., its
#$startingPoint. A #$TimePoint can also be contextual, such
as #$Now.
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titles
The collection of all titles: proper nouns (noun
phrases) that relate to a person's status and/or
function/role in an organization. E.g.,
#$SeniorVicePresident-Title, #$MemberOfTechnicalStaff-Title,
#$Reverend-Title, #$Father-Title, #$Miss, etc. Note that
this concept is not (closely) related to the title of a book
or work of art, nor to the nicknames for a place, etc.
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tools
A collection of devices; a subset of
#$PhysicalDevice. An instance of #$Tool is a device which
is used by people to manipulate and/or alter other objects
or the immediate environment in some way (hence, it does
not include #$PomPoms). #$Tools are also typically
controlled by their user during use (see
#$Device-UserControlled) and can be used more than once
(and is thus disjoint with the collection
#$Device-OneTimeUse). #$Tool includes devices used in
many different activities. A sampling of subsets shows
some of that variety: #$WoodworkingTool, #$CarpentryTool,
#$PlumbingTool, some kinds of #$MedicalDevices (but not
all!), #$CleaningImplement, #$WritingImplement.
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tops
The collection of all the entire top sides (as
conventionally understood) of all objects that have distinct
#$Sides, one of which faces up.
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topographical features
A collection of geographical regions. Each
element of #$TopographicalFeature is a three dimensional
feature of a planet's surface, typically with
boundaries defined by formations of rock, dirt, water, etc.,
or by significant changes in elevation. Some important
subsets include the collections #$Mountain, #$MountainRange,
#$Peninsula, #$Harbor, #$Shoreline, #$Arroyo. Collections
of regions defined by the presence of human artifacts (e.g.,
#$CitySkyline) or ecological characteristics (e.g.,
#$Forest-Wild) do NOT belong among the subsets of
#$TopographicalFeature. Examples of #$TopographicalFeature:
#$KyushuIsland-Japan, #$SaintThomas-Island, #$LakeErie,
#$VictoriaFalls, #$MalayPeninsula.
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torsos
The collection of all human torsos. A #$Torso is
the main portion of the person's body, and one can
conceive of a human body as a torso to which are connected
the head and various appendages (#$Appendage-AnimalBodyPart).
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total ordering
The collection of all those #$PartialOrdering
ORDER in which the ordering relation R orders elements of
the #$baseSet S of ORDER into a single line. A
#$TotalOrdering is sometimes called a 'linear
ordering' or a 'chain'. A #$PartialOrdering
ORDER is a #$TotalOrdering if all elements of the #$baseSet
S of ORDER are comparable by the ordering relation R of
ORDER, i.e., for any X and Y in S, either R(X Y) or R(Y X).
For example, if you take a set of real numbers and the usual
'greater than or equal to' relation among these
numbers, you have a #$TotalOrdering. Note that if you want
a 'strict line', i.e., if you want the ordering
relation in a total ordering to be irreflexive, see #$TotalOrdering-Strict.
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total ordering - strict
The collection of all those
#$PartialOrdering-Strict ORDER in which the ordering
relation R orders elements of the #$baseSet S of ORDER into
a strict line. A #$TotalOrdering is sometimes called a
'strict linear ordering' or a 'chain'.
A #$PartialOrdering-Strict ORDER is a #$TotalOrdering-Strict
if all elements of the #$baseSet S of ORDER are comparable
be the ordering relation R of ORDER, i.e., if X and Y are
elements of S, then either R(X Y) or X = Y or R(Y X). For
example, take any set of real numbers with the usual
'smaller than' relation among those numbers, you
get yourself a #$TotalOrdering-Strict. If you want a the
order relation in a total ordering to be reflexive, see #$TotalOrdering.
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touches
The collection of sensory-perceptual events
(#$Perceivings) in which a #$PerceptualAgent perceives
(acquires information) by touch.
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trains
The collection of all trains, the transportation
devices that run on #$Railways and consist of multiple
#$TrainCars coupled together.
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train cars
The collection of train cars (or train carriages),
non-motored wheeled vehicles that run on #$Railways. When
they are to be moved they are coupled together to form
trains pulled by train engines. There are freight
TrainCars, and passenger TrainCars for transporting people.
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locomotives
The collection of all train engines, each being a
fuel-powered, non-steerable, wheeled vehicle that runs on
#$Railway tracks, and has enough power to pull or push a
group of #$TrainCars with it.
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trajectories
The collection of all trajectories of moving
objects: each instance of #$Trajectory is the individual
spatial region consisting of the points in space through
which an object passes during a #$Movement-TranslationEvent.
A trajectory may or may not follow some pre-existing or
pre-defined path (#$Path-Generic). If it does follow one or
more such paths, it determines a #$Traversal of those paths.
A #$Trajectory is understood and defined as a spatial line
with one of the two possible directions of motion along it.
It is considered as being a part of some stationary
background space (thus, in most contexts, a #$Trajectory
cannot itself 'move'). Unlike a #$Path-Generic, a
#$Trajectory (or a #$Traversal) can cross itself any number
of times, and go back along itself, cycle over and over
again, etc. If there is a #$Movement-TranslationEvent, then
that event always has a #$Trajectory; it is linked to its
#$Trajectory by the #$ActorSlots #$trajectory-Complete and
possibly #$trajectory-Partial. In most contexts, a
#$Trajectory will be a line (or rather a one-manifold)
through space as traced by some designated point within the
moving object (e.g., the center of gravity), but the
collection #$Trajectory-SweptSpace is available to represent
the whole space (with space and thickness) swept through by
a moving object. Contrast #$Trajectory with #$Path-Generic
and with #$Traversal.
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transactions
Transaction is the collection of events performed
by #$Agents cooperating (willingly) under some #$Agreement,
each performing actions in exchange for the actions of the
other. Note: Attack/counterattack in warfare is not a
#$Transaction. Neither is fortuitous cooperation without
agreement, such as a set of investors who, unknown to each
other, all buy the same stock almost at once, and end up
driving its price up. On the other hand, if you see agents
acting to mutual benefit, it's not a bad strategy to
guess that there is some agreement between them. Note: The
word 'transaction' often means an exchange of user
rights (to goods and/or money) between agents; see
#$ExchangeOfUserRights for that concept. #$Transaction is a
more general concept, and is a superset of #$ExchangeOfUserRights.
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transfer in
A collection of events. #$TransferIn includes all
#$GeneralizedTransfers for which there is a well-defined
#$to-Generic, but not necessarily a #$from-Generic. This
includes, among other things, #$CollectionEvent,
#$GainingUserRights, and #$AccessingAnIBT. At the end of a
#$TransferIn, #$transferredThing is 'located' at
the #$to-Generic. Some negative examples of #$TransferIn
are #$AbandoningSomething (when there is no prospective
owner) and #$IBTGeneration (when the information may go to
various unspecified locations.
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transfer out
A collection of events. #$TransferOut includes
all #$GeneralizedTransfers for which there is a well-defined
#$from-Generic, but not necessarily a #$to-Generic. This
includes, among other things, #$Emission,
#$LosingUserRights, and #$DistributionEvent. At the start
of a #$TransferOut, #$transferredThing is
'located' at the #$from-Generic. Some negative
examples of #$TransferOut are #$AppropriatingSomething (when
there is no previous owner) and #$Hearing (when the sounds
may come from various unspecified locations). (#$Davis, 5/8/97)
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transferring ownership
A collection of events; a subset of
#$TransferringPossession. In an instance of
#$TransferringOwnership, a transfer of ownership occurs.
This means that in such an event there is a transfer from
one #$Agent to another of #$FullUseRights and
#$ExclusiveUserRights (over the
#$objectOfPossessionTransfer). Often there is some
`consideration' for this transfer, of course --- see #$ExchangeOfUserRights.
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transfers of possession
A collection of events. In an instance of
#$TransferringPossession, the possession of a single object
(i.e., the #$objectOfPossessionTransfer) is transferred from
one #$Agent to another. Thus, a #$TransferringPossession
event alters the rights of TWO different agents to use the
object in question; one agent loses some
#$UserRightsAttribute over it, while the other agent gains
some #$UserRightsAttribute over it. Each
#$TransferringPossession event is both a #$LosingUserRights
event and a #$GainingUserRights event. Note: In #$Buying
events, #$Bartering events, #$Renting events, TWO such
#$TransferringPossessions occur, because there are TWO
objects which transfer possession. For example, in buying a
car, the right to use the buyer's money is transferred
to the auto seller, while the ownership of the car is
transferred to the buyer. Both of the
#$TransferringPossession events (one for each object) are
#$subEvents of the instance of #$Buying, #$Renting, etc.
See #$ExchangeOfUserRights.
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transforms
A collection of events. In each element of
#$TransformationEvent, at least one thing ceases to exist
and at least one thing comes into existence. Usually at
least some portion of the thing(s) destroyed becomes
incorporated into the thing(s) that are created. Note:
this collection is a superset of, but NOT coextensional
with, #$TransformationProcess (q.v.).
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transforms
The collection of #$TransformationEvents that also
are elements of #$TemporalStuffType. That is, each of their
temporal parts is also a #$TransformationEvent, in which
something is destroyed and something created. Note: It
is often the case that a #$TransformationEvent is NOT a
#$TransformationProcess --- e.g., there may be several
preparation stages, and then at the end everything is
brought together and the foaming starts, or the butterfly
emerges, or whatever transformation occurs. So
#$TransformationProcess is a small subset of
#$TransformationEvent (qv).
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transitive binary predicate
A collection of predicates; the subset of
#$BinaryPredicate whose elements are all transitive. A
predicate F is an element of #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate if
and only if F is a binary predicate and (F X Y) and (F Y Z)
together imply (F X Z). Examples: #$greaterThan,
#$geographicalSubRegions, #$cotemporal.
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translation - complete
A collection of translational motion events; hence
a subset of #$Movement-TranslationEvent. In any element of
#$Translation-Complete, the whole #$objectMoving moves in
its entirety from the origin (#$fromLocation) to the
destination (#$toLocation). That is, the object completely
leaves the origin and relocates at the destination. The
#$objectMoving may be either a #$NonFluidlike object or a
#$FluidTangibleThing all of which moves from one place to
another; e.g., a baseball or the gasoline used to fill a gas
tank. Another example: a single molecule of water flowing
from point A to B in a river. Negative example: a river
flowing from A to B (the river itself is not relocated); a
rubber band stretching. A borderline case: a spider spins
a web, leaving part of itself, in effect, extended out
behind it. In most contexts that would still be considered
a #$Translation-Complete event. Note:
#$Translation-Complete is noncommittal as to whether net
movement has occurred, so round-trip events qualify as
complete translations. (For contrast, see #$Translation-LocationChange).
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flows
A collection of translational motion events; hence
a subset of #$Movement-TranslationEvent. In any element of
#$Translation-Flow, the #$objectMoving is a
#$FluidTangibleThing (i.e., a portion of some fluid, such as
a quart of milk) rather than a discrete solid object. At
least some of the #$objectMoving leaves the #$fromLocation
and some arrives at the #$toLocation; but it is not
necessary that all of the #$objectMoving go from the origin
(#$fromLocation) to the destination (#$toLocation). Such
fluid flows include rivers flowing or winds blowing or air
filling your lungs when you take a breath. Note: also
intended to be included here are flows of
``fluids'' such as sand, drifting snow, etc.,
which are composed of multiple solid particles. So a
borderline case would be using a bulldozer to spread out a
pile of rocks and gravel over a parking lot; depending on
one's context (sensors, purposes, etc.) that might or
might not be considered a #$Translation-Flow event.
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changes of location
A collection of translational motion events; a
subset of #$Movement-TranslationEvent. In each element of
#$Translation-LocationChange, the #$objectMoving ends up in
a different place than it started; i.e., the #$fromLocation
cannot be the same as the #$toLocation. Thus, a round trip
travel event (#$Translation-RoundTrip) is NOT an instance of
this collection. See also #$Translation-NoLocationChange.
bd5f8117-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
translation - multi trajectory
A collection of translational motion events; a
subset of #$Movement-TranslationEvent. In any element of
#$Translation-MultiTrajectory, motion may occur
simultaneously along two or more instances of #$Trajectory
(which are not related by sub-trajectory relationships.)
Therefore, there must be at least two #$objectMovings in
such an event. There may be more than one #$fromLocation
and/or more than one #$toLocation. Elements of
#$Translation-MultiTrajectory include scattering,
distributing, and collecting things. E.g., all of the
following exhibit multi-trajectory translation movements: a
rainshower or snowfall; an exploding firework; water being
ejected from a sprinkling system; the surrounding objects
being sucked up by a tornado; participants running a 100K
footrace; pool balls during the opening break. For
non-examples of this, see #$Translation-SingleTrajectory.
bd5ef8af-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
translations without location change
A collection of translational motion events; hence
a subset of #$Movement-TranslationEvent. In any instance of
#$Translation-NoLocationChange, the #$objectMoving undergoes
translational motion but ends up where it started --- i.e.,
there is no NET movement; i.e., its #$fromLocation and
#$toLocation are the same. Between the beginning and the
end of a #$Translation-NoLocationChange, the #$objectMoving
may visit the #$toLocation and the #$fromLocation any number
of times. E.g., consider the motion of a person who is
born in, and 80 years later dies in, the very same hospital,
and has been there a few times in between for operations,
visiting patients, etc. A less dramatic example is the
motion of your car on a particular day, as it gets moved
around, crosses its own path a few times, etc., but ends the
day in the same place it started. Elements of
#$Translation-NoLocationChange may be periodic or
nonperiodic movements. An important subset of
#$Translation-NoLocationChange is #$Translation-RoundTrip.
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translation - non periodic
The collection of all non-periodic translational
movement events, i.e., the intersection of
#$Movement-NonPeriodic and #$Movement-TranslationEvent. In
each instance of #$Translation-NonPeriodic, the
#$objectMoving is in translational motion and does not move
back the same position on the regular temporal basis (it
can visit the same location multiple times, just not regularly).
bfbfe759-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
translation - periodic
A collection of periodic movement events; hence a
subset of #$Movement-Periodic (q.v.) In any element of
#$Translation-Periodic, the periodic motion of the
#$objectMoving is translational motion (as opposed, e.g., to
rotation). E.g., a ball bouncing in place translates
periodically; so does a planet revolving around a star. But
not: a planet rotating on its axis, a top spinning in place.
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round trips
A collection of events, #$Translation-RoundTrip is
a subset of #$Translation-NoLocationChange. Each element of
#$Translation-RoundTrip represents one round trip event.
That is, an instance of #$Translation-RoundTrip is a
complete translational movement that begins and ends in the
same place (thus, the #$fromLocation and #$toLocation are
identical). However, a round trip is usually a
discontinuous motion (cf. #$Movement-TranslationProcess).
In the simplest case, it has exactly one
#$outboundLegOfRoundTrip and exactly one
#$inboundLegOfRoundTrip, and the trip breaks at the
#$destination-RoundTrip, which is the place that the
traveller visits in between the two legs of the journey.
Thus, in addition to a #$fromLocation and #$toLocation, an
instance of #$Translation-RoundTrip also has an
#$origin-RoundTrip and #$destination-RoundTrip. The
#$origin-RoundTrip is just the same as the #$fromLocation
and #$toLocation. For example, in Doug and Mary's trip
to Antarctica, the #$origin-RoundTrip was #$CityOfAustinTX,
the #$destination-RoundTrip was the #$ContinentOfAntarctica.
Thus, the #$CityOfAustinTX was both the #$fromLocation and
the #$toLocation of the WHOLE (round) trip, and it was also
the #$toLocation of the homeward leg of their trip
(#$inboundLegOfRoundTrip). The #$ContinentOfAntarctica was
the #$toLocation for their #$outboundLegOfRoundTrip and the
#$fromLocation of their homeward leg (i.e., their
#$inboundLegOfRoundTrip). Note: to describe a multi-stop
`round trip', instead of using #$Translation-RoundTrip
one can represent it as a circuit composed of a series of
one-way legs.
c10aee07-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
translation
A subset of #$Movement-TranslationEvent. Each
element of #$Translation-SingleTrajectory is a translational
movement which involves exactly one #$trajectory-Complete.
One or more items may have the role of #$objectMoving in
such an event. Note that although there is a single
#$trajectory-Complete, it does not follow that there is a
unique #$fromLocation and a unique #$toLocation because that
depends on our descriptions of locations. (A
single-trajectory movement can be described as from TX to
PA, or from Austin to Pittsburgh, or even from Northwest in
Austin to Oakland in Pittsburgh.) However, the single
#$trajectory-Complete connects #$fromLocation and
#$toLocation. (Similarly there may be a single existing
#$motionPathway-Complete that the trajectory goes along,
and/or a single #$Traversal of paths indicated by
#$traverses-Complete.) Consider a translational motion
performed by a whole #$Group; it is likely to be a
#$Translation-SingleTrajectory --- e.g., a flock of birds
flying together, or a snarl of rush-hour traffic on the
Beltway. Negative examples (see
#$Translation-MultiTrajectory) would be: a set of billiard
balls during the opening break, or a group of water droplets
that come together into one big drop.
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translocation
A collection of events; a subset of
#$GeneralizedTransfer. Each element of #$Translocation is a
transfer of something across a distance. Translocations may
have a #$toLocation and a #$fromLocation. #$Translocation
is the common generalization of (i.e., a superset of) both
#$WavePropagation and #$Movement-TranslationEvent (q.v.).
bf81a890-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
translucence
#$Translucent is a #$PhysicalAttribute
representing a specific degree of #$Transparency.
#$Translucent objects can transmit light, but not enough to
see clear images. See also #$transparencyOfObject.
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transparencies
A collection of attributes; a subset of
#$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Transparency
represents a capacity of some tangible object to transmit
light. Degrees of #$Transparency may be represented
qualitatively (e.g., #$Translucent, #$Transparent, #$Murky,
#$Opaque), or using #$GenericValueFunctions. Indicate a
particular object's #$Transparency with the predicate #$transparencyOfObject.
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transparent
#$Transparent is a #$PhysicalAttribute
representing a specific degree of #$Transparency.
#$Transparent objects transmit enough light to see clear
images. See also #$transparencyOfObject.
bd58de31-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
transportation companies
A collection of organizations; a subset of
#$ServiceOrganizations. An element of
#$TransportationCompany is an organization that provide
transportation (of goods or persons) to customers for a fee.
bd58aa63-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
vehicles
A collection of transportation devices; a subset
of #$Conveyance. Each element of #$TransportationDevice is
an artifact designed to play the role of #$transporter in
transportation events. Such devices enable something to be
moved, by (for example) carrying, pulling, or pushing the
transported things (#$transportees). Transportation devices
may or may not have their own power source (see
#$SelfPoweredDevice). Those which do, such as automobiles
and speedboats, constitute the specialization
#$TransportationDevice-Vehicle. Other transportation
devices require an external motive force, e.g., instances of
#$Wheelbarrow or #$Bicycle. (For more examples, see
#$MusclePoweredDevice.) Because #$transporter and
#$transportees are specializations of #$objectMoving, it
follows that any object in the role of #$transporter moves
as a whole with those objects playing the role of
#$transportees. Since any instance of
#$TransportationDevice has playing the role of #$transporter
as its intended function, stationary objects which cause
motion, such as conveyor belts, escalators, rocket
launchers, slingshots, etc. are excluded from the category
of #$TransportationDevice. Also excluded are devices which,
although they facilitate travel, are worn rather than
'ridden on', 'ridden with', or
'ridden in'. Ice skates, shoes, skis and other
specializations of #$WearableConveyance fit this
exclusionary criterion. Note that this is not the
collection of all objects that can be used as transporters.
For example, in an event of a man riding on a horse, the
horse is the transporter but not an instance of
#$TransportationDevice since a horse is not an artifact. So
the main difference between transporters and transportation
devices is that the latter have to be artifacts while the
former do not.
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vehicles
#$TransportationDevice-Vehicle is the
subcollection of #$TransportationDevice whose instances are
also instances of #$SelfPoweredDevices, i.e., those that
move under their own power. E.g. jet airplanes,
automobiles, but not skateboards, gliders, or rowboats.
Note that hand pushed gas powered lawnmowers, even though
they are #$SelfPoweredDevices, are not instances of
#$TransportationDevice-Vehicle because they are not their
own #$providerOfMotiveForce when they move, whereas
instances of #$LawnMower-Riding are vehicles.
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transport
A collection of events. An instance of
#$TransportationEvent is an event in which one object (in
the role of #$transporter) aids in the translational
movement of another object (having the role of
#$transportees), so that both objects move together along
the same #$motionPathway-Complete. Optionally, one of these
objects, or some third object moving along with them,
provides the force to make the movement happen
(#$providerOfMotiveForce). Examples of transportation
events include automobile transportation, dogs pulling goods
on a sled, a wagon with groceries rolling down a hill, a
person carrying clothes in a suitcase, etc. In that last
case, note that the #$transporter is the suitcase, not the
person. Things which are NOT #$TransportationEvents (as
defined above): a river conveying some flotsam, the wind
blowing a leaf, a conveyor belt moving a widget to the next
person on the assembly line, or a walking beast of burden
without #$transportees on it. The first 3 of these would be
instances of #$Conveying-Stationary, since the would-be
#$transporter doesn't actually change its overall
location, and hence is a #$conveyor-Stationary; in the
fourth case, the unburdened beast has no #$transportees.
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transporting people
A specialization of #$TransportationEvent. In
each instance of #$TransportingPeople, some instance(s) of
#$Person are the main transportees (or are among the main
transportees) in the event. Note that this collection
excludes events in which people are merely conveyed (as,
e.g., by a moving sidewalk), rather than travelling with
their transporting device. Note that #$transportees is
interpreted broadly: even the driver (#$driverActor) of the
transportation device counts among the #$transportees). Cf.
(#$TransportFn #$Person).
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transubstantiation
The collection of events in #$Catholicism in
which #$CommunionWafer(a sliver of bread) is transformed
into the body of #$JesusChrist. #$Transubstantiation is
one of the key issues of doctrine that separates
#$Catholicism and #$ProtestantReligion.
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trapezoid shaped
#$TrapezoidShaped is the instance of
#$ShapeAttribute shared by all four sided two dimensional
figures which contain exactly two parallel sides.
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trapping events
A collection of events. In an instance of
#$Trapping, an animal is taken into custody by using a
device that physically captures the body of the animal. The
animal may or may not be killed in the event.
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paths
The collection of all traversals of paths and
networks. A traversal is a trace of a pathway along
pre-existing #$Path-Generics. It is the
'path-representation' of certain actual
trajectories (instances of #$Trajectory) that are confined
to paths. Different actual trajectories may have the same
traversal; to see this, consider two cars driving along a
block of 10th St. The actual car movements have different
trajectories -- say, one drove straight while the other
switched lanes many times. The two different trajectories
are both characterized by the same traversal of that block
of 10th Street. A traversal of a network of paths can be
represented by (#$TraversalFn CHAIN) where CHAIN is a
#$PathChain. We may choose to use a more detailed
representation of the traversal, i.e., use a #$PathChain
made of more, but shorter, paths. For example, we may use
several paths to replace a cycle in CHAIN if we want to be
clear about the direction in that part of the traversal, or
we may have to replace a path in CHAIN by several
'shorter' paths if we want to preserve the fact
that the object moved backward at a small part of PATH and
then resumed its original direction. In summary, a
traversal is a constraint on a trajectory and a
characterization of it in terms of traversing pre-existing
#$Path-Generics. Technically, a #$Traversal from A to B
can be expressed as (#$TraversalFn CHAIN) where CHAIN is a
#$PathChain such that the first item in CHAIN is A and the
last is B (we can assert: (#$traversalFrom (#$TraversalFn
CHAIN) A) and (#$traversalTo (#$TraversalFn CHAIN) B)).
Related constants include #$TraversalFn, #$traversalFrom,
#$traversalTo, #$pointOnTraversal, #$subTraversals,
#$traversalPassesThrough, #$traversalInSystem, etc. Note
that a #$Traversal, unlike a #$Path-Generic, can cross
itself, i.e., can 'pass through' a point on it
many times. (Mathematically: given a #$PathSystem or
#$CustomarySystemOfLinks, a #$Traversal of it is a directed
path that has a homomorphism into that system.)
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tree - path system
The collection of all those #$ConnectedPathSystems
that look like trees, i.e., those #$ConnectedPathSystems
that have no #$Path-Cyclics at all. Note that since each
instance of #$Tree-PathSystem has no cycles in it, it has no
loops, nor multiple links between two nodes.
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trees
A collection of plants; a subset of #$Plant-Woody.
Each element of #$Tree-ThePlant is a tree, i.e., a tall
woody plant that is usually taller than a person or a bush,
generally having a branching form overall, and with roots in
the ground, a trunk, and the branches having numerous leaves
exposed to the sky. Cf. #$Bush.
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tree ordering
The collection of all those #$PartialOrderings
ORDER in which the ordering relation R orders elements of
the #$baseSet S of ORDER into a tree-like structure. This
means that each pair of elements of S has a common
'R-lower-bound' in S (i.e., for each X, Y in S,
there is a Z in S such that R(Z X) and R(Z Y)), and the set
of 'R-lower-bounds' of each X in S is ordered in a
chain by R (i.e., {Y: Y is in S and R(Y X)} is a chain).
Note that a #$TreeOrdering can itself be a chain, i.e., a
#$TotalOrdering. Note also that if you want a
#$RelationalStructure that is just like a #$TreeOrdering but
with the ordering relation to be irreflexive, see #$TreeOrdering-Strict.
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tree ordering - strict
The collection of all those
#$MathematicalOrderings ORDER in which the ordering relation
R is irreflexive and transitive on the #$baseSet S of ORDER,
and in which every pair of different elements of S has a
common 'R-lower-bound', and the set of
'R-lower-bounds' of each X in S is ordered in a
(possibly empty) chain by R (i.e., {Y: Y is in S and R(Y X)}
is a (possibly empty) chain). Note that the only difference
between a #$TreeOrdering and a #$TreeOrdering-Strict is that
the ordering relation of the former is reflexive while that
of the latter is irreflexive.
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trials
The collection of legal conflicts that are heard
and decided by a court.
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triangular
#$Triangular is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute
shared by all triangular-shaped objects.
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tropical rain forest
Attribute of areas of dense forest located in the
tropics and characterized by high annual rainfall and
continuous high temperature. Up to three tree layers grow
above a variable shrub layer. Source: The Times Atlas of
the World (1995).
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trucks
The collection of all trucks, large #$RoadVehicles
for ground transportation. Trucks are most often used to
haul freight, garbage, materials, liquids and other heavy
loads. #$FireTrucks take firemen to fires. In many parts
of the world, people routinely ride in the backs of Trucks.
A Truck has a cab for the driver, separate from the cargo
area of the Truck.
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some statement in the KB is true
An element of #$TruthValue. #$True is logical
truth in Cyc; this is the abstract logical notion--not to be
confused with Lisp's T, nor with the English word `true'.
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truth function
Each #$TruthFunction is a relationship which is
used to form sentences about the world. Informally, one can
think of these as functions, which, when used in the
``arg0'' or ``predicate'' position in a
CycL expression with the correct number and type of
arguments, produce a CycL formula which has a particular
truth value (true, false or unknown). #$TruthFunction
stands in contrast to #$Function-Denotational. Both are
special types of #$Relation, but instances of
#$Function-Denotational are used in expressions to form new
terms, rather than sentences.
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truths
#$TruthValue is a collection of mathematical
objects; it contains the abstract, logical objects #$True
and #$False.
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tube shape
A subset of #$CylinderShape. Each element of
#$TubeShape is a hollow cylinder whose height is much
greater than the radius of its base. Examples include
spatially localized objects, such as pipes and hoses, as
well as some abstract cylinders.
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tube shaped
#$TubeShaped is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute
shared by all cylindrical objects for which it is true that
the height (#$heightOfObject) is much greater than the
radius of its base. This includes objects that are hollow
or solid objects.
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tumours
Each element of this collection is an abnormal
tissue mass found in an animal. Instances of #$Tumor
include both malignant (cancerous -- see #$Cancer) and
benign (non-cancerous) growths which have no normal
physiological cause or function within the animal's body.
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tundra
Attribute of terrain types characterized by
permanently frozen treeless land supporting a growth of
mosses, lichens, grasses, rushes, and very few other forms
of plant life. Source: The Times Atlas of the World (1995).
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tuple
A collection of mathematical objects. Each
element of #$Tuple is a complex which contains some number
(greater than or equal to 1) of ordered (or otherwise
indexed) components (it might be a pair, a triple, etc., or
there may be a function from column names into their value
domains). For example, #$BloodPressureReading is a
specialized subset of #$Tuple; each element of
#$BloodPressureReading is an ordered or column-indexed pair
(of numbers), in which the first is the systolic reading,
the second the diastolic reading. Components of tuples need
not be restricted to numbers; for example, the entries in a
data base (e.g., my address book) also qualify as tuples,
whose components are name, address, phone, email address,
etc. A significant subset of #$Tuple is #$NTupleInterval
(q.v.), whose elements are tuples consisting of intervals
only; e.g., complex numbers, physical vectors. Technically,
if the index set for the #$Tuple is the counting numbers in
their usual order, then the implied order alone can be used
to pick a member of the tuple, and the tuple is in fact a
#$List. In the general case, any index set (distinct column
names, for example, in a relational database) may be used to
index the members of a tuple, not just their order-position numbers.
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turning off powered device
The collection of actions in which the
#$DeviceState of a #$PhysicalDevice changes from #$DeviceOn
to #$DeviceOff.
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turning on powered device
The collection of actions in which the
#$DeviceState of a #$PhysicalDevice changes from #$DeviceOff
to #$DeviceOn.
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twilights
The union of the two collections of time intervals
#$Dawn and #$Dusk. Each #$Twilight is a situation where the
sky is indirectly illuminated by the #$Sun, either just
before a #$Sunrise or just after a #$Sunset.
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two dimensional
The most general shape attribute (see
#$ShapeAttribute) held by all two-dimensional things.
bedaa3b5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
two dimensional shapes
A subset of #$GeometricThing. Each element of
#$TwoDimensionalShape is a two-dimensional object. Examples
include spatially localized objects, such as the flat
surface of a table, as well as abstract two-dimensional objects.
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two dimensional shape attribute
The collection of instances of #$ShapeAttribute
that are held by spatial things that are two-dimensional.
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two dimensional shape type
A collection of collections. Each instance of
#$TwoDimensionalShapeType is a collection of things which
are subsets of #$TwoDimensionalShape.
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two-stories
Collection of all two story buildings.
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type predicate
A collection of predicates. Each element of
#$TypePredicate is a predicate used in asserting relations
between #$Collections, or between #$Individuals and
#$Collections, which in turn imply further assertions
involving instances of the #$Collections. Examples:
#$primaryActivityType, #$insuredEventTypes,
#$anatomicalPartTypeAffected, #$frequencyOfActionType, #$objectTypesCollected.
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American cities
A collection of cities. Each element of #$USCity
is a city in the #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica. Note that #$City
(q.v.) is widely construed to include towns and villages.
Examples of #$USCity: #$CityOfAustinTX,
#$CityOfGainesvilleFL, #$CityOfLongBeachCA,
#$CityOfArmonkNewYork, #$CityOfEssexJunctionVermont,
#$CityOfCambridgeMA, #$CityOfPaloAltoCA, #$CityOfRedmondWA.
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federal government organizations
A collection of government organizations. An
instance of #$USFederalGovernmentOrganization is an element
of #$LegalGovernmentOrganization which is part of the
#$UnitedStatesFederalGovernment. This collection includes
the U.S. military, Federal courts, U.S. Congress, U.S.
territorial governments, Federal departments and independent
agencies, and the city of Washington, D.C.; it does NOT
include U.S. states, interstate compacts, and cities (other
than Washington, D.C.).
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ultra sound
A collection of events; a subset of #$Sound. Each
element of #$UltraSound is a sound wave having a #$Frequency
greater than 20,000 cycles per second, which is above the
range of human hearing.
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unalloyed metals
A collection of tangible stuffs; a subset of
#$Metal. Every instance of #$UnalloyedMetal is a metal
which is also an element, i.e., a substance of unmixed
chemical type. Thus, each subset of #$UnalloyedMetal is a
subset of both #$Metal and #$ElementStuff. Examples of
#$UnalloyedMetal include the instances of #$Gold, #$Iron,
#$Uranium, #$Antimony, #$Titanium, and many more.
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unary function
#$UnaryFunction is the subset of
#$Function-Denotational whose elements take only a single
argument.
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unary predicate
#$UnaryPredicate is the subset of #$Predicate
whose elements take only a single argument. Note, however,
that most unary properties are implemented in Cyc as
elements of #$Collection or of #$AttributeValue, rather than
of #$UnaryPredicate. So there should not be very many
instances of this collection.
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unary relation
The collection of all #$Relations of arity 1 in
CycL. This collection was created in order to implement
automatic conclusion of arity for relations in CycL,
regardless of whether they are predicates or functions.
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unconsciousness
#$Unconscious is the #$Alertness attribute of
being #$Unconscious. It is the opposite of #$Awake. A
specialization of this attribute is #$Asleep.
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unemployed people
A collection of persons. Each instance of
#$UnemployedPerson is a worker who is unemployed. An
unemployed worker is someone who either has worked
previously and could still do so (if s/he had a job), or
someone who is qualified to work (e.g., a recent graduate)
but has not yet worked.
bd588cd7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
unintended loss of user rights
Nondeliberate loss of some #$UserRightsAttribute;
for example, when something is stolen, appropriated, or, in
some cases, simply lost.
bd62c758-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
unique anatomical part type
A collection of collections. Instances are types
of #$OrganismParts that occur uniquely in the organisms
(#$Organism-Whole) that have them. For example, #$Head-AnimalBodyPart.
c0fe0533-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
units of acceleration
The collection of functions which return elements
of Acceleration. For example, the value of the function
#$MetersPerSecondPerSecond applied to the real number 9.8 --
(#$MetersPerSecondPerSecond 9.8) -- is 9.8 meters per second squared.
bd58eadf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
units of angular acceleration
The collection of functions which return elements
of #$AngularAccelerationRate (i.e., the rate of change in
the #$RateOfRotation).
bd58eb20-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
units of angular distance
The collection of functions which return elements
of #$AngularDistance. E.g., (#$Radian 5) denotes 5 radians.
bd58ab94-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
units of angular speed
The collection of functions which return elements
of #$RateOfRotation. E.g., (#$RadiansPerSecond 5) denotes a
change of 5 radians in angular distance per second.
bd58accb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
units of area
The collection of functions which return elements
of #$Area; e.g., (#$SquareYard 4) returns an area of 4
square yards.
bd58c2c7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
units of capacitance
The collection of functions which return elements
of #$ElectricalCapacitance. E.g., (#$Farad 20) denotes an
electrical capacitance of 20 farads.
bd5888a4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
units of charge
The collection of functions which return elements
of #$ElectricalCharge. E.g., (#$Coulomb 3) denotes an
electrical charge of 3 coulombs.
bd588a31-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
units of concentration
The collection of functions which return elements
of #$ConcentrationStrength-Generic (i.e., mass of some
element of #$ExistingStuffType per unit of #$Volume). E.g.,
(#$GramsPerMilliliter 0.1) denotes a concentration of 0.1
grams per milliliter of one substance within another.
bd6754a3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
units of current
The collection of functions which return elements
of #$ElectricalCurrent. E.g., (#$Ampere 2) denotes an
instance of #$ElectricalCurrent that would measure two amps.
bd58a8db-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
units of distance
The collection of functions which return elements
of #$Distance; e.g., (#$Mile 26.2) denotes 26.2 miles.
bd588ab7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
units of energy
The collection of functions which return elements
of #$EnergyAsAQuantity. E.g., (#$Joule 5) denotes 5 joules.
bd58dd71-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
units of flow rate
The collection of functions which return elements
of #$FlowRate (i.e.,volume of stuff passing a point per unit
of time). E.g., (#$CubicMeterPerSec 2000) denotes a
#$FlowRate of 2000 cubic meters per second.
bd5899d1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
units of frequency
The collection of functions which are used for
expressing how often something occurs during an interval of
time, i.e., functions which return an element of
#$Frequency. E.g., (#$MegaHertz 89.5) returns a frequency
of 89.5 MHz.
bd58ac89-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
units of mass
The collection of functions which return elements
of #$Mass. E.g. (#$Kilogram 5) denotes 5 kilograms.
bd588a72-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
units of measure
#$UnitOfMeasure is the collection of all functions
which return elements of #$ScalarInterval that describe
physical quantities such as #$Speed, #$Volume, etc. Those
functions are usually grouped into subsets depending on what
they measure (e.g., #$UnitOfSpeed,#$UnitOfVolume).
Functions which belong to #$UnitOfMeasure are variable-arity
relations that take either one or two arguments, both of
which must be elements of #$SubLRealNumber. If only one
argument is given (e.g. (#$Meter 5)), the expression stands
for a precise quantity (here, 5 meters); see also
#$ScalarPointValue. If two arguments are given (e.g.
(#$Meter 5 10)), the expression stands for a closed interval
and the arguments are interpreted as the interval's
mininum and maximum, respectively. Following are a few
example uses of some elements of #$UnitOfMeasure:
`10 years': (#$YearsDuration 10) `2
feet': (#$Foot-UnitOfMeasure 2) `50
dollars and 2 cents': (#$Dollar-UnitedStates 50.02)
`between 1 and 50 pounds per square inch, inclusive':
(#$PoundsPerSquareInch 1 50) `dimensionless
quantity between 3 and 4.1, inclusive': (#$Unity 3 4.1).
bd5880aa-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
units of measure without a prefix
Please see the #$SharedNote #$NoteForUnitOfMeasureWithPrefixAndNoPrefix.
bd5883ec-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
unit of measure with prefix
Please see the #$SharedNote #$NoteForUnitOfMeasureWithPrefixAndNoPrefix.
bd58f899-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
units of monetary flow rate
The collection of functions which return elements
of #$MonetaryFlowRate (i.e. transfer of money per unit of
time). E.g., (#$DollarsPerHour 10) denotes a
#$MonetaryFlowRate of $10 per hour.
bd589991-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
units of money
A collection of Cyc functions.
#$Dollar-UnitedStates, #$Peso-Mexico, and #$Yen-Japan are
each elements of this collection (along with functions for
many other nations's monetary units). Each of these is
a function which, given real numbers as arguments, returns
an instance of the collection #$Money (q.v.). For example,
(#$Dollar-UnitedStates 5.99) denotes an element of #$Money
whose size, or amount, is five dollars and 99 cents,
expressed in the `unit of measure' US dollars; in
short, (#$Dollar-UnitedStates 5.99) denotes $5.99. Note:
The monetary values associated with the members of
#$UnitOfMoney, and the exchange rates between them,
fluctuate (sometimes widely) over very short periods of time
-- daily, even hourly. In being heavily time-dependent,
#$UnitOfMoney is unlike most other subsets of #$UnitOfMeasure.
bd5883c5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
units of power
The collection of functions which return elements
of #$Power. E.g., (#$Watt 5) denotes 5 watts.
bd58ea5a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
units of pressure
The collection of functions which return elements
of #$Pressure (i.e., force per unit #$Area) or #$Elasticity.
E.g., (#$Pascal-UnitOfPressure 175) denotes a #$Pressure of
175 pascals.
bd58c776-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
units of rate
The collection of functions which return elements
of #$Rate. This includes any measurement function (see
#$UnitOfMeasure) whose #$unitOfMeasureExpansions list
includes the factor (-1 #$UnitOfTime). For example,
(#$DollarsPerDay 1000) denotes $1000 per day.
bd5890ac-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
units of speed
The collection of functions which return elements
of Speed. For example, the value of the function
#$MilesPerHour applied to the number five -- (#$MilesPerHour
5) -- is five miles per hour.
bddfadc2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
units of temperature
The collection of functions which return elements
of #$Temperature. E.g., (#$DegreeFahrenheit 451) denotes a
#$Temperature of 451 F.
bd58b17f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
units of time
The collection of functions which return elements
of #$Time-Quantity; e.g., (#$YearsDuration 100) returns a
time period equal to a century.
bd58f9c5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
units of voltage
The collection of functions which return elements
of #$Voltage. E.g., (#$Volt 120) denotes an electrical
voltage of 120 volts.
bd58ea9c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
units of volume
The collection of functions which return elements
of #$Volume. E.g., (#$Liter 5) denotes 5 liters.
bd58fd9f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
unit vector - precise
The collection #$UnitVector-Precise is a subset of
#$Vector-Precise and of #$UnitVectorInterval. Each element
of #$UnitVector-Precise is a vector interval with a
magnitude of 1 and a precisely specified direction (e.g.,
due North, straight down). Thus, one precise unit vector
differs from another only in direction, since each vector
consists of a magnitude and a direction (in a space of n
> 1 dimensions). So elements of #$UnitVector-Precise in
effect indicate different directions such as `straight
up' or `due East'.
bd58ec98-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
unit vector interval
The collection #$UnitVectorInterval is a subset of
#$VectorInterval. Each element of #$UnitVectorInterval is a
vector interval with a magnitude of 1. The range of the
endpoints of all the unit vectors [#$UnitVector-Precise]
form a contiguous curve (in 2 space), surface (in 3 space),
volume (in 4 space), etc. depending upon the dimentionality
of the vector. One #$UnitVectorInterval differs from
another only in range of direction, since the magnitude of
every #$UnitVectorInterval is the same. An element of
#$UnitVectorInterval may specify either a precise unit
vector [#$UnitVector-Precise] or a generalized range of
directions such as `in front of'. The range of
directions in 3-space may be quite irregular, such as the
direction interval from #$Chile to #$Russia.
bd58eb0c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
the United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland, (the United Kingdom, or UK), an independent country
off the northwest coast of Europe consisting of #$England,
#$Scotland, #$Wales, and #$NorthernIreland, and possessing
all British colonies and other possessions. It technically
excludes the #$IsleOfMan-Island and the #$ChannelIslands,
which are realms of the British monarch.
bd589184-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
United Nations
This constant represents the United Nations (U.N.)
-- the international organization founded at the end of
World War II and now comprising almost all of the countries
in the world (with some exceptions, e.g., Taiwan).
bd590c36-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
the United States
The United States of America, a large independent
country constisting of the territory, population, and
infrastructure of the United States, considered as a whole,
i.e., an element of #$GeopoliticalEntity. The nation is
mostly in the #$ContinentOfNorthAmerica south and west of
#$Canada and north of #$Mexico. It was founded in 1776 by
emigrants from Europe.
bd58a42a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
united states person
A collection of persons. Each element of
#$UnitedStatesPerson is a person who either was born in the
#$UnitedStatesOfAmerica or is currently among that
country's #$citizens.
bd58f5ce-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
United States presidents
A collection of temporal slices (#$subAbstrac) of
persons. Each element of #$UnitedStatesPresident is a
person who holds the office of #$UnitedStatesPresident under
the Constitution. Examples: #$BillClinton from January 1993
through the present (January 1998); #$RichardNixon from
January 1969 till his resignation in 1974; #$LyndonJohnson
from November 1963 until January 1969. John Hansen and
others who held the title under the Articles of
Confederation, are not included in this collection.
Although ex-U.S. Presidents have, in recent journalistic
practice, tended to retain the title `President',
although those individuals are no longer members of the
collection #$UnitedStatesPresident after they leave office.
c10052d1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
universities
A collection of educational organizations. An
element of #$University is an organization, usually (but
not always) called `University', which does
university-level teaching and/or research. Some
universities comprise multiple `colleges' and
professional schools. Some universities lie within a more
or less local and spatially contiguous campus (e.g.
#$UniversityOfTexasAtAustin) while others consist of a
system of campuses (e.g. #$UniversityOfTexas).
bd58e3be-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
unknown - h l truth value
bd58f8fe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
unordered attribute type
A collection of collections. Each element of
#$UnorderedAttributeType is a collection of attributes whose
values are not ordered over their whole range of possible
values. A collection belonging to #$UnorderedAttributeType
contains values that are incommensurable with one another.
For example, the `suit' attribute of playing cards
(unlike the number or face value of the cards) is an
unordered attribute in card games where no suit is
considered higher than another. The `gender' attribute
of animals is an #$UnorderedAttributeType, as well. By
contrast, see #$PrimitiveAttributeType.
bd58d593-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
unreifiable function
The collection of all Cyc functions whose values
CANNOT be reified and treated like Cyc constants. Usually
we want to make functions reifiable for efficiency reasons
(see #$ReifiableFunction), but on the other hand, it is not
desirable to reify every non-atomic term; for example, all
the measurable quantities, such as (#$Inch 5), and the
numbers which result from using elements of
#$FunctionFromQuantitiesToQuantities (e.g., #$PlusFn),
should all be instances of #$UnreifiableFunction.
bd992179-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
up - directly
The direction straight up. In the terrestrial
context, #$Up-Directly points in the opposite direction of
Earth's gravitational force vector.
bd5889a9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
upward
The element of #$VectorInterval which comprises
the cone-shaped set of vectors pointing (from some reference
point) within approximately forty-five degrees of #$Up-Directly.
bd58a4d6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
upside-down
(#$orientation OBJECT #$UpSideDown) means that
OBJECT's intrinsic bottom (e.g., the hull of a ship) is
above (#$above-Directly) its intrinsic top (e.g., the
masthead). Many things don't work properly when upside
down, e.g., sailboats, salad bowls, newspapers.
c0fbac43-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
stance
The attribute that describes an #$Animal in an
upright, i.e. vertically extended, #$Posture.
(#$postureOfAnimal ANIMAL #$UprightPosture) is implied by
walking and running, as well as by standing.
bd5903e0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
urban areas
A collection of geographical regions; a subset of
#$HumanResidenceArea. Each element of #$UrbanArea is a
region that has urban features. Elements of #$UrbanArea can
be as small as an urban neighborhood, or as big as, say, the
New York City Metropolitan Area. By default, urbanness is
an intrinsic property of such areas; i.e., every subregion
of an element of #$UrbanArea is also an instance of
#$UrbanArea. Examples: #$UTAustinCampus, #$WestlakeHills,
#$CityOfAustinTX, #$CityOfToulouseFrance,
#$CityOfMurmanskRussia, #$CityOfTaipeiTaiwan, #$ResearchTrianglePark.
bd58caec-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
itches
This is a #$Collection of physical urges of a
certain type, namely the urges that animals have to scratch
an itch (and their accompanying internal sensations.)
bd58a509-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
urge to sneeze
This is a #$Collection of physical urges of a
certain type, namely the urges that animals have to sneeze
(and their accompanying internal sensations.)
bd58a54a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
property rights
A collection of attributes. An instance of
#$UserRightsAttribute describes what right an agent has to
use something. For example, the rights of an owner of a
house can be distinguished from the rights of a renter by
specifying the appropriate #$UserRightsAttributes. Elements
of #$UserRightsAttributes include: #$FullUseRights (the
agent can do whatever s/he wants with it),
#$ExclusiveUserRights (the agent is the only authorized
user), #$PrimaryUserRights (this agent's uses take
priority over everyone else's),
#$GroupUserRightsAttribute (the agent's right to use
something depends on membership in a group), and more.
bd58e3d4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
utterances
A collection of information bearing things (IBTs);
a subset of #$AnimalSound. Each element of #$Utterance is a
sound which was initially generated by someone speaking or
making some sound with the mouth. If such IBTs are recorded
and played back, the sound generated is still considered an
element of #$Utterance. Examples: your spouse saying `Good
morning' today; Ed McMahon saying `Here's
Johnny' (on almost innumerable occasions); a child
screaming at a playmate; Humphrey Bogart saying `Here's
looking at you' on the set of `Casablanca'.
bd590c24-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
variable arity relation
A collection of relationships. Each element of
#$VariableArityRelation is a relationship that can take a
variable number of arguments, making it unlike most
relationships, which have a fixed number of argument places.
Examples of #$VariableArityRelation include conjunction
(#$and) and functions such as addition (#$PlusFn) that
accept a variable number of arguments.
bd5d0b56-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
variable arity skolem func n
The subcollection of #$SkolemFuncNs with variable
arity. These are only created when a sequence variable is in
the scope of a bounded existential.
becf783a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
variable arity skolem function
The subcollection of #$SkolemFunctions with
variable arity. These are only created when a sequence
variable is in the scope of the skolem.
bdb0bfbf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
vector - precise
A collection of vectors; a subset of
#$VectorInterval. Each element of #$Vector-Precise is an
exactly indicated (i.e., point) vector, such as `5 feet due
West'. Both direction and distance are precise. Thus,
#$Vector-Precise is to #$VectorInterval what
#$ScalarPointValue is to #$ScalarInterval. #$Vector-Precise
includes all the instances of #$UnitVector-Precise.
bd58dd86-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
vector interval
The collection #$VectorInterval is a subset of
#$NTupleInterval. Each element of #$VectorInterval is an
n-tuple of intervals (where n > 1), one of which is a
direction. Like the elements of #$ScalarInterval, the
intervals in an element of #$VectorInterval may be
point-valued or cover a range of values. The minimal
interval (i.e., point-valued) type of vector interval is
exemplified by a vector such as `10 meters due east'.
Vectors may also cover a range of values; e.g., `at least 10
feet away and in a horizontal direction'; `between ten
to twelve miles NNW'.
bd58ec12-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
vegetables
A collection of edible stuff. Each element of
#$Vegetable-Food is a foodstuff which is derived from a
plant and is ordinarily considered a vegetable; e.g., a
carrot (an instance of #$Carrot-Foodstuff), a potato (an
instance of #$Potato-Foodstuff), a lima bean (a
#$Bean-Foodstuff), a tomato (a #$Tomato-Foodstuff). Note:
#$Vegetable-Food includes certain plant parts that are
technically classified as fruits by botanists, but which are
treated as vegetables in food classification -- such as
tomatoes. These would, e.g., be found in the vegetables
section of a supermarket, and they satisfy more of the
axioms about vegetables than those about fruits (e.g., sweetness.)
bd58eacd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
vegetables
A collection of plants that play a special role in
human nutrition. Each element of #$Vegetable-Plant is a
plant that produces the edible things that we normally call
`vegetables' (which can include fruits, seeds, stalks,
leaves, or other parts, or even the whole plant). The
elements of #$Vegetable-Plant grow in gardens and produce
the vegetables that are eaten; vegetable plants are not
necessarily also elements of #$Food. See #$Vegetable-Food
for the collection of vegetables--plants or (more usually)
plant parts--that are eaten by humans.
bd58c247-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
vegetable matter
A collection of tangible stuff. Each element of
#$VegetableMatter is a piece of stuff (solid, liquid, or,
improbably but conceivably, gaseous) which is a piece of
vegetable material. This includes all instances of
#$PlantProduct (such as elements of its subsets
#$VegetableOil, #$TobaccoLeaf, #$Jute-Fiber,
#$VanillaExtract, etc.), as well as naturally occurring
pieces of vegetable matter (e.g., a clod of peat in a bog,
an apple hanging on a tree, a mushroom growing wild in a forest).
bd58c455-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
verbs
The collection of all verbs. Verbs usually denote
events, states, or processes. Verbs can be conjugated.
Example: `eat'.
bd58807c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
varmints
A collection of animals considered undesirable to
find living in human habitation buildings or other
facilities.
bd58a57c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
vertebrates
A collection of animals; one of the #$taxonMembers
of the #$ChordataPhylum. Each element of #$Vertebrate is
an animal that has a backbone or spine made of bony or
cartilaginous vertebrae, which may be separate or fused.
#$Vertebrate includes the most familiar animals, viz., the
instances of #$Mammal, #$Reptile, #$Bird, #$Fish. Some
biologists class the 'Vertebrata' as a sub-phylum
of the #$ChordataPhylum. #$Vertebrate excludes Amphioxus.
bd58a5e6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
vertical
The element of #$VectorInterval that comprises all
the vectors that are parallel to #$Up-Directly and #$Down-Directly.
bd58baba-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
vertical
(#$orientation OBJECT #$VerticalOrientation) means
that OBJECT is vertical with respect to the current instance
of #$FrameOfReference. A linear (#$LongAndThin) object is
vertical if and only if its longest dimension is
perpendicular to horizontal (#$HorizontalDirection). A
planar (#$SheetShaped) object has #$VerticalOrientation if
and only if its planar surface is perpendicular to the
current horizontal plane. Typically, vertical objects
include window panes, skyscrapers, trees, radio towers, and walls.
c0fbad0b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
very alert
#$VeryAlert is an #$Alertness attribute which is a
specialization of #$Awake. It is the state of an #$Animal
paying particular attention to its environment (or a
specific aspect thereof). It is the state an #$Antelope is
in after smelling a #$Lion, or a burglar is in after hearing
the front door open.
bd58a67c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
veterinary hospitals
The collection of all local organizations that
provide professional medical care to non-human animals.
Note that this is not a specialization of Hospital. The
names may be the same, but hospitals provide medical care to
persons only.
c10c37d5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
vibration sensors
A subset of #$Sensor, namely those sensors that
detect amplitude and frequency of vibrations through a
physical medium. This includes ears, skin, and also
artificial devices such as microphones, seismographs, etc.
Note: #$Eyes are not #$VibrationThroughAMediumSensors
because there need not be any physical medium for
electromagnetic wave propagation. This is a somewhat close
call, and indeed in past centuries most people believed that
light propagated through aether, but what it comes down to
is this: consider all the axioms that apply only to the
structure, function, and operation, failure, etc. of a
#$VibrationThroughAMediumSensor, and of that set how many
hold true for eyes --- and the answer is No, most of them
don't. So parsimony dictates that #$Eye not be a
subset of #$VibrationThroughAMediumSensor.
bd58dbc2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
vines
The collection of vine plants, #$Plants that are
in the form (gross form and habit) of long tendrils or long,
narrow, flexible ropy strands.
bd58c2a3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
viruses
The collection of tiny microbes called viruses,
each consisting mainly of a capsid (capsule chamber)
containing viral DNA or RNA. Viruses have no cells, but
reproduce by inserting into living cells the viral DNA or
RNA, which then uses cellular mechanisms to create new
viruses. Viruses cause many diseases in all other
organisms; some can infect elements of #$Bacterium. #$Virus
excludes prions, bacteria, rickettsia, and protists.
bd589742-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
visas
A collection of permissions. Each element of
#$Visa-Permit is an authorization issued by the government
of some country to one (or more) person(s), stating that
s/he is allowed to enter that country and remain for a
certain period of time while engaging in certain specified
activities (e.g., study, travel, work). Examples: (United
States) #$H1WorkVisa, #$F1WorkVisa, #$GreenCard.
bd5af45a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
viscosities
A collection of attributes; a subset of
#$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Viscosity represents
a specific viscosity (i.e., `runniness') of some
#$LiquidTangibleThing. The lower the viscosity of a liquid,
the more easily it flows or spreads out. Different
viscosities may be represented with a #$GenericValueFunction
(q.v.), or by using some common substance as a reference
(e.g., #$ViscousAsWater, #$ViscousAsHoney). Vicosities of
objects are indicated with the predicate #$viscosityOfSubstance.
bd5904a7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
visibility
A collection of attributes; a subset of
#$ScalarInterval. Each element of #$Visibility is a
characterization of how clear the ambient fluid at a
location is. Higher values indicate one can see farther
(than one could have at lower values at the same location).
Different degrees of visibility may be designated using a
#$GenericValueFunction. Visibility at a location is
expressed with the predicate #$ambientVisibility.
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light waves
A collection of events; a subset of
#$ElectromagneticRadiation. Each element of #$VisibleLight
is an instance of electromagnetic radiation having a
wavelength approximately between 3800 and 7750 #$Angstroms,
i.e., light visible to human eyes.
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visits
A collection of actions. In a #$VisitingSomeone
event, one #$Agent travels or moves to the vicinity of
another #$Agent for the purpose of meeting with that other
#$Agent. Each #$VisitingSomeone is purposeful, at least on
the part of the #$Agent doing the travelling, and that
#$Agent is typically a #$Person, and the purpose is often
social in nature.
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visual communicating
A collection of information transfer events; a
subset of #$Communicating. Each element of
#$VisualCommunicating is an action in which information is
transmitted by visual media. Every element of
#$VisualCommunicating has at least one #$communicationToken
which is an instance of #$VisualInformationSource. Examples
of #$VisualCommunicating: a performance by mime Marcel
Marceau; Seiji Ozawa conducting the Boston Symphony
Orchestra; a policeman directing traffic; shaking a fist at
someone in anger; sending a message with flags, light
pulses, or smoke signals.
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images
A collection of information bearing things (IBTs);
a subset of #$InformationBearingWavePropagation. Each
element of #$VisualImage is an #$Event in which visible
light is generated in a particular pattern. The generated
pattern of light contains information for an observer
familiar with the interpretive conventions. Visual images
may be produced by illuminating some instance of
#$VisualInformationSource, which is a tangible object (e.g.,
a photograph, movie film, or page of print), or by direct
manipulation of light(s) to produce a pattern (e.g.,
nautical code lights). Visual images may be instantaneous
or extended in time. Visual images may be classified by
features of their appearance (e.g., #$ColorImage,
#$BlackAndWhiteImage), by their origin (e.g., #$XRayImage,
#$PenOrPencilDrawing, #$SatelliteImage), their content
(e.g., #$LandscapeImage), and other distinctions. Note:
The #$VisualImage is #$InformationBearingWavePropagation
#$Event, not the abstract pattern which may be shared
between such Events.
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visual information conveying act
The collection of actions that express (transmit)
visual information.
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visual information sources
A collection of information bearing things
(IBTs). Each element of #$VisualInformationSource is an
IBT from which information is extracted by viewing it (with
the appropriate interpretive conventions). Examples of
#$VisualInformationSource include handwritten letters;
newspapers and other print media objects; paintings,
sculpture, and other visual art objects; projected images,
neon signs, etc. The information content of instances of
#$VisualInformationSource may or may not be propositional
in nature. In the proper conditions elements of
#$VisualInformationSources produce #$VisualImages. For
example, if one shines light on a photograph, a
characteristic #$VisualImage is produced. Likewise, if one
electrifies a neon sign a #$VisualImage is produced.
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markings
A collection of information bearing things (IBTs);
a subset of #$VisualInformationSource. Each element of
#$VisualMark is a visible marking on some object. Visual
markings may be applied to an object using ink, paint, or
pencil; they may be engraved into or molded out of the
object's material; they may be made of other objects
affixed to or resting on the object (e.g., a plaque bearing
a house number); or they may consist of contrasting areas of
color or light level (e.g., markings on a computer screen).
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glimpses
The collection of sensory #$Perceivings in which a
#$PerceptualAgent #$sees something by means of an
#$ElectroMagneticRadiationSensor detecting wavelengths of
visible light, and thereby acquires information about it.
Note: one eye is sufficient for #$VisualPerception, and
limited short-distance #$DepthPerception, but `true'
long-distance #$DepthPerception requires two eyes.
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visual representation microtheory
A collection of microtheories. Each element of
#$VisualRepresentationMicrotheory is a context in which to
state the propositional content of a particular visual
representation. Visual representations include paintings,
photographs, digitized images, moving pictures, statues,
etc. For example, a visual representation microtheory of
the #$StatueOfLiberty would include such assertions as `a
woman holds up a torch in her right hand', `the woman
is dressed in a neo-Classical robe', etc.; it would NOT
include such information as, e.g., the #$StatueOfLiberty is
made of copper or the #$StatueOfLiberty is in New York harbor.
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volatilities
A collection of attributes; a subset of
#$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Volatility
represents the specific readiness of some liquid to
evaporate. Higher volatility indicates a faster rate of
evaporation. Volatilities of substances are indicated with
the predicate #$volatilityOfSubstance.
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volumes
A collection of physical attributes. Each element
of #$Volume is an amount of three-dimensional space occupied
by one or more three-dimensional objects. Elements of
#$Volume may be either a fixed interval, such as the volume
of a five-gallon aquarium, or a range, such as 'fits in
a bread box'. See #$UnitOfVolume for the units used by
Cyc to measure volumes.
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voluntary body movements
The collection of acts concerned with an
agent's intentionally moving one part of its body
relative to another part of its body. The energy source is
the agent's own body, not some external force. Each
instance of #$WavingAHand is an instance of
#$VoluntaryBodyMovement --- the focus of that action is on
the hand moving relative to the body. By way of constrast,
an instance of #$OpeningADrawer is probably not going to be
an instance of #$VoluntaryBodyMovement, even though the
person opening the drawer probably does move their hand
relative to their body, because the focus of the
#$OpeningADrawer action is not on the hand moving, but
rather on the drawer opening.
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warz
The fighting of two or more armies through the use
of weapons. The same as doing battle.
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carts
The collection of all carts and wagons, relatively
small non-motorized wheeled devices with two or more wheels,
used for moving goods. Usually they are human-powered or
#$EquineAnimal driven.
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wake
The collection of events in which an #$Animal goes
from the state of being asleep to being in a waking state.
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wall of a construction
Any wall which is a part of a
#$HumanShelterConstruction. This includes includes the
walls on the outside of the building as well as those on the
inside such as the wall separating two rooms in a house.
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warplanes
The collection of all #$Airplanes which are
designed (and often used) as weapons of war.
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guarantees
A collection of agreements; a subset of
#$AuthorizedAgreement. Each element of #$Warranty is an
agreement between the seller (and/or manufacturer) and the
purchaser of some object or service. In a warranty, the
seller/manufacturer promises that the object or service will
be satisfactory in some indicated way (e.g., free of
defects, effective, etc.). Usually a warranty specifies
what compensation an unsatisfied purchaser is entitled to
(e.g., free repairs, a refund), and how s/he can claim it.
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washes
A collection of events, and a subset of
#$Cleaning. In a #$Washing event, some #$Water is being
employed in the cleaning, typically with some surfactant
such as soap dissolved in the water. If only water (i.e.,
no soap) is used in a #$Washing, then the event also belongs
to a particular subset of #$Washing, namely #$Rinsing.
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watching events
A collection of events involving the deliberate
direction of #$VisualPerception on the part of an #$Agent.
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water
A collection of tangible things; a subset of
#$Oxide. Each instance of #$Water is one piece of all the
portions of the chemical compound H2O. Those instances may
be in a gaseous, liquid, or solid #$stateOfMatter; they may
be salty, not salty, drinkable, or not drinkable. Examples
of #$Water include portions of the ocean, such as the
#$BayOfBiscay and the #$BayOfBengal (see also #$SeaWater);
bodies of fresh water, such as #$NiagaraFalls or the
#$GangesRiver; quantities of chlorinated water (see
#$PoolWater); and the contents of bottles of tonic water
(see #$SeltzerWater). Things that have one or more
important properties different from water's, but
consist mostly of water, don't belong to the collection
#$Water but have an element of #$Water as their
#$mainConstituent; e.g., urine, coffee, lemonade.
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water - saline
A collection of tangible things; a subset of
#$Water. Each element of #$Water-Saline is a portion of
water with some substantial concentration of salt mixed into
it. For example, the #$RedSea, #$GreatSaltLake, or the salt
water I mix up for gargling.
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water crafts
A collection of transportation devices. An
instance of #$WaterTransportationDevice is a vehicle used
for transportation on or through water (not a device for
transporting water). Subsets of #$WaterTransportationDevice
include the collections #$Ship, #$Watercraft, #$Sailboard,
#$JetSki, etc.
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boats
A collection of water transportation devices. An
instance of #$Watercraft is a device for transporting people
and/or objects over water or through water under the surface
without getting them wet; thus, instances of #$Submarine,
#$Rowboat or #$Ship (as opposed to #$JetSki or #$Surfboard
or #$Sailboard).
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wave propagations
A collection of events. Each element of
#$WavePropagation is an event in which a wavelike
disturbance propagates through space, with or without a
medium. A wave propagation is like a translational movement
in that it can have a #$fromLocation and a #$toLocation, but
differs in that there is no #$objectMoving. #$Sound and
#$ElectromagneticRadiation are types of #$WavePropagation.
Elements of #$WavePropagation include the sounds from
exploding firecrackers at Penn State's Homecoming
celebration in 1989; the light shining from my desk lamp
right now; the X-rays generated in the dentist's office
last Tuesday, for examining my teeth.
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wave propagation type
A collection of collections. Each element of
#$WavePropagationType is itself a collection, containing one
type of #$WavePropagation events. Examples include the
collections #$ElectromagneticRadiation, #$Sound,
#$VisibleLight, and #$XRay.
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weapons
A collection of physical devices. An instance of
#$Weapon is a device primarily designed for destructive
action against animals (often against other sentient beings,
most often humans) and/or their habitats (or, more rarely,
some class of possessions of theirs.) This collection
includes weapons as traditionally defined (e.g., instances
of #$Sword, instances of #$Gun-Portable, #$Bombs, etc.) and
also miscellaneous military hardware used to kill, to
destroy, to immobilize, etc. in military operations. Note
that in the case of missile weapons, both the launcher and
the ammunition are considered #$Weapons in this sense.
E.g., a bow, an arrow, a missile launcher, an ICBM missile,
a gun, a bullet. This may seem odd at first glance, but in
many contexts most of the same axioms apply to both. Even
in our linguistic utterances this carries over; e.g., if
asked what killed JFK we can say a rifle, or a bullet from a
rifle. Of course there are specializations (subsets) of
#$Weapon that limit themselves to `the real weapon
itself' and to `ammunition for missile weapons.'
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instances of wearing something
A collection of situations; a subset of
#$Configuration. Such a configuration has a temporal as
well as a spatial extent, but activity is not implied. Each
element of #$WearingSomething is an arrangement of tangible
objects, one of which is wearing the other(s). Typically
the wearer is a living person or animal, although surrogates
are possible (e.g., mannequins, dolls, or corpses). Objects
worn are elements of #$SomethingToWear. See also #$wearer, #$wearsClothing.
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weather attributes
A collection of attributes. Each element of
#$WeatherAttribute is an attribute that can be used to
describe the weather occurring in a geographic region.
Examples: #$Snowy, #$Foggy. See also #$weatherAttributes.
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weather events
A collection of events. Each element of
#$WeatherEvent is a meteorological event of some duration,
occurring over some spatial region. Some weather events are
almost instantaneous (e.g., elements of the collection
#$LightningEvent); others encompass an entire
#$AnnualClimateCycle. Spatially, weather events may cover a
small locality or a large portion of a continent. Weather
events are regional weather (in the short term) and are, or
partially constitute, the annual climate of a region (in the
long term).
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wedge shaped
#$WedgeShaped is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute
shared by all three dimensional objects such that any cross
section that is sliced parallel to the two triangular ends
will result in a triangle congruent to those ends. For
instance, a pup tent would have this shape attribute.
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weekly event type
The collection of event-types that occur weekly.
Each #$WeeklyEventType is a collection of events, all of
which are synchronized with the calendar and which occur
once a week. E.g., once instance #$WeeklyEventType is
#$CycStaffMeeting, since there is an instance of
#$CycStaffMeeting once a week.
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west - directly
Due West, an element of #$TerrestrialDirection.
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west - generally
The general direction of West. The element of
#$VectorInterval that comprises the cone-shaped set of
vectors pointing (from some reference point) within
approximately forty-five degrees of #$West-Directly.
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white collar
An attribute; an element of #$JobAttribute. White
collar jobs are those requiring little or no manual/physical
labor; they are usually indoor jobs.
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wild animals
The collection of all animals that are not
domesticated or tame. Note that a captive animal may still
be a wild animal, e.g., zoo animals that are not tame or
domesticated. Cf. #$CaptiveAnimal, #$DomesticatedAnimal.
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wind-powered
The subset of #$KineticEnergyPoweredDevice (q.v.)
whose elements are powered by the wind. For example,
instances of the collection #$Windmill.
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winds
The collection of events in which the ambient air
at a #$GeographicalRegion (or some significant part of the
total air mass) is in motion.
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window panes
Each individual pane in a window. A window may
only have one window pane.
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windows
Windows are one kind of portal found in a human
occupation construct. They are usually covered by
#$WindowThePortalCovering, which is the physical object made
primarily of glass through which one can see.
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windows
The physical object which 'covers' or
fills in the #$WindowPortal. It is a physical barrier, but
because it is made primarily of glass, it allows light to enter.
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winters
The collection of Winter seasons. In the
#$TemperateClimateCycle, generally a time of cold and
dormancy. #$WinterSeason represents the climatic aspects of
Winter; for its purely temporal aspects, see #$CalendarWinter.
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womens clothing
A collection of objects. Each element of
#$WomensClothing is a clothing item worn usually by women,
i.e., items normally found in the women's section of
department stores. Subsets include #$Skirts and #$HairPins.
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wood
A collection of tangible things. Each element of
#$Wood is a piece of solid, rigid, fibrous organic substance
in or #$derivedFrom the inside of the trunks and limbs of
trees. For example, any pieces of wooden furniture, doors,
boards, fences, firewood, wooden spoons, etc. Use the Cyc
function #$WoodFn with a collection of trees of one species,
to designate the collection of all pieces of wood from a
particular species of tree; e.g., (#$WoodFn #$OakTree).
Note: cork and amber are NOT included in the collection #$Wood.
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jobs
A collection of intangible objects; a subset of
#$Agreement. Every element of #$WorkAgreement is an
agreement between an employer and an employee, regarding the
duties and remuneration which pertain to that worker's
job for that employer. Elements of #$WorkAgreement consist
of various #$subAgreements, typically including elements of
#$JobDescription, #$CompensationPackage, and some #$CodeOfConduct.
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work status
A collection of attributes. Each element of
#$WorkStatus is a classification commonly used by human
resources departments to describe the status of workers on
the company payroll. Note that these attributes describe a
person's status in a job, rather than the position
itself. Examples of #$WorkStatus include #$Commissioned,
#$HourlyWork, #$FullTime, #$PartTime, #$TemporaryWork. Also
see #$employeeStatus.
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workplaces
The collection of places where people customarily
work (not the employing organizations). #$Workplace
includes offices, restaurant buildings, construction sites,
agricultural sites, the #$SpaceNeedle, etc. Some places may
be #$Workplaces only during a small part of their existence
(a piece of residential property while the house is being
built, perhaps); some may almost always be #$Workplaces
(grocery store buildings, office buildings, smithies,
hospitals, etc.).
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writings
The collection of actions in which text is
produced, either via writing by hand, with a typewriter,
with a computer, etc. Could be a single episode of writing,
or a discontinuous set of episodes (as when one writes a
letter over a few days). #$Writing is not a
#$Communicating, because there is not necessarily a
successful transfer of information to some other agent. Of
course, instances of #$Writing can be #$subEvents of such transfers.
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writing by hand
Writing is the formation of characters or symbols
on a suitable surface for transmitting information.
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writing implements
A collection of tools. An instance of
#$WritingImplement is a hand-held tool which is intended to
be primarily used, by a person, for writing. Subsets
include the collections #$Chalk and #$WritingPen (but not
#$Typewriter). Note: A marginal example is a PDA, such as
an Apple Newton, with a stylus; both items, the PDA and the
stylus, can be held in one's hands and used to record
one's handwritten notes. Another marginal positive
example is a stylus designed to held in the mouth by a
quadraplegic person; i.e., `hand-held' is not an
absolutely hard and fast constraint here. A close
NON-example is a handheld calculator.
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x-rays
A collection of events; a subset of
#$ElectromagneticRadiation. Each element of #$XRay is an
instance of electromagnetic radiation that has a
#$wavelength range from about 1 #$Angstrom to 1x10^-3
#$Angstroms. Includes X-rays produced both naturally and artificially.
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abnormal
Every default rule in our system P(x1,...,xn)
=> Q(x1,...,xn) is implicitly treated as
(not(abnormal(x1,...,xn)) and P(x1,...,xn) =>
Q(x1,...,xn) This allows rules without exceptions to
never have to incur the overhead of default reasoning.
Exceptions to rules are written like so: (#$exceptWhen
R(x1,...,xn) Rule001) and get canonicalized into rules
concluding abnormal like so: R(x1,...,xn) =>
(#$abnormal(x1,....,xn) Rule001) Since a different
'abnormality' predicte is needed for every default
rule in the system, we instead handle this uniqueness
requirement by having a single #$abnormal predicate which
takes the rule in question as an argument. Also, the
variables over which abnormality is computed is given as a
single list. This allows #$abnormal to be binary rather
than arbitrary arity.
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above - directly
(#$above-Directly ABOVE BELOW) means either (1)
the volumetric center of ABOVE is directly above some point
of BELOW, if ABOVE is smaller than BELOW; or (2) otherwise,
it means that some point of ABOVE is directly above the
volumetric center of BELOW.
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above - generally
(#$above-Generally OBJ1 OBJ2) means that OBJ1 is
more or less above OBJ2. To be more precise: if OBJ1 would
be within a cone-shaped set of vectors within about 45
degrees of #$Up-Directly pointing up from OBJ2 (see
#$Up-Generally), then (#$above-Generally OBJ1 OBJ2). This is
a wider predicate than #$above-Directly, but narrower than
#$above-Higher. It probably most closely conforms to the
English word 'above.'
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above - higher
(#$above-Higher OBJ-A OBJ-B) means that OBJ-A is
``higher up'' than OBJ-B. Since most contexts are
terrestrial (see #$TerrestrialFrameOfReferenceMt) ``higher
up'' typically means that the
#$altitudeAboveGround of OBJ-A is greater than that of OBJ-B.
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above - overhead
(#$above-Overhead ABOVE BELOW) means that ABOVE is
directly above BELOW, all points of ABOVE are higher than
all points of BELOW, and they do NOT touch. Examples: a
bomb falling directly above a bunker; a street lamp shining
directly above a person standing below.
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above - touching
(#$above-Touching ABOVE BELOW) means that ABOVE is
located over BELOW and they are touching. More precisely,
it implies both (#$above-Directly ABOVE BELOW) and that
ABOVE #$touches BELOW. Examples: a person sitting on a
chair; coffee in a cup; a boat on water; a hat on a head.
(Note that not every point of ABOVE must be higher than
every point of BELOW.)
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account administrator
The predicate #$accountAdministrator identifies
the agent who administers a particular account.
(#$accountAdministrator ACCT AGENT) means that the #$Account
ACCT is administered by the individual or organization AGENT.
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balance
The predicate #$accountBalance is used to indicate
the balance of a particular account. (#$accountBalance ACCT
BAL) means that the #$FinancialAccount ACCT has the balance
BAL; BAL is the amount of #$Money either owed by, or
available to, the #$accountHolder (depending upon the type
of account).
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account holder
The predicate #$accountHolder identifies the
holder of a particular account. (#$accountHolder ACCT
AGENT) means that the #$Account ACCT is held by the
individual or organization AGENT; thus, money (or some other
valuable) is owed to or from AGENT, in the amount shown in
the account (see #$accountBalance).
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account status
The predicate #$accountStatus indicates whether a
particular account is paid up, overdue, delinquent, etc.
(#$accountStatus ACCT STATUS) means that the #$Account ACCT
has the attribute STATUS (see also #$AccountStatusAttribute).
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acknowledged act
(#$acknowledgedAct ACKACT COMACT) means that the
#$CommunicationAct-Single COMACT is acknowledged and
replied-to by the responsive
#$Acknowledging-CommunicationAct ACKACT. Particular
acceptances or rejections of a particular project proposal
would involve examples of this predicate, as would a person
responding to a wedding invitation, or a court responding to
a motion. See also #$acknowledgementOf which refers to the
abstract content of the communication.
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acknowledgement of
(#$acknowledgementOf ACT PIT) means that ACT is an
acknowledging act to signify receipt of the abstract
information PIT that is being acknowledged and to indicate a
response. The ACT may be an #$Accepting-CommunicationAct or
a #$Rejecting-CommunicationAct, or several others. Some may
be combinations, e.g. David may accept part of
#$Wanda's order (say the part about cleaning the
kitchen) but not the other part (say cleaning the bathroom).
See also #$acknowledgedAct which relates the two acts directly.
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acquaintance
(#$acquaintedWith AGENT1 AGENT2) means the
#$IndividualAgent AGENT1 is acquainted with the
#$IndividualAgent AGENT2 (in the minimal sense that AGENT1
has come into physical or conversational contact with
AGENT2, or that they have somehow knowingly communicated
with each other). This typically means that each
#$IndividualAgent is aware of some facts about the other.
In cases where one of the #$IndividualAgents is sentient,
this typically includes the ability of this agent to
recognize the other by appearance, voice, scent, or some
other physical attribute.
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action expresses feeling
(#$actionExpressesFeeling ACT EMOTYPE) means that
the particular action ACT actually expresses the doer's
feeling of EMOTYPE. Note: additional complications arise in
using this in inference, as people can `fake' actions
such as laughing, crying, etc., to mislead other people. See
also #$actionExpressesFeelingToward. If one wishes to make
statements about tendencies rather than actual expressions,
e.g. ``smiling tends to express happiness'', see #$actionTypeExpressesFeeling.
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actor parts affected
(#$actorPartsAffected ACT PART) means that PART is
an #$objectActedOn in ACT, and it is one of the
#$anatomicalParts of the organism which is #$bodilyActedOn
in ACT. For example, during a man's morning shave, his
#$Beard is an #$actorPartsAffected, but the hand with which
he shaves is not, because his beard is changed, but his hand
is not changed (`acted on') in any significant way.
bd58b54b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
actor parts involved
(#$actorPartsInvolved ACT PART) means that PART is
one of the #$anatomicalParts of an organism who has an
active role in the event ACT, and, moreover, that PART is
somehow involved in the action. Note that the organism to
which PART belongs either performs or does ACT; it is not
merely an #$objectActedOn. Some examples of
#$actorPartsInvolved include: the eyes of someone who is
sneezing (or crying); the left foot of someone playing in a
football game; the right hand of someone who is shaking
hands; the claws of a cat who is scratching someone. As a
negative example, consider your hair while you are getting a
haircut. It is not an #$actorPartsInvolved, because you are
passive in that event; it is, though, an
#$actorPartsAffected in that event.
bd58b6d2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
actor
The predicate #$actors is the most general
instance of #$ActorSlot. All other actor slots are
specializations of this predicate. Thus, #$actors is a
broad concept which includes any entity which is involved in
an action. (#$actors EVENT ACTOR) means that ACTOR is
somehow meaningfully (directly or indirectly) involved in
EVENT during EVENT. Mere cotemporality of objects
(somewhere in the universe) with a particular event is not
enough `involvement' to make those objects #$actors of
that event. Nor is a representation of an event among the
#$actors of that event, unless the representation affects
the event.
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address text
The predicate #$addressText maps a particular
element of #$ContactLocation to its
#$Address-LocationDesignator, ADDRESS. (#$addressText LOC
ADDRESS) means that the #$ContactLocation LOC has the
address ADDRESS. For example, the #$addressText of the
Cycorp #$MailingLocation is `Cycorp, 3721 Executive Center
Dr., Ste. 100, Austin, TX 78731-1615.' See also #$ContactLocation.
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adjacent paths at junction
(adjacentPathsAtJunction JUNCT PATH) means that
the #$JunctionOfPaths JUNCT has PATH as one of the paths
(instances of #$Path-Generic) joining it. A junction may
connect many paths (it must connect at least three distinct
paths), and a path may pass through many junctions, and may
end at a junction. Examples: all the streets meeting at a
certain #$Intersection-Street, the particular #$Trachea and
both primary bronchi meeting at the
#$TracheobronchialJunction between a certain person's
#$Lungs, and three #$LongitudeLines intersecting at the
#$SouthPole. Neither PATH nor JUNCTION need be instances of
#$PartiallyTangible, #$TemporalThing, or #$SpatialThing;
however if PATH is, JUNCTION must also be.
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adjacent to
(#$adjacentTo OBJ1 OBJ2) means that OBJ1 and OBJ2
are touching such that their region of contact is (at least
for practical purposes, relative to the objects'
dimensions and shapes) a line (i.e. the contact region is
not a point, though the line of contact might actually
have some height). Also, OBJ1 is neither mostly above nor
mostly below OBJ2. Positive examples: adjacent squares on
a chessboard, bordering countries, a connected pair of
puzzle pieces. Negative examples: diagonally touching
squares on a chessboard, a geographical region and the air
directly above it, one block stacked on top of another.
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admitted first argument
(#$admittedArgument TERM RELATION) states that
TERM satisfies the first argument constraint of RELATION.
For example, (#$admittedFirstArgument #$AbrahamLincoln
#$wife) and (#$admittedFirstArgument #$Cougar #$JuvenileFn).
This predicate is a binary form of #$admittedArgument.
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admitted fourth argument
(#$admittedArgument TERM RELATION) states that
TERM satisfies the fourth argument constraint of RELATION.
For example, (#$admittedThirdArgument #$supportedObject
#$SceneWithTypeInRoleFn) and (#$admittedFourthArgument
#$CouncilOfEurope #$groupMembersHaveProperty). This
predicate is a binary form of #$admittedArgument.
bda6cf03-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
admitted second argument
(#$admittedArgument TERM RELATION) states that
TERM satisfies the second argument constraint of RELATION.
For example, (#$admittedSecondArgument #$JuliaChild #$wife)
and (#$admittedSecondArgument #$TheYear2000
#$OccasionInYearFn). This predicate is a binary form of #$admittedArgument.
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admitted third argument
(#$admittedArgument TERM RELATION) states that
TERM satisfies the third argument constraint of RELATION.
For example, (#$admittedThirdArgument #$Edema-Condition
#$hasImmunityWithRespectToDisease) and
(#$admittedThirdArgument #$EiffelTower #$MentalSituationFn).
This predicate is a binary form of #$admittedArgument.
bed49e66-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
affiliated with
(#$affiliatedWith AGENT1 AGENT2) means AGENT1 and
AGENT2 are somehow affiliated. This is a broad relation,
involving at least the voluntary entry into an understood
relationship, with rights and obligations, by at least one
of the affiliated #$Agents. For example, the agents might
be business partners, kin, employer/employee,
parent-company/subsidiary, or one (say a person) may be a
member of the other (say an organization).
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after
(#$after LATER EARLIER) means #$TimePoint LATER is
after (occurs later in time than) #$TimePoint EARLIER.
Note: Individual #$TimePoints are seldom mentioned in
axioms; rather, the axiom is likely to use some
#$ComplexTemporalRelation, such as #$startsAfterEndingOf,
which holds between two #$TemporalThings. These
#$ComplexTemporalRelations are themselves usually defined in
terms of #$PrimitiveTemporalRelations, such as #$after and
#$simultaneousWith, which relate one #$TimePoint to another.
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after adding
Whenever a source is added to a gaf use of a
predicate, each of that predicate's #$afterAdding
functions is called on that source.
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after removing
Whenever a source is removed from a gaf use of a
predicate, each of that predicate's #$afterRemoving
functions is called on that source.
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oldness
(#$age THING TIME) means that the thing THING has
the age TIME, where thing can be a person, a galaxy, or
anything else with temporal extent, e.g., (#$age
#$MaryShepherd (#$YearsDuration 40)). The previous
assertion is not quite right, however: notice that one can
talk about the #$birthDate of a person quite safely, but
whenever one makes a statement about the AGE of a person
that statement will only be true `for a while' -- i.e.,
in some temporal context. Therefore it would be a mistake
to simply assert to Cyc that (#$age #$Lenat (#$YearsDuration
45)), because that would be true in some contexts and false
in others. So what one does is to assert an expression of
the form (#$holdsIn X (#$age Y Z)) to indicate that during
time interval X, the thing Y has age Z. For example,
(#$holdsIn (#$QuarterFn 2 (#$YearFn 1996)) (#$age #$Lenat
(#$YearsDuration 45)), which means that Doug is a
45-year-old during the entire second quarter of 1996. It is
seldom correct to use #$age outside of some temporal qualification.
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agreeing agents
The predicate #$agreeingAgents relates a
particular agreement to the agents who are making the
agreement. (#$agreeingAgents AGR PARTY) means that the
#$Agreement AGR has the #$Agent PARTY among its agreeing
parties. #$agreeingAgents may have specialized roles, such
as #$agreeingBuyer or #$agreeingSeller, #$insuringAgent or
#$policyHolder, #$employedAgent or #$employingAgent. The
#$agreeingAgents will be mentioned in their agreement.
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agreement period
The predicate #$agreementPeriod is used to
indicate the period of time during which a particular
agreement is in force. (#$agreementPeriod AGR TIME) means
that the #$Agreement AGR holds during the #$TimeInterval
TIME; i.e., TIME is the period during which the assertions
made in AGR are supposed to be true. TIME may or may not
begin at the moment that AGR is created; e.g., I may sign an
employment contract on the very day I begin working or
several weeks before, to begin on a specified future date.
Or an #$agreementPeriod could begin before the agreement was
made, e.g., when an agent agreed to pay disputed royalties retroactively.
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alertness level
Predicate (#$alertnessLevel SENTIENT_BEING LEVEL)
indicates how alert SENTIENT_BEING is in the period in which
the predicate holds. The major levels are #$Unconscious and
#$Awake, but more specific attributes such as #$Asleep and
#$VeryAlert exist as well.
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ambient relative humidity
(#$ambientRelativeHumidity LOC DEGREE) indicates
the DEGREE to which the water vapor content of the air at
LOC approaches the total possible saturation (at that temperature).
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ambient temperature
The predicate #$ambientTemperature is used to
indicate the average temperature in the free space around a
particular object. (#$ambientTemperature OBJ TEMP) means
that the space around the tangible object OBJ is at the
#$Temperature TEMP. Used with #$holdsIn (q.v.),
#$ambientTemperature expresses the surrounding temperature
for a given object at some point in time. For the
temperature of the object itself, use #$temperatureOfObject (q.v.).
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ambient visibility
(#$ambientVisibility LOC DEGREE) indicates how
clear the ambient fluid is at the location LOC. Higher
values of DEGREE mean one can see farther (than one could
have at lower values).
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amplitude of signal
(#$amplitudeOfSignal ?WAVE ?AMP) means the
distance from the average to the extremes of the signal
?WAVE is ?AMP.
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analogous feelings
(#$analogousFeelings EMOTYPE1 EMOTYPE2) means that
a feeling of the type EMOTYPE1 is analogous to a feeling of
the type EMOTYPE2. In part, this means that there is a high
probability that an agent having an emotion of one type is
also feeling an emotion of the other type. Often the two
feelings differ only in degree, context, etc. E.g.,
(#$analogousFeelings #$Irritation #$Anger) and
(#$analogousFeelings #$Irritation #$Impatience).
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anatomical part type affected
(#$anatomicalPartTypeAffected ACT BODYPARTTYPE)
means that body parts of the #$AnimalBodyPartType
BODYPARTTYPE are affected by the action ACT. For example,
if BRUSHING is a #$TeethCleaning event, then
(#$anatomicalPartTypeAffected BRUSHING #$SetOfTeeth).
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anatomical part
(#$anatomicalParts ORGM PART) means that PART is
an anatomical part of the (whole) organism ORGM. Note that
to represent the decomposition of parts of subparts --- for
example, to say that a finger is part of a hand --- one
should use the predicate #$physicalParts (qv), not #$anatomicalParts.
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ancestor
(#$ancestors YOUNGER OLDER) means OLDER is one of
the biological ancestors of YOUNGER. OLDER could be one of
YOUNGER's biological parents, biological grandparents,
biological great-grandparents, etc.
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and
The predicate #$and is the conjunction relation in
Cyc. #$and is a variable-arity predicate and takes any
number of elements of #$ELSentence-Assertible as its
arguments. (#$and P Q ... Z) is true if all of the formulas
P, Q, ..., and Z are true in Cyc.
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angular acceleration
The rate at which the angle to an object is accelerating
bd58c0b4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
salary
The predicate #$approximatePay is used to estimate
a typical amount of pay offered to workers in a specific
occupation. (#$approximatePay JOBTYPE RATE) means that a
person working in the #$OccupationType JOBTYPE makes
approximately the #$MonetaryFlowRate RATE, as earned income.
RATE might be expressed in, e.g., #$DollarsPerHour,
pounds-per-week, or yen-per-year. RATE refers to average
pay for the occupation JOBTYPE, excluding any unearned pay
(such as matching 401K contributions) and the value of other
employee benefits.
bd58b1e1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
surface area
This predicate relates a spatial thing to its
two-dimensional size or #$Area (q.v.). (#$areaOfObject OBJ
AREA) means that the two-dimensional size of OBJ is AREA.
OBJ might be, for example, a desk top, a geographical
region, or a cross-section of wire. Of course not every
spatial thing has an area. Purely #$TwoDimensional (q.v.)
things like discs, interiors of squares, and cross sections
have areas; and so do three-dimensional things that have
only two salient dimensions in most contexts, such as
floors, tennis courts, and geograhical regions. For the
areas of the latter sort of thing, consider using the
specialization #$areaOfRegion.
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area of region
This predicate relates a geographical region to
its physical size or area. (#$areaOfRegion REGION AREA)
means that the physical size of REGION is AREA. Examples:
(#$areaOfRegion #$LakeErie (#$SquareMile 9940)),
(#$areaOfRegion #$Elba-Island-Italy (#$SquareMile 86)),
(#$areaOfRegion #$VaticanCity (#$SquareMile 0.17)),
(#$areaOfRegion #$China-PeoplesRepublic (#$SquareMile
3705390)). For stating the areas of other (strictly or
roughly two-dimensional ) sorts of objects, see the
generalization #$areaOfObject; and see #$Area for ways of
representing areas.
bd58eb3e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
areas of origin
The predicate #$areasOfOrigin relates an ethnic
group to a particular region in which its members
originated. (#$areasOfOrigin GROUP REGION) means that the
#$EthnicGroupType GROUP originated in the
#$GeographicalRegion REGION. For example, to indicate that
Circassians originated in Asia, we would say
(#$areasOfOrigin #$EthnicGroupOfCircassians
#$ContinentOfAsia). Ethnic groups may have originated in
several different areas; e.g., the #$EthnicGroupOfHutu is
native to #$Rwanda, #$Burundi, #$Tanzania, and #$Uganda.
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arg 1 format
(#$arg1Format PRED FORMAT) means that FORMAT tells
how many different first arguments there can be to PRED,
given some fixed set of other arguments. See #$Format for a
description of the possible values for FORMAT.
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arg 1 genl
(#$arg1Genl REL COL) means that the predicate or
function, REL, accepts only first arguments that have the
#$Collection COL among their #$genls.
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arg 1 isa
(#$arg1Isa REL COL) means that anything given as
the first argument to the #$Relation REL must be an element
of the #$Collection COL. Examples: (#$arg1Isa
#$formsBorderBetween #$SpatialThing), (#$arg1Isa
#$seriesOrderedBy #$Series), (#$arg1Isa #$uniquePartTypes #$ExistingObjectType).
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arg 2 format
(#$arg2Format PRED FORMAT) means that FORMAT tells
how many different second arguments there can be to PRED,
given some fixed set of other arguments. See #$Format for a
description of the possible values for FORMAT.
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arg 2 genl
(#$arg2Genl REL COL) means that the predicate or
function, REL, accepts only second arguments that have the
#$Collection COL among their #$genls.
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arg 2 isa
(#$arg2Isa REL COL) means that anything given as
the second argument to the #$Relation REL must be an element
of the #$Collection COL. Examples: (#$arg2Isa
#$sheetSurfaceConnected #$PartiallyTangible), (#$arg2Isa
#$salutation #$CourtesyTitle), (#$arg2Isa #$mother #$FemaleAnimal).
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arg 3 format
(#$arg3Format PRED FORMAT) means that FORMAT tells
how many different third arguments there can be to PRED,
given some fixed set of other arguments. See #$Format for a
description of the possible values for FORMAT.
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arg 3 genl
(#$arg3Genl REL COL) means that the predicate or
function, REL, accepts only third arguments that have the
#$Collection COL among their #$genls.
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arg 3 isa
(#$arg3Isa REL COL) means that anything given as
the third argument to the #$Relation REL must be an element
of the #$Collection COL.
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arg 4 format
(#$arg4Format PRED FORMAT) means that FORMAT tells
how many different fourth arguments there can be to PRED,
given some fixed set of other arguments. See #$Format for a
description of the possible values for FORMAT.
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arg 4 genl
(#$arg4Genl REL COL) means that the fourth
argument to the #$Relation (i.e., predicate or function) REL
must be a subset of the #$Collection COL.
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arg 4 isa
(#$arg4Isa REL COL) means that anything given as
the fourth argument to the #$Relation REL must be an element
of the #$Collection COL.
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arg 5 format
(#$arg5Format PRED FORMAT) means that FORMAT tells
how many different fifth arguments there can be to PRED,
given some fixed set of other arguments. See #$Format for a
description of the possible values for FORMAT.
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arg 5 genl
(#$arg5Genl REL COL) means that the fifth argument
to the #$Relation (predicate or function) REL must be a
subset of the #$Collection COL.
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arg 5 isa
(#$arg5Isa REL COL) means that anything given as
the fifth argument to the #$Relation REL must be an element
of the #$Collection COL.
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arg 6 format
(#$arg6Format PRED FORMAT) means that FORMAT tells
how many different sixth arguments there can be to PRED,
given some fixed set of other arguments. See #$Format for
a description of the possible values for FORMAT.
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arg 6 genl
(#$arg6Genl REL COL) means that anything given as
the first argument to the #$Relation REL must have COL
among its #$genls.
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arg 6 isa
(#$arg6Isa REL COL) means that anything given as
the sixth argument to the relationship REL must be an
element of the collection COL.
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args genl
When a relation REL is an element of
#$VariableArityRelation, i.e., it takes a variable number of
arguments, then (#$argsGenl REL COL) means that all of those
arguments must be subsets of COL.
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args isa
The predicate #$argsIsa is used with elements of
#$Relation that take an indefinite number of arguments, in
order to specify that the values of all the arguments used
with that relation must be of a certain type. E.g., to
specify that all the arguments to Cyc's addition
function, #$PlusFn, must be measurable quantities (i.e.,
elements of #$ScalarInterval), we assert: (#$argsIsa
#$PlusFn #$ScalarInterval). Additional examples: `paths
branch only into other paths', i.e., (#$argsIsa
#$branchesInto #$Path-Generic); `dinars are measured only in
numbers', i.e., (#$argsIsa #$Dinar-Jordan #$SubLRealNumber).
bd58803d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
arity
(#$arity REL NUMBER) means that the #$Relation REL
takes the number of arguments given by NUMBER. For example,
the #$arity of all instances of #$BinaryPredicate is 2. In
particular, (#$arity #$arity 2) since #$arity takes 2 arguments.
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arity max
(#$arityMax REL NUMBER) means that the
#$VariableArityRelation REL takes at most the number of
arguments given by NUMBER. For example, the #$arityMax of
all instances of #$UnitOfMeasure is 2. See also #$arityMin
and #$arity.
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arity min
(#$arityMin REL NUMBER) means that the
#$VariableArityRelation REL takes at least the number of
arguments given by NUMBER. For example, the #$arityMin of
all instances of #$UnitOfMeasure is 1. See also #$arityMax
and #$arity.
c128c4f1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
honoree
(#$artifactHonors ARTIFACT HONOREE) means that
ARTIFACT is created or constructed to honor or commemmorate
HONOREE, and to cause people who perceive ARTIFACT to
remember and respect HONOREE. HONOREE is usually a
#$Person, but sometimes it can be a group of people, a pet,
an event, or another physical object (even a body part, in
the case of the statue at Saratoga honoring Gen. Benedict
Arnold's untainted leg). Usually, but not always, the
ARTIFACT is created by someone other than HONOREE (but some
people build monuments to themselves). If HONOREE is a
living #$Person when ARTIFACT is created, HONOREE is
probably present at an #$Event of announcing, inaugurating
or unveiling the ARTIFACT; see #$eventHonors. Usually, if
HONOREE is dead, the ARTIFACT will be an instance of
#$Monument; see the more specific predicate #$monumentHonors
for this case.
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asserted term sentences
(#$assertedTermSentences TERM FORMULA) determines
whether a Cyc #$CycLAssertion of the form FORMULA exists
such that TERM is referred to as a term within that formula.
See also #$assertedSentence and #$assertedPredicateArg for
related predicates about assertions, and #$termFormulas for
a more general predicate that does not require that an
assertion for FORMULA exists.
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assertion time of microtheory
(#$assertionTimeOfMicrotheory MICROTHEORY
TIME-INTERVAL) means that the assertions in the
#$Microtheory MICROTHEORY were set forth during the
#$TimeInterval TIME-INTERVAL. For example, the assertion
time of the #$CIAWorldFactbook1997Mt, which contains
information in the CIA 1997 World Factbook, is the year
1997. Note that the assertion time is not the time interval
referenced in assertions within MICROTHEORY; for example,
the #$CIAWorldFactbook1997Mt contains assertions about the
1996 gross domestic product of various countries. Nor is
the assertion time the date on which assertions in
MICROTHEORY were entered in the Knowledge Base; again, the
#$CIAWorldFactbook1997Mt is a good example, since it was
created in 1998. Generally, when the source of the
assertions in a microtheory is a publication, the assertion
time will be (or subsume) the publication date.
(Specifically, date of first publication, in the case of
unrevised subsequent editions. However, if the material in
the source is made publicly available prior to the formal
publication date, the assertion time will be the earlier
date. Also, it seems best to treat as an exception a case
such as the publication of a diary written years before.)
Note that it will only make sense to assign an assertion
time to a microtheory when the contents of the microtheory
represent propositions that were the object of assertion,
interrogation, etc. by some source or agent; not all
microtheories fall into this category. See also #$mtTime
and #$MtTimeFn.--Schwartz, Jul 23, 1998
be110b0d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
assistants
(#$assistingAgent ACT AGENT) means that AGENT is
one of the agents assisting in the performance of ACT; AGENT
itself may or may not also be performing ACT. AGENT is
doing some tasks related to ACT but which are not directly
#$subEvents of performing the main or focus action. Thus,
`assisting' here means doing such supporting activities
as fetching supplies or tools needed in ACT; helping to
manipulate objects involved in ACT; gathering an audience,
or booking the performer, if ACT is a public performance,
and so forth.
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atomic number
The predicate #$atomicNumber indicates the atomic
number of a type of element. (#$atomicNumber E N) means
that E, a collection belonging to
#$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons, has the positive
integer N for its atomic number. This means that any
instance of (#$AtomFn E) must have N #$Protons in its
#$AtomicNucleus. For example, (#$atomicNumber #$Carbon 6),
and every instance of (#$AtomFn #$Carbon) has six protons in
its nucleus.
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background - r s t
The discourse relation that holds between two
segments of text when ARG2 specifies something which makes
it easier to understand the content of or motivation for ARG1.
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barometric pressure
(#$barometricPressure GAS PRESS) means that the
instance of #$GaseousTangibleThing GAS has the #$Pressure
PRESS. Typically, GAS is a piece of atmosphere;
#$barometricPressure indicates the atmospheric pressure in
and around that `object'.
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base of unit
(#$baseOfUnit PUN BUN) means that PUN is an
instance of #$UnitOfMeasureWithPrefix that is formed by
affixing an instance of #$MetricUnitPrefix to BUN.
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base set
(#$baseSet STRUCTURE SET) means that SET is the
base set of #$RelationalStructure STRUCTURE. That is, SET
is the domain from which the individual elements of the
structure are drawn. Although there may be several
relations involved in the relational structure, they all
relate members of the base set. As each relational
structure has a unique base set, this predicate is functional.
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price
The predicate #$basicPrice indicates the price of
a particular item. (#$basicPrice THING MONEY) means that
the object or service, THING, has the basic price MONEY.
(MONEY can be an interval representing a range of prices.)
This predicate can be used to indicate the price of a
particular chunk of stuff too. Note that #$basicPrice
refers to the `ticket price' of an item when it is
actually bought or offered for sale; #$basicPrice does NOT
refer to appraised value (where that differs from an actual
selling price). Since prices are time-sensitive, assertions
about #$basicPrice should be suitably qualified. For
example, the price of a fast-food #$HamburgerSandwich in
1996 is a magnitude greater than what it was in 1965. For
the total charge for purchase of an object, including tax,
shipping, handling, etc., use #$totalCharge (q.v.).
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behind - directly
(#$behind-Directly AFT FORE) means that AFT is
directly behind tangible object FORE. More precisely, it
implies both (#$behind-Generally AFT FORE) and that there is
at least one line parallel to the backward pointing axis of
FORE that intersects both AFT and FORE. Note that FORE must
have a back side. AFT may be intangible, such as an image
projected behind an actor on a stage.
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posterior
(#$behind-Generally AFT FORE) means that AFT is
behind FORE. More precisely, a line originating at the
center of FORE projecting away from the front side of FORE
and parallel to the intrinsic front-to-back axis of FORE
forms an angle of less than 45 degrees with a line
intersecting both AFT and FORE. AFT may be intangible.
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belief statements
(#$beliefStatements BSYS PROP) indicates that a
belief of the belief system BSYS is stated in the
proposition PROP (represented by a #$ELSentence-Assertible).
In other words, each #$BeliefSystems comprises a set of
tenets, statements linked to it via this predicate. Note:
This is NOT the predicate that ties a particular #$Agent to
his/her/its beliefs; for that, see #$beliefs and #$hasBeliefSystems.
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believe
(#$beliefs AGT PROP) means that the #$Agent AGT
subscribes to the truth of the proposition PROP (represented
by a #$ELSentence-Assertible). PROP states something that
AGT believes to be true, but of course PROP may or may not
actually be true. Another way to think of this is that PROP
is true in the context whose epistemological status is `what
AGT believes'. Naturally, PROP may itself be a
proposition about beliefs; one would use nested #$beliefs in
this fashion to express a rule such as `most Canadians
believe that most Americans believe Canada is a US State.'
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beneficiaries
(#$beneficiary ACT AGT) means that the #$Agent AGT
benefits from the performance of the action ACT. Some
desire or interest of AGT is served, enabled, helped, or
satisfied by the performance of ACT.
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bias
(#$biases AGT PROP) means that the #$Agent AGT has
the unsubstantiated belief PROP (represented by a
#$ELSentence-Assertible). Biases generally are so deeply
rooted in the agent that the agent may not be consciously
aware that PROP is rationally undersupported, and it may be
concomittantly harder to change their mind about PROP.
Note: PROP might or might not turn out to be true (in
various contexts); often, PROP is some overgeneralization
which is sometimes true but often false, or which once was
true but now is usually false, etc.
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biological father
(#$biologicalFather OFFSPRING MALE) means that
#$MaleAnimal MALE is the male biological parent of #$Animal OFFSPRING.
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biological mother
(#$biologicalMother OFFSPRING FEMALE) means that
#$FemaleAnimal FEMALE is the female biological parent of the
#$Animal OFFSPRING.
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parent
(#$biologicalParents OFFSPRING PARENT) means that
PARENT is the biological parent of OFFSPRING.
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biological relatives
(#$biologicalRelatives ORG1 ORG2) means that ORG1
and ORG2 are biological relatives, related by birth.
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birth child
(#$birthChild BIRTH ANIM) means that ANIM is the
#$Animal that is born in the #$BirthEvent BIRTH.
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birthdate
(#$birthDate X Y) indicates that the #$Entity X
came into existence during #$Date Y. For people, this is
the date at which they were born, hence the name of this
predicate. The first argument to this predicate must be an
#$Entity, and not just any old #$SomethingExisting, because
we don't want to talk about the #$birthDate or
#$dateOfDeath of a subabstraction like
AlbertEinsteinWhileAtPrinceton; in other words, proper
subabstractions will have #$startingDates and #$endingDates,
but only true #$Entitys will have a #$birthDate or
#$dateOfDeath. To specify the #$DayOfYearType on which a
#$Person was born, use #$birthDay.
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birth parent
(#$birthParent BIRTH PAR) means that PAR is the
parent who is #$bodilyDoer in the #$BirthEvent BIRTH -
typically this is also the #$femaleParentActor of the
preceding #$BiologicalReproductionEvent.
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board members
The predicate #$boardMembers relates a particular
organization to the persons who serve on its board of
directors. (#$boardMembers ORG PERSON) means PERSON belongs
to that instance of #$BoardOfDirectors which is responsible
for oversight of the #$Organization ORG. A member of the
Board of Directors of an organization may or may not be an
executive of the organization.
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bodily acted on
The predicate #$bodilyActedOn is used to describe
an event in which a living organism is acted on by some
external agency. (#$bodilyActedOn EVENT ORG) means that ORG
is a living organism (i.e., an #$Organism-Whole) that is
being affected in EVENT. ORG itself may be intentionally
participating in EVENT (e.g., a person voluntarily getting a
haircut) or not (e.g., an animal hit by a car). Either way,
the organism ORG is not an active primary `doer' of
EVENT. This predicate is appropriately used to identify
actors who undergo (instances of) #$DrugTherapy or
#$IncurringAnInjury. Note an important contrast with
#$bodilyDoer (q.v.): #$bodilyActedOn is for events that
merely happen to the body, as opposed to actions the body
does. Because the body of an organism is an active
`doer' in its instances of #$PhysiologicalCondition,
including any #$InjuryCondition (which is the physical
process of a body sustaining an injury and responding by
healing or deteriorating), an organism is related to events
of those kinds with #$bodilyDoer rather than
#$bodilyActedOn. By contrast, organisms involved in
instances of #$DrugTherapy (which refers to the effect of a
drug on the patient) or #$IncurringAnInjury (which refers to
the event in which an organism gets injured, rather than the
process of its being in an injured and hopefully healing
state) should be related to events of those types with #$bodilyActedOn.
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bodily doers
The predicate #$bodilyDoer relates an event to an
organism which does it non-deliberately, which in Cyc means
without conscious intention or volition. (#$bodilyDoer
EVENT DOER) means that DOER does EVENT (i.e., DOER is not
merely subjected to EVENT by external forces), but DOER does
EVENT non-deliberately. Note that for certain kinds of
actions, considered as a class, organisms are necessarily
merely #$bodilyDoers; for example, physical growth,
peristalsis, and reflex actions. For other actions, such as
breathing, flinching, or shouting, an organism commonly (but
not necessarily) acts as #$bodilyDoer; some cases of such
events may be deliberately #$performedBy the doer. Note: an
organism which dies of natural causes (#$Dying) is the
#$bodilyDoer of that event, because of the internal
processes the body performs during #$Dying. Also, in
certain #$PhysiologicalConditions, including an
#$AilmentCondition (such as #$DiabetesMellitus) or a healing
process, organisms are considered to be #$bodilyDoers
because their own bodily processes are creating or
sustaining those conditions. An organism killed by an
external agent, however, is just the #$bodilyActedOn (q.v.)
in that event; therefore, instances of #$Killing-Biological
should use #$bodilyActedOn to refer to the organism
killed.--Nichols, Nov. 21, 1996
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boiling point
(#$boilingPoint STUFF TEMP) means that TEMP is the
temperature at which the substance STUFF changes from having
the attribute #$LiquidStateOfMatter to
#$GaseousStateOfMatter (when sufficient energy is input to
raise STUFF's temperature through that point). Note
that the boiling point of most substances is
context-dependent; on a mountaintop in Tibet the boiling
point of water is much lower than it is in New York City.
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border sub regions
(#$borderSubRegions REGION BORDERREGION) means
that BORDERREGION is a subregion of REGION which borders on
some region outside of REGION.
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border
(#$bordersOn REGION1 REGION2) means that the
#$GeographicalRegions REGION1 and REGION2 are physically
adjacent to each other, i.e. they share a border.
Examples: (#$bordersOn #$CentralUSATimeZone
#$MountainUSATimeZone), (#$bordersOn #$Nepal #$Tibet).
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boss
(#$boss PERSON1 PERSON2) means PERSON1 has PERSON2
for his or her immediate boss or supervisor. Note: There
can be more than one boss of a person, even cotemporally.
Note: (#$genlPreds #$boss #$acquaintedWith) means that if
(#$boss x y), then (#$acquaintedWith x y), which in turn
means (#$acquaintances x y #$SimpleContactAcquaintance).
I.e., a person and their direct boss are at least simple
contact acquaintances.
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partner
The predicate #$businessPartners indicates that
two agents have jointly undertaken some business project;
they are combining resources in some way to further their
interests. (#$businessPartners AGENT1 AGENT2) means AGENT1
is in partnership with AGENT2 to engage in business
activities. The partners are instances of #$Agent and may
belong to either #$Person or #$Organization. The
partnership may be formally recognized (e.g., a
#$Partnership or some other form of business) or informal.
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buyer
The predicate #$buyer relates an agent to a
business activity. (#$buyer EVENT AGENT) means that the
#$Agent AGENT purchases the goods for sale in the
#$CommercialActivity EVENT. The #$buyer may purchase the
goods or services directly or through an agent. See also
and compare: #$buyingPerformer, #$buyingAgent.
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buyer
(#$buyingAgent SALE AGENT) means that in the
#$CommercialActivity SALE, the #$LegalAgent AGENT acts on
behalf of a would-be buyer to bring about a purchase. A
#$buyingAgent performs the buying but is not the #$buyer.
See also and compare: #$buyingPerformer, #$buyer.
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buying performer
(#$buyingPerformer COM AGENT) means that AGENT is
the agent actually attempting to obtain goods or services in
a purchase, by performing an active role in the
#$CommercialActivity COM. Generally, the agent who is the
#$buyingPerformer is identical with the #$buyer, but in some
cases the #$buyingPerformer is instead a #$buyingAgent
representing the #$buyer.
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by-product
(#$byProducts EV OBJ) means that OBJ is one of the
outputs of EV, but not one of its intended outputs. For
intended outputs, see #$products. For a particular EV and
OBJ, it will not be true that both (#$products EV OBJ) and
(#$byProducts EV OBJ).
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can contain shapes
The predicate #$canContainShapes is used to give
an approximation of the internal size and shape of
particular tangible objects, by relating an object to an
abstract region of space described as a geometric shape with
definite dimensions. (#$canContainShapes OBJ SHAPE) gives
an upper bound for the size of things that can be contained
in the object OBJ, by specifying the dimensions of an
abstract shape which OBJ can contain. #$canContainShapes
uses the elements of #$ShapeFunction (q.v.) for reference,
especially the basic shapes generated by
#$RectangularSolidFn, #$CylinderFn, and #$SphereFn. For
example, the trunk of my Honda Civic #$canContainShapes of
(#$RectangularSolidFn (#$Meter 1) (#$Meter 0.5) (#$Meter
0.75)). Cf. #$fitsIn.
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capital city
The predicate #$capitalCity is used to indicate
the capital of a country (only). (#$capitalCity CNTRY CITY)
means that CITY is the capital city of the #$Country CNTRY.
Examples: the #$capitalCity of the #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica
is the #$CityOfWashingtonDC; the #$capitalCity of #$Armenia
is Yerevan. Note: for regional capitals, use #$capitalCityOfThisState.
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cardinality
(#$cardinality SETORCOL N) means that the
#$SetOrCollection SETORCOL has N members. For instance,
#$TheEmptySet has a #$cardinality 0. Note that cardinality
is most clear for finite sets, and only in special branches
of mathematics does one speak of cardinality of infinite
sets. See also, #$entityCardinality,
#$Note-cardinality-vs-entityCardinality, #$groupCardinality.
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carry
The predicate (#$carriesInfectionType OBJECT
INFECT_TYPE) relates a particular organism or other object
to a type of infection that it carries.
(#$carriesInfectionType OBJ INFTYP) means that the
individual OBJ is a carrier of the #$InfectionType INFTYP.
For example, (#$carriesInfectionType TyphoidMary
#$TyphoidFever) or (#$carriesInfectionType Needle0567 #$AIDS).
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catalyst
The predicate #$catalyst identifies the particular
thing that acts as a catalyst in a particular chemical
reaction. (#$catalyst R X) means that the
#$ChemicalReaction R has the particular quantity of
substance X as a catalyst. For example, every instance of
#$Photosynthesis-Generic has some portion of #$Chlorophyll
as a catalyst; an amount of #$Water may be a #$catalyst in
some #$OxidationProcess of a #$Metal.
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caused by
#$causedBy is the predicate used for token-token
event causation, i.e., causation between individual events.
(#$causedBy EVENT1 EVENT2) means that EVENT1 is causedBy
EVENT2. See #$causes-ThingProp to state that a
#$TemporalThing causes a proposition. See #$causes-PropProp
to express a causal link between one proposition and another.
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causes - prop prop
(#$causes-PropProp p1 p2) means that p1 causes p2.
That is, the state of affairs described by proposition p1
causally leads to the state of affairs described by p2.
This is stronger than material implication; i.e., it must
also be the case that (#$implies p1 p2). Note that
#$causes-PropProp means more than #$implies, of course:
there is a temporal ordering involved, there is a presumed
mechanism of causation, etc. Unlike #$implies,
#$causes-PropProp is not reflexive; one would not say that
p1 causes p1, even though p1 implies p1. Another difference
between #$implies and #$causes-PropProp is that
#$causes-PropProp is a predicate, not a logical connective.
Just because (#$causes-PropProp p1 p2) is true that does NOT
entail that (#$causes-PropProp (#$not p2) (#$not p1)) is
true. Note that (#$causes-PropProp p1 p2) is generally a
more accurate way of talking about causation than saying
that some event e1 causes event e2 (which one can do in Cyc,
using the predicate #$causes-EventEvent) since often there
are a few key aspects of e1 that cause a few key aspects of
e2, and the remaining details of e1 and e2 were, to first
order, irrelevant. Note that, similarly, (#$causes-PropProp
p1 p2) is generally a more accurate way of talking about
causation than saying that some situation (see #$Situation)
SIT caused something to be true (which one can do in Cyc,
using the predicate #$causes-SitProp) since often there is
some specific aspect of the situation that is the cause of
the proposition's becoming satisfied. Because this
predicate is asymmetric and since effect (p2) can not
temporally precede cause (p1), #$causes-PropProp may not be
used to express mutual causation, e.g. feedback loops for
which it may be said that two events (probably more
process-like) cause each other. We consider mutual
causation to be a different form of causation and should be
expressed using some as of yet (Dec 96) unreified
relationship. See #$NoteAboutCausalityPredicates for a map
of related predicates.--#$BillJ, Feb 17, 1998
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induce
(#$causes-ThingProp THING PROP) means that THING
causes the proposition PROP to become true. THING may be an
#$Agent, a #$Situation, or a #$ELSentence-Assertible. This
is a very general predicate. It is almost always better to
use a more specialized predicate such as #$causes-PropProp,
#$causes-EventEvent, or #$causes-SitProp, particularly in
rules. Nonetheless, #$causes-ThingProp can be useful if one
wishes to collect all the possible causes of some
proposition be they #$Situations, #$Agents, other
propositions (see #$ELSentence-Assertible). See
#$NoteAboutCausalityPredicates for a map of related predicates.
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cavity connected along path side
(cavityConnectedAlongPathSide PATH CAVITY) means
that there is a portal somewhere along the wall of the
#$Path-Generic (which must also be #$PartiallyTangible) PATH
which leads to the #$CavityOrContainer CAVITY. It does not
apply if an end of PATH is the portal, nor to a branching of
the path, nor a small hole in an otherwise dead end of the
path. The portal is substantially smaller in width than the
path, and instead of a smaller path connected there, the
portal opens into a neighboring #$CavityOrContainer.
Example: an #$Alveolus attached to a #$RespiratoryBronchiole
in the #$Lung is so connected. Or, a room opening along the
side of a hallway.
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cavity has wall
(cavityHasWall CAV WALL) means that the the
#$Cavity CAV has WALL as one of its walls (or part of one of
its walls), or partly-enclosing inner surfaces.
#$cavityHasWall is often used for describing the
relationship between some space or part of a
#$ConstructionArtifact and the substructures that bound or
enclose it (e.g., the relationship between a room and its
walls, floor(s), and ceiling(s)).
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cavity interior region of
(#$cavityInteriorRegionOf INT OBJ) means that INT
is all of the interior space (see #$CavityInteriorRegion)
within the #$Cavity or cavities (possibly discontinuous
chambers, passages, pockets, bubbles, etc.) that occur
inside of OBJ. Instances of #$CavityInteriorRegion, unlike
instances of #$CavityWithWalls, do not include the walls of
the chamber or passage, just the interior space itself
without any of the enclosing walls, panels or membranes.
See also #$CavityInteriorRegionFn.
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chief ports
This is a list of the chief ports for a given
geographical region.
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offspring
(#$children PARENT CHILD) means that CHILD is a
child of PARENT in the sense that PARENT cares for CHILD as
a parent would, whether or not they are biologically related.
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circumference
The distance around a circular object
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citizen
The predicate #$citizens indicates that a
particular person is a citizen of a particular
country/state/... . (#$citizens GEOPOL PERSON) means that
GEOPOL is a #$GeopoliticalEntity in which the #$Person
PERSON has full rights of citizenship (whatever those rights
might consist of in GEOPOL).
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city in state
(#$cityInState CITY STATE) means that the
#$UrbanArea CITY is physically located in the geopolitical
sub-region STATE. Note that STATE may be an element of
#$State-Geopolitical (q.v.), or it may be some other kind of
#$CountrySubsidiary, such as #$Territory. Examples: the
#$CityOfDurhamNC in a #$cityInState of
#$NorthCarolina-State; Xiamen (Amoy) is a #$cityInState of Fujian.
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city of address
(#$cityOfAddress LOC CITY) means that the
#$ContactLocation LOC is found in the #$City CITY. For
example, as #$CycorpHeadquarters is a #$ContactLocation
for #$Cycorp, then (#$cityOfAddress #$CycorpHeadquarters
#$CityOfAustinTX) means that the Cycorp Headquarters
building is located in Austin, Texas. Note that the
arg-constraint on the first argument should be an instance
of #$ContactLocation which serves as a #$pointsOfContact
for an agent and not the agent itself.
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client
This predicate relates two agents. (#$clients
AGENT1 AGENT2) means that AGENT1 provides goods and/or
services to AGENT2. AGENT2 may or may not pay AGENT1 for
the goods/services received. The predicate #$clients can
indicate either a one-time or a more long-term relationship.
See also #$suppliers and #$customers.
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cloudiness of region
(#$cloudinessOfRegion LOC DEGREE) means that the
#$OutdoorLocation LOC has this DEGREE of cloud cover.
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co extensional
(#$coExtensional COLL1 COLL2) means that the
collections COLL1 and COLL2 have all their instances in
common: every element of one collection is an element of
the other. Since #$Collections (q.v.) are intensionally
defined, however, unlike mathematical sets, two collections
can be coextensional without thereby being identical (see #$equals).
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cohabitants
(#$cohabitants X Y) means that X and Y live
together in the same dwelling structure, nest, etc. Note:
in some contexts (in the real Cyc knowledge base) the
arguments to this predicate are restricted to being
#$Persons. Note: in many parts of the world, esp. in past
centuries, people cohabit (have cohabited) with domesticated
animals that are/were not pets.
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cohabiting family members
(#$cohabitingFamilyMembers X Y) means that X and Y
are family members (relatives, spouses, in-laws) living with
one another. If the members of a family no longer live
together, they are still members of a #$Family-SocialEntity,
but they are no longer members of the same
#$FamilyCohabitationUnit. Note: In the #$HumanSocialLifeMt
context, X and Y must be #$Persons. In the
#$NaiveBiologicalDescentMt context, they can be any
#$Animals at all.
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cohesiveness of object
(#$cohesivenessOfObject OBJ DEGREE) indicates how
tightly a tangible object OBJ coheres. A higher value of
DEGREE means that it is harder to separate away chunks from
the object.
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comment
#$comment is a predicate belonging to the Cyc
collection #$DocumentationConstant. #$comment is used to
relate Cyc constants to (usually) brief English explanations
of their meaning and use, as an aid to humans browsing
through the Cyc Knowledge Base. (#$comment CONST STRING)
means that STRING is an instance of #$SubLString that
contains an explanation of the Cyc constant CONST. Example:
what you are reading now.
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commits for future uses
(#$commitsForFutureUses EVENT OBJECT) means that
as a result of EVENT, OBJECT is subsequently put into a
configuration and/or a form where it is serving some ongoing
#$Role. Things which are re-usable in their typical uses: a
videocassette, a battery, a brick, an artist's canvas,
a canvas tent. Non-reusable things: paint, glue, mortar.
See also #$inputsCommitted, #$recyclableActors. Consider a
brick in a wall in a building. It is `committed for future
use' in the role of part-of-a-wall in the event of that
building existing. While the building is standing, it
can't be part-of-a-wall in another building, though it
could serve other roles such as an artistic accent, or to
anchor a coat-hook. After the building is torn down, that
brick might still be intact, and could be used as
part-of-a-wall in a future building. Notice that the brick
isn't necessarily transformed by being part of a wall.
However, so long as OBJECT serves the use to which it is
`assigned' by EVENT, OBJECT is unavailable to be
assigned the same #$Role by another event of the same type,
at least an event that would temporally intersect with this
committed use of OBJECT. That is what is meant by it being
`committed' for a particular future use. An object may
be re-used in a similar event, ONLY IF the #$Role to which
it was assigned in EVENT either comes to its natural end or
is given up (or thwarted), or in cases where EVENT is
composed of discontinous pieces of time --- to illustrate
that latter case, consider a tent that's used to
shelter a certain group of workers on weekdays, but is used
to shelter a different group in a different location on weekends.
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communication target
The predicate #$communicationTarget is used to
indicate the intended recipient in a communication.
(#$communicationTarget COMM OBJ) means that the agent who
originates the #$CommunicationAct-Single COM intends the
#$recipientOfInfo to be OBJ. Normally, OBJ is an instance
of #$Agent.
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communication token
The predicate #$communicationToken is used to
indicate the particular IBT (i.e., element of
#$InformationBearingThing) that is instrumental in a
particular communication. (#$communicationToken COM IBT)
means that IBT is an #$InformationBearingThing that carries
the information transferred in the #$Communicating COM. A
communication event transfers the information content of IBT
from one agent to some other(s). IBT may be a tangible
object (e.g., a newspaper), a sound (e.g., a voice), an
image (e.g., from a television broadcast), or even a touch
(e.g., a staying hand).
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competitors
(#$competingAgents COMPETITION AGENT) means that
the AGENT is a competitor in the contest or competition
COMPETITION, and thus has a chance of being a winner of the
competition. This excludes many participants of such
events, such as referees, judges, and spectators. If the
COMPETITION is a team competition, the individual team
members are also excluded.
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compressibility of object
(#$compressibilityOfObject OBJ DEGREE) indicates
how readily the tangible object OBJ can be compressed to a
smaller volume. The higher the DEGREE of compressibility,
the more easily the object can be compressed to a smaller
volume. A related concept is #$elasticityOfObject.
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conceptually related
The purpose of this predicate is to record the
existence of a conceptual link between two Cyc constants
that would otherwise require a very complex explicit
assertion to be related to one another. Good examples of
such couples are #$PublicTransportationDevice and
#$PublicTransportationScheduleDocument or #$Dog and
#$DogFood. The knowledge representation philosophy here is
similar to that behind many #$RuleMacroPredicates. Having
complex relationships represented -- possibly redundantly --
in a more compact fashion makes for faster retrieval.
Because Cyc constants can be conceptually related in many
different ways, no explicit definition for this predicate is provided.
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concessive - r s t
The discourse relation that holds between two
segments of text when the speaker presents ARG1, and then
ARG2 is a seemingly inconguous statement, but where the
speaker wants ARG1 and ARG2 to be accepted as compatible.
Example: 'You're a good typist, but we've
offered the job to someone else.'.
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connection
(#$connectedTo OBJ1 OBJ2) means that OBJ1 and OBJ2
are (directly or indirectly) physically attached in a way
that allows at most only limited types of relative motion
between them. A hinged connection, for example, allows
limited rotational motion between OBJ1 and OBJ2. OBJ1 and
OBJ2 must be in a #$SolidStateOfMatter. In many cases,
being #$connectedTo implicitly involves another object(s);
e.g. a door is #$connectedTo a door frame by a hinge, which
is itself #$connectedTo-Directly (q.v.) both the door and
the frame.
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connected to - rigidly
(#$connectedTo-Rigidly OBJ1 OBJ2) means that OBJ1
and OBJ2 are joined so that no relative motion between them
can occur at the point of connection unless the connection
is severed by breakage of some part of the connected objects
or by disassembly of the connection. Further, no relative
motion between the contact surfaces of OBJ1 nor OBJ2 may
occur. Thus, if a nail is rigidly connected to a board, the
only way for that relationship to no longer hold is if the
nail is pulled out of the hole (e.g. by a hammer or crowbar)
or if the nail or board is broken in a critical location.
Note that (#$connectedTo-Rigidly OBJ1 OBJ2) does admit cases
in which OBJ1 or OBJ2 undergo plastic deformation. For
example, consider the case of a disc rigidly connected via
glue (see #$gluedTo) to a rubber sheet. The rubber sheet
and disc may undergo significant relative motion. Both of
the connected objects are solid.
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connected to - semi rigidly
(#$connectedTo-SemiRigidly OBJ1 OBJ2) means that
there is a physical connection between OBJ1 and OBJ2 such
that due to the flexibility of a connector, OBJ1, or OBJ2,
limited movement around the point of connection is possible.
Positive exemplars include a book flap hinged to the spine
of a book (see #$flapHingedTo), the #$GallBladder's
attachment to the #$Liver. Negative exemplars include a
wheel and axle or a door hinged to a door frame because the
degrees of freedom of the object arise out of
geometrical/mechanical properties of the objects and their
connectors, not out of the flexibity of said objects. Note
that all flexible connections have a limit to their relative
motion. An extreme example of such a limit is in the
connection between a propeller and the fuselage of a rubber
band powered airplane.
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constant i d
(#$constantID CONSTANT ID) states that the integer
ID is the unique internal id for the #$CycLConstant CONSTANT.
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constant name
(#$constantName CONSTANT STRING) states that
STRING is the name for the #$CycLConstant CONSTANT. Since
constants can be renamed, this predicate is computed from
the current state of the KB.
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constituent
The predicate #$constituents is used to indicate a
particular #$PartiallyTangible which makes up another
(possibly non-distinct) #$PartiallyTangible thing.
(#$constituents WHL PART) means that the individual object
WHL is partially constituted by PART, and PART is more or
less uniformly distributed in WHL. For example, the two
teaspoons of chocolate syrup that I put in my milk become
#$constituents of my glass of chocolate milk. Note that
#$constituents does not entail any special kind of
association or bond among the constituents of a thing; they
might be simply mixed, they might be chemically bonded, and
they might be part of some complex structure.
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constraining object
(#$constrainingObject MOTION OBJ) means that OBJ
physically constrains the motion of some #$objectMoving in
the #$MovementEvent MOTION. The #$constrainingObject
necessarily #$touches the #$objectMoving during at least
part of MOTION. Examples of #$constrainingObjects include:
an axle constraining a wheel turning, a car or other
#$transporter carrying passengers, and a railroad track
guiding a train. As these examples show, a
#$constrainingObject may or may not be moving. A road
driven on by a car is a marginally negative example of a
#$constrainingObject, because the car can drive off the
road, though the road does facilitate its motion.
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constrains arg
(#$constrainsArg METAPRED N) means that METAPRED
can be used to put a constraint on a given relation's
Nth argument-place. For example, we have (#$constrainsArg
#$arg2Isa 2). There is one exception: By convention, we
take (#$constrainsArg METAPRED 0) to mean that METAPRED can
be used to constrain _any_ of a relation's argument
places. Examples of such metapredicates are #$argsIsa and #$argsGenl.
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consumes portion
(#$consumesPortion EV OBJ) means that a portion of
the object OBJ is used up (consumed) in the event EV.
However, enough of OBJ remains at the end of EV for it to
maintain its identity. Thus #$consumesPortion would be
appropriate for an apple that has a bite taken out of it in
an eating event, but not for an apple that has been eaten to
its core, since the latter is no longer an apple.
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contains cavity
(containsCavity OBJ CAV) means that the object OBJ
contains the #$Cavity CAV somewhere in it or on its surface.
The cavity of a container could be, e.g., the interior of a
box with its walls.
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contains information
(#$containsInformation IBT INFO) means that INFO
is part of the information content of the
#$InformationBearingThing, IBT.
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concern
(#$containsInformationAbout Is THING) means that
the #$InformationStore IS is generally 'about'
THING -- which may be any #$Thing at all. This is a very
general notion of aboutness, which does not require that
THING be explicitly named in IS, nor that it be the main topic.
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contains information about - focally
(#$containsInformationAbout-Focally IS THING)
means that the #$InformationStore IS is generally
'about' THING -- which may be any #$Thing at all.
This is a very general notion of aboutness, which does not
require that THING be explicitly named in IS, but that it be
one of the main topics of IS. Use the more general
predicate #$containsInformationAbout to specify that IS
contains some information about THING, but that THING is not
necessarily a topic [#$topicOfIndividual] of IS.
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contains misinformation about
(#$containsMisinformationAbout IBT THING) means
that IBT contains false information about THING.
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contains portals
(#$containsPortals OBJECT PORTAL) means that the
OBJECT has PORTAL as one of its holes, passages, exits or entrances.
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contains propositional info - complete
(#$containsPropositionalInfo-Complete IBT INFO)
means that instance of #$PropositionalInformationThing INFO
contains all and only the propositional information content
of the #$InformationBearingThing, IBT.
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contiguous after
(#$contiguousAfter AFTER BEFORE) means that AFTER
starts immediately following BEFORE. The two events have no
time points in common, but there is no time point between
them --- i.e., between the ending of the first one (BEFORE)
and the starting of the second one (AFTER). E.g., one can
use this predicate to state an axiom that adolescence is
#$contiguousAfter childhood. Note: This Cyc temporal
relation is similar, but not equivalent to, what James Allen
independently dubbed the METBY relation.
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continuously connected to
(continuouslyConnectedTo OBJ1 OBJ2) means that
OBJ1 and OBJ2 are #$PartiallyTangibles which are are
directly and almost seamlessly connected (e.g. they are
formed from the same chunk of material, with no substantial
barrier or surface or gap separating them.).
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contrary feelings
(#$contraryFeelings EMOTYPE CONTTYPE) means that a
feeling of the type EMOTYPE is contrary to a feeling of the
type CONTTYPE. One feeling is contrary to another if they
are opposed in almost all their components. See also
#$contrastedFeelings. It would be very rare for someone to
feel both an EMOTYPE and CONTTYPE at the same time,
especially about the same thing/event/situation. E.g.,
(#$contraryFeelings #$Gloominess #$Cheerfulness),
(#$contraryFeelings #$Respect #$Contempt),
(#$contraryFeelings #$Shame #$Pride), and so on.
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contrasted feelings
(#$contrastedFeelings EMOTYPE CONTTYPE) means that
a feeling of the type EMOTYPE differs in enough components
from a feeling of the type CONTTYPE that it is unlikely (but
not virtually impossible, as in the case of
#$contraryFeelings) that someone would simultaneously
experience feelings of both types EMOTYPE and CONTTYPE,
especially with respect to the same object. E.g.,
(#$contrastedFeelings #$Pride #$Remorse),
(#$contrastedFeelings #$Abhorrence #$Respect),
(#$contrastedFeelings #$Entertained-Emotion #$Panic), etc.
That last assertion expresses the rule of thumb that one
does not often feel both entertained and panicy at the same
time, though those two emotions are clearly not each
other's `opposite' by any means.
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contrastive - r s t
The discourse relation that holds between two
segments of text when ARG1 and ARG2 are presented as being
similar in many ways but contrasting in ways the speaker
wants to point out.
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controls
(#$controls X Y) represents the assertion that
agent X controls the object Y, in one of the following 2
senses: X can influence (prohibit, enable or constrain) the
behavior of Y; or else X can at least influence (prohibit,
enable or constrain) the behavior of other #$Agents
in/concerning Y. For example, Fred may control his horse
directly, forcing it to do things, or not do them; and he
also could control the horse indirectly, by deciding who
else has access to and use of that horse. Control of one
agent over another agent is rarely total, of course, so this
predicate is most likely to apply to a Y which is a
non-living possession, and/or to apply in a very narrow
context. X's control over Y is usually either actual
(de facto) control or legal (de jure) control. It is
usually #$cotemporal, meaning that some time slice of X
controls the same time slice of Y.
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convex hull of
(#$convexHullOf SURFACE OBJECT) means that SURFACE
is the convex hull that encloses, precisely, all of the
minimal convex region of space that spatiallySubsumes all
parts of OBJECT. See also #$ConvexHullFn for the
corresponding function. The convex hull is a surface; for
the minimal convex region of space, see
#$minimalConvexSpaceSubsuming.
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conveyor - stationary
(#$conveyor-Stationary TRAN CONV) means that in
the transportation event TRAN, CONV is a conveyor just like
a #$transporter except it does not move together with the
#$transportees along the path of the transportation. For
example, a #$River can move a boat [#$Watercraft] from one
location to another, and a #$ConveyorBelt can move some
objects from one place to another, without itself moving
translationally, i.e., the river does not change its
location (although some pieces of #$Water in the river do)
together with the boat, nor does the #$ConveyorBelt move
with the objects on it from place to place (though some
parts of it do).
c1581b7b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
cost
(#$cost OBJECT MONEY) means that buying OBJECT
costs the amount MONEY, where this amount can be an
interval. The #$cost of something is time- and
seller-dependent. For example, the cost of a particular
mansion Grey Gables is US$800,000 in an actual sale, or when
offered for sale; #$cost does not refer to appraised value.
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cotemporal
(#$cotemporal X Y) means that X and Y have the
exact same temporal extent. This is a much stronger
relation than #$temporalBoundsIdentical (q.v.). Note:
Cyc's #$cotemporal relation is equivalent to what James
Allen independently dubbed the EQUALS relation.
bd58d6cf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
cotemporal sub events
The Cyc predicate #$cotemporalSubEvents is used to
relate an event to some sub-portion of the event which has
the same duration as the whole event but doesn't
include everything that happens. (#$cotemporalSubEvents
WHOLE PART) means that WHOLE and PART are cotemporal events
(i.e., they have the same exact duration), and PART is a
component of WHOLE. For example, a particular element of
#$RainStorm may have distinguishable #$cotemporalSubEvents
for (1) raining and (2) wind blowing. Or, an instance of
swimming #$Backstroke has separable events for (1) kicking
and (2) arm motion throughout the swimming.
#$cotemporalSubEvents allows us to identify them and state
different things about the distinct processes. See also
#$cotemporal, #$subEvents.
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country of address
(#$countryOfAddress LOC COUNTRY) means that the
#$ContactLocation LOC is located in the #$Country COUNTRY.
For example, #$Cycorp's #$countryOfAddress is the
#$UnitedStatesOfAmerica. See also #$ContactLocation.
bd58e6ca-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
covering
(#$covering SETORCOL COVER) means that the
mathematical set or collection COVER is a covering of the
mathematical set or collection SETORCOL -- that is, the
elements of COVER are themselves mathematical sets or
collections, and every element of SETORCOL is an element of
at least one of the elements of COVER. For example, the
Linnaean taxonomy of types of living things (Dog, Mammal,
Chordate, Fungus, etc.) is a covering of the set of all
animals alive today. Every animal alive today is a member
of one or more of the Linnaean categories. A covering set
or collection COVER may contain `extra' elements, which
are not members of SETORCOL. For example, the union of all
the Linnaean categories (see #$OrganismClassificationType)
is actually much larger than the set of animals alive today,
encompassing plants, extinct animal species, etc. In order
to express an assertion about covering, one need not create
a new constant from scratch to play the role of COVER if
such a constant doesn't already exist. Instead, one
can specify a covering set by enumerating its elements,
using the function #$TheCovering. (This is a special
#$ReifiableFunction whose principal reason-for-being is to
facilitate the inference heuristics associated with
assertions about covering.)
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covers - baglike
(#$covers-Baglike WRAP OBJECT) means that WRAP
covers OBJECT as a continuous sheet wrapping wholly around
object. WRAP #$touches OBJECT, so there is nothing greater
than a sheet thickness separating them. OBJECT is totally
enclosed in WRAP.
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covers - hairlike
(#$covers-Hairlike HAIR OBJECT) means that HAIR
consists of a mob of things that are embedded close together
in OBJECT and cover some portion of its surface. See also #$Mob.
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covers - paintlike
(#$covers-Paintlike COATING OBJECT) means that
COATING adheres to and covers OBJECT like a coat of paint.
COATING #$touchesDirectly onto OBJECT. COATING may be
either dry (e.g., dried paint) or liquid (e.g., lubricant
spread on a surface, like cooking oil on a baking pan). Like
paint, COATING isn't more cohesive with itself than it
is with OBJECT, so (if dry) it would tend to peel or flake
off in small pieces, rather than as a whole.
bd58cc20-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
covers - ruglike
(#$covers-Ruglike MAT OBJECT) means that MAT
covers at least part of one surface of OBJECT. MAT is
#$SheetShaped, and MAT lies with its two longer dimensions
parallel to OBJECT. See also #$coversWithConformity.
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covers - skinlike
(#$covers-Skinlike SKIN OBJECT) means that SKIN
forms all or part of OBJECT's outer surface, shell, or
skin. The predicate is agnostic as to whether SKIN is a
part of OBJECT.
bd58d0ef-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
client
This predicate relates an agent to another agent
to whom the former sells goods or services. (#$customers
SELLER CUSTOMER) means SELLER sells goods and/or services to
CUSTOMER. CUSTOMER must actually buy something from SELLER
in order to be one of SELLER's #$customers. (Thus,
#$customers has a narrower meaning than `customer' in
colloquial English, which includes potential buyers.) See
also #$clients. Cf. #$buyingAgent (in a particular sales
event).
bd58cad4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
cycle in system
(#$cycleInSystem CYCLE SYS) means that CYCLE is a
cycle in the path system SYS. A cycle in SYS is either a
loop in SYS or the concatenation of two different paths
PATH1 and PATH2 in SYS satisfying (i) there are two points X
and Y in SYS such that (#$pathBetweenInSystem PATH1 X Y SYS)
and (#$pathBetweenInSystem PATH2 X Y SYS), and (ii) no point
in SYS other than X and Y is on both PATH1 and PATH2.
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cyclist notes
(#$cyclistNotes X S) means that S is a string of
text that usually conveys a message useful to others
involved in building the Cyc KB. This might include
warnings ('don't use this!'), plans for
future expansion or changes, etc.
bd588108-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
daily high temperature
(#$dailyHighTemperature PLACE TEMP) means that the
#$Temperature TEMP is the high temperature for a day at the
#$GeographicalRegion PLACE. #$dailyHighTemperature is
typically used for a specified period of time (e.g., a
particular day or a specific season); it may be used with
generic temperature ranges as well as precise temperatures.
Examples: using #$holdsIn, we can say that Austin's
temperature for 7/20/96 is 102 degrees Fahrenheit; or we can
say that for any #$SummerSeason, Austin's [typical]
#$dailyHighTemperature is #$VeryHot.
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daily low temperature
(#$dailyLowTemperature PLACE TEMP) means that the
#$Temperature TEMP is the low temperature for a day at the
#$GeographicalRegion PLACE. #$dailyLowTemperature is
typically used for a specified period of time (e.g., a
particular day or a specific season); it may be used with
generic temperature ranges as well as precise temperatures.
bd58f2e9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
damage
(#$damages EV OBJ) means that OBJ is acted on in
EV in such a way as to end up damaged. Destruction is
considered an extreme form of damage.
bd589fb0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
date of death
(#$dateOfDeath X Y) indicates that the #$Entity X
ceased to exist during #$Date Y. For people, this is the
date at which they died, hence the name of the predicate.
The first argument to this predicate must be an #$Entity,
and not just any old #$SomethingExisting, because we
don't want to talk about the #$birthDate or
#$dateOfDeath of a subabstraction like
AlbertEinsteinWhileAtPrinceton; in other words, proper
subabstractions will have #$startingDates and #$endingDates,
but only true #$Entitys will have a #$birthDate or #$dateOfDeath
bd58dd0e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
dead end in system
(#$deadEndInSystem END SYS) means that END is a
dead-end node in the specified #$PathSystem SYS. A node X
in SYS is a dead-end node in SYS if there is exactly one
link LINK in SYS that END is on and END is not on any loop
in SYS. One easy way to illustrate a deadend X in SYS is to
picture it as a node with only one path (possibly very
'short') in the system through which one can
approach or leave X. Note that no totally isolated node in
SYS can be a deadend in SYS, neither can any point in SYS
that is on a loop in SYS. If there is no specified
#$PathSystem in which the path ends, but the ending is a
dead end of a #$Path-Customary like a road or wire, then use
#$pathTerminus instead.
c12c9294-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
dealer for
The predicate #$dealerFor relates a retailer to
the manufacturer(s) whose products are sold by that
retailer. (#$dealerFor RETAILER MANUF) means that the
#$RetailOrganization RETAILER is a dealer for products made
by the #$ManufacturingOrganization MANUF. RETAILER may be
only one of many dealers. RETAIL sells MANUF's
products to the final consumers.
bd58fe87-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
defendant
(#$defendants ARG1 ARG2) means that the agent ARG2
is the accused party in the lawsuit ARG1.
bd58d099-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
defining mt
(#$definingMt TERM MT) states that TERM only
begins to have semantic meaning in microtheory MT. In
microtheories in which MT is not accessible, TERM is
#$undefined. Additionally, (#$termDependsOn TERM MT).
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defn iff
(#$defnIff COL TEST) means that TEST is the name
of a piece of code in the Cyc system substrate, and TEST
acts as a necessary and sufficient test for inclusion in the
#$Collection COL. If TEST returns T [True] when applied to
a particular item, that item is considered an element of
COL; all elements of COL must fulfill TEST's
requirements. Cf. #$defnNecessary, #$defnSufficient.
bd5880ed-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
defn necessary
(#$defnNecessary COL TEST) means that TEST is the
name of a piece of code in the Cyc system substrate, and
TEST acts as a necessary definition for membership in the
Cyc #$Collection COL. Only if TEST returns T [True] when
applied to a particular item can that item be considered an
element of COL; all elements of COL must fulfill TEST's
requirements, although there may be additional requirements
for membership in COL as well. Cf. #$defnIff and #$defnSufficient.
bd60e145-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
defn sufficient
(#$defnSufficient COL TEST) means that TEST is the
name of a piece of code in the Cyc system substrate, and
TEST acts as a sufficient definition for inclusion in the
Cyc #$Collection COL. If TEST returns T [True] when applied
to a particular item, that item is considered an element of
COL. Note that TEST isn't necessarily a necessary test
for membership in COL; i.e., not all elements of COL must
pass the test, unless TEST is also a #$defnNecessary for
COL. Cf. #$defnNecessary, #$defnIff.
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deliberate
(#$deliberateActors ACT ACTR) means that the
#$Agent ACTR is conscious, volitional, purposeful in the
event ACT. ACTR is aware of acting in ACT and chooses to
play the role he/she/it has in that event; i.e., ACTR has
some purpose in mind. Note: If you do something
deliberately but you fail, you are still a
#$deliberateActors. For instance, you are a near-sighted
doer of #$ShowingSupportForSomeone at a fencing match, and
it turns out you were cheering for Fred when you thought you
were cheering for Joe; nevertheless, you are still one of
the #$deliberateActors in the #$ShowingSupportForSomeone
event. Note: Legal responsibility is a separate issue from
`deliberateness.' Doing something in a fit of rage
(e.g., a crime of passion) still involves purpose, volition,
and consciousness even if considered for only an instant,
and even if the laws and courts find you not
guilty.--Pittman, Aug. 26, 1996
c0fd5f1c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
density of object
(#$densityOfObject OBJ DENS) means that the
tangible thing OBJ has the #$Density DENS.
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desire
(#$desires AGT PROP) means that the #$Agent AGT
desires that the world be as the proposition PROP
(represented by a #$ELSentence-Assertible) describes it to
be. #$desires is implied by #$goals, but is weaker: PROP
might be some desirable state of affairs that the agent is
not actively working, or planning, to make/keep true; e.g.,
#$WorldPeace. See also #$goals and #$intends.
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destination - round trip
(#$destination-RoundTrip TRIP PLACE) means that
PLACE is the destination (i.e., the #$toLocation) of the
OUTBOUND leg of the round-trip event TRIP. PLACE is where
the #$objectMoving in TRIP goes and then returns from. See
also #$origin-RoundTrip, #$Translation-RoundTrip, #$outboundLegOfRoundTrip.
c10aee64-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
developer of i b t type
The predicate #$developerOfIBTType relates a
specific work to its creator(s). (#$developerOfIBTType
IBTTYPE AGENT) means that AGENT is one of the people,
corporations, publishers, etc., responsible for the
invention or bringing into being of the
#$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType IBTTYPE, which may be
a book, television show, computer program, musical score,
etc. Examples: #$Lenat is a #$developerOfIBTType for the
#$CycKB; #$OrsonWelles is a #$developerOfIBTType for #$CitizenKane-TheMovie.
bd58da57-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
device controlled by
(#$deviceControlledBy DEV CONTROL) means that
CONTROL is a #$ControlDevice that controls #$PhysicalDevice
DEV. Most of the time, the controls will be #$physicalParts
of the device. However there are some notable exceptions --
one's TV remote control, for example -- which control a
device but are not #$physicalParts of that device.
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device used
The predicate #$deviceUsed indicates that a
particular device is used in a particular event.
(#$deviceUsed EVENT OBJECT) means that the #$PhysicalDevice
OBJECT plays an instrumental role in the #$Event EVENT.
(See also #$instrument-Generic.) OBJECT is intentionally
used in EVENT, and standardly (e.g., in the
#$HumanActivitiesMt) OBJECT's role in EVENT is
consistent with the object's #$primaryFunction.
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directed cycle in system
(#$directedCycleInSystem CYCLE SYS) means that
CYCLE is a cycle in the #$Semi-DirectedPathSystem SYS that
observes the directions of paths in SYS, i.e., all parts of
CYCLE that are paths in SYS must observe the orders or
directions of the paths in SYS. For example, if PATH is a
path in SYS directed from X to Y in SYS, and if LINK is a
link in SYS directed from Y to X, and in addition if LINK is
different from PATH, then (#$JoinPathsIntoCycleFn (#$TheList
X PATH Y LINK X)) is a cycle in SYS that observes the
directions of paths in SYS. Note that in a
#$Semi-DirectedPathSystem SYS, every loop in SYS is a
directed cycle in SYS. Otherwise a directed cycle is a
'proper' cycle, i.e., it is the concatenation of
some directed paths in SYS.
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directors
(#$directingAgent ACT AGENT) means that AGENT is
one of the agents that is in control of or directing ACT,
but not necessarily directly performing it. If, in the
event ACT, an agent other than AGENT has the #$performedBy
role, then that performer's actions in ACT are directed
by AGENT. For example, (#$directingAgent
PSOBicentennialConcertOfBeethovensNinth WilliamSteinberg) is
true, because Steinberg was the conductor of that concert;
he directed the many other musicians who performed in that
event. Another case: (#$directingAgent MassacreAtMyLai
LtWilliamCalley). The type of direction implied by
#$directingAgent is the kind that can be accomplished by
AGENT communicating its desires to the actual performer(s)
of ACT. So, a person would be the #$directingAgent in a
clothes-washing event #$doneBy a washing machine ONLY in
those contexts (if any) in which we can consider the machine
an agent, acting intentionally.
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direction - pointing
(#$direction-Pointing OBJ DIR) means that the
intrinsic pointing axis of OBJ points in the direction DIR
(which is described using an instance of
#$UnitVectorInterval). Pointing axes may be ascribed to
certain objects especially in relation to their function(s);
e.g., objects which are intended to indicate direction
(e.g., a pointer stick, a compass needle); objects which
cause motion in a certain direction (e.g., a gun, a train);
objects which are accessed from a certain direction (e.g.,
cupboards, couches).
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direction of translation - avg
Predicate used to specify the 'general'
direction of travel in a #$Movement-TranslationEvent. The
direction will be stated as a range specified with a vector
interval.
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direction
(#$directionOfTranslation-Throughout MOVEMENT DIR)
means that the #$objectMoving in MOVEMENT moves in the
direction DIR *throughout* MOVEMENT. I.e. for every
#$timeSlices of MOVEMENT the direction of the
#$objectMoving is DIR. This is useful for talking about the
'instantaneous direction' of a translation event.
It is also useful for talking about the direction of motion
in a movement event in which there is no curving. Note
that the semantics of this can get confusing when
#$directionOfTranslation-Throughout is inside #$holdsIn
expressions. For example, let's say a particle P,
moves in a great arcing motion event M which lasts for one
hour. If we pick two *instances*, I1 and I2 within that
hour, the value of DIR (if it is a precise vector) must be
different. Thus, in CycL the values of D1 and D2 would be
different (#$holdsIn I1
(#$directionOfTranslation-Throughout M D1)), (#$holdsIn I2
(#$directionOfTranslation-Throughout M D2)) because the
instantaneous direction of travel would be changing
thoughout M. Furthermore, it would be impossible to
ascribe a precise vector value for DIR that would apply to
(#$holdsIn M (#$directionOfTranslation-Throughout M D3)) or
equivalently to (#$directionOfTranslation-Throughout M D3)
for the same reason, i.e. that the direction is constantly
changing throughout M.
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direction preserving sub systems
(#$directionPreservingSubSystems SYS SUBSYS) means
that (i) both SYS and SUBSYS are semi-directed path systems
(see #$Semi-DirectedPathSystem), (ii) SUBSYS is a subsystem
of SYS, and (iii) SUBSYS 'preserves' the
directions of links, i.e., for each link LINK in SUBSYS,
(#$linkFromToInSystem LINK X Y SUBSYS) iff
(#$linkFromToInSystem LINK X Y SYS).
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dirtiness of object
(#$dirtinessOfObject OBJ DEGREE) means that the
tangible object OBJ has this DEGREE of #$Dirtiness.
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disjoint with
This predicate relates any two set-or-collections
that have no elements in common. (#$disjointWith SETORCOL1
SETORCOL2) means that SETORCOL1 is disjoint with SETORCOL2:
they have no elements in common. (#$disjointWith SETORCOL
SETORCOL) entails that SETORCOL is empty, i.e has no elements.
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dislike
(#$dislikesObject AGT OBJ) means that AGT feels an
emotion of #$Dislike when interacting with OBJ in some way.
See #$likesObject for elaboration.
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dislike
(#$dislikesSensorially AGT SENSUM) means that the
#$PerceptualAgent AGT feels some physical discomfort from
the sensory experience of SENSUM (a taste, an odor, a
particular level of pain, etc. --- see #$SensoryAttribute).
Note: this is a stronger statement than (#$not
(#$likesSensorially AGT SENSUM)), as there may be many
#$SensoryAttributes which one neither particularly likes nor dislikes.
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distance above sea level
(#$distanceAboveSeaLevel REG DIST) means that the
altitude above sea level of the #$GeographicalRegion REG is
the #$Distance DIST. For elements of #$Mountain, distance
is measured from sea level to the peak; for elements of
#$Lake, from the surface to sea level; for cities, from the
center of town to sea level. Examples:
(#$distanceAboveSeaLevel #$PikesPeak-Mount
(#$Foot-UnitOfMeasure 14110)); (#$distanceAboveSeaLevel
#$MountEverest (#$Foot-UnitOfMeasure 29028));
(#$distanceAboveSeaLevel #$MountFuji-Volcano
(#$Foot-UnitOfMeasure 12389)); (#$distanceAboveSeaLevel
#$LakeHuron (#$Foot-UnitOfMeasure 580)). To describe
``distance above sea level'' for a
non-#$GeographicalRegion, see #$altitudeAboveSeaLevel.
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distance of rotation
This predicate indicates, for a particular
rotational motion event, the total absolute value of the
angular distance travelled by the #$objectMoving in that
event. (#$distanceOfRotation ROT DIST) means that in the
event ROT, the #$objectMoving travelled the angular distance
DIST. Note that this is not the same as the net angular
displacement of the #$objectMoving, but rather the entire
angular distance travelled. So if you unscrew a jar lid 1/6
of a turn, and later screw it back on, the
#$distanceOfRotation is 120 degrees, not zero; and if you
spin around ten times, your #$distanceOfRotation is 3600
degrees, not zero. Angular distance is measured in degrees,
radians, etc.
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distance translated
This predicate relates a translational movement
event to the total distance travelled by the #$objectMoving
in that event. (#$distanceTranslated MOVE DIST) means that
in the event MOVE, the #$objectMoving covered the distance
DIST. Note that DIST is the actual distance travelled by
the object, not merely its net change in position; so if the
#$motionPathway-Complete of MOVE is a round trip a mile each
way to the store, the #$distanceTranslated would be 2 miles,
not zero.
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does business with
The predicate #$doesBusinessWith relates two
agents who do business with each other. (#$doesBusinessWith
AGENT1 AGENT2) means that AGENT1 does some business with
AGENT2. Minimally, that means the two agents at least
occasionally negotiate to buy or sell products or services
from one other. The two agents may or may not complete the
sales/purchase and enter into actual contracts.
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domain assumptions
(#$domainAssumptions M P) means that the
microtheory M has the proposition P as a domain assumption.
See the comment for #$Microtheory for a detailed explanation
of what the `assumptions' of a mt are, as opposed to
its `content'. In brief, it means that all the
`content' assertions of M assume that P is true.
Another way of thinking of this is that one is `in'
context M only if all its domain assumptions are true.
Another way of thinking of this is that the various
`content' assertions of M only apply to objects that
satisfy all its #$domainAssumptions. Yes, that means that
the `domain of quantifiers' (#$forAll and
#$thereExists) is limited to the universe of such objects.
So if it's true in M that (#$forAll ?x Q), and if we
lift this axiom to another theory M2 that does not make the
domain assumption P, then the axiom becomes (#$forAll ?x
(#$implies P Q)). Note: Actually, what becomes true in
M2 is slightly more complicated, namely: (#$forAll ?x
(#$implies (#$and P1 P2 P3...) Q)), where P1, P2, P3,... are
all the domain assumptions of M which are not implied by the
domain assumptions of M2. Note: Domain assumption
propositions --- in this case P --- must have a special
format: P must contain the free variable ?U, and this ?U
represents `some term which is talked about in M'. The
idea is that one could have a domain assumption that said
`if ?U is a person, ?U must have been born after 1950',
or which said `if ?U is the performer of an event, then ?U
is a person' etc. For example: (#$implies (#$isa ?U
#$PhysicalStateChangeEvent) (#$isa ?U
#$CreationOrDestructionEvent)) is one of the
#$domainAssumptions of the #$NaiveStateChangeMt context. It
says that, in that context, physical state changes of an
object (e.g., melting or boiling) are viewed as creations
and destructions, in which elements of #$Entity come into or
go out of existence, rather than viewing them as events
which preserve entityhood. See also #$mtAdditionConstraint.
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doers
The predicate #$doneBy relates an event to its
`doer'. (#$doneBy EVENT DOER) means that DOER is the
`doer' in the event EVENT. Some action on the part of
the doer causes or carries out the event. This predicate is
agnostic as to whether DOER does EVENT intentionally or not
(DOER need not even be animate; e.g., the event in which
Mount Vesuvius erupted and buried Pompeii was #$doneBy Mount
Vesuvius). See #$performedBy and #$bodilyDoer for the more
specific senses of `doer' when DOER is, respectively,
an agent (#$Agent) acting deliberately or a biological
organism (#$Organism-Whole).
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doorway has covering
Relates a #$Doorway to the physical covering used
to seal it. The user should be aware that #$Doorway, the
designated arg1 for this predicate, is currently constrained
to be a physical part of some instance of
#$ShelterConstruction. This is because, in normal English
parlance, doorways are the portals through which people pass
to get in and out of shelter constructions, and from room to
room. Planes, trains, automobiles, and other vehicles are
not conventionally said to have #$Doorways, and if the aim
is to assert something about the #$PortalCoverings of a
vehicle, #$portalHasCovering would be the appropriate
predicate to use.
bd58cf22-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
drivers
(#$driverActor DRIVE DRIVER) means that DRIVER
controls (see #$ControllingATransporter) the #$transporter
in DRIVE. DRIVER steers the wheel, grasps the tiller,
controls the throttle, the reins, the brakes, etc., of the
#$transporter, e.g., a boat, train, windsurfer, mule, plane,
horse and carriage, spaceship, sled, etc. DRIVER is not a
#$passengers in DRIVE. Because #$transporter and
#$transportees are disjoint and #$driverActor has
#$transportees as a #$genlPreds, DRIVER is distinct from the
value on #$transporter. Thus a person walking while
carrying a watermelon would not be a #$driverActor in their
own walking. DRIVER is usually in #$SittingPosture during
DRIVE. For any given instant of DRIVE there is exactly one
DRIVER. Until we have more extensive vocabulary,
#$transportees is the most specific we can be about events
in which multiple drivers share driving responsibility
throughout the event or if there is a pilot/co-pilot combination.
bd58bf45-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
ductility of object
(#$ductilityOfObject OBJ DEGREE) means that the
instance of #$SolidTangibleThing OBJ has this DEGREE of
#$Ductility (q.v.).
bd58d2f7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
duration
This predicate relates a temporal thing to the
length of time it happened or existed. (#$duration
TEMPTHING DURATION) means that DURATION is the length of
time TEMPTHING happened (if an event) or existed (if a
physical object or static situation). If TEMPTHING is
#$temporallyContinuous, its #$duration is the same as its
#$measure (the elapsed time from start to end); but if
TEMPTHING is discontinuous, its #$duration is strictly less
than its #$measure. For example, the #$duration of
Sundays-in-April-2001 is (#$DaysDuration 5), whereas the
#$measure of that same temporal object is (#$DaysDuration 29).
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east of
(#$eastOf EASTREGION WESTREGION) means that the
#$GeographicalRegion EASTREGION is to the east of the
#$GeographicalRegion WESTREGION, when viewed in the
terrestrial frame of reference. Note that WESTREGION is
therefore west of EASTREGION; thus, no distinct predicate is
needed to represent `west of'. Example: (#$eastOf
#$EasternUSATimeZone #$CentralUSATimeZone). See also
#$northOf and #$directionBetweenObjects. To express
'(westOf x y)' all we need is to say (#$eastOf y x).
bd58e48b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
eats willingly
The predicate #$eatsWillingly is used to relate an
#$Animal to the type of food it will willingly eat. In a
normal #$EatingEvent, the food consumed is of a type that
the eater #$eatsWillingly. As negative examples, no
vegetarian or herbivore #$eatsWillingly meat.
bd589419-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
education level
(#$educationLevel PRSN LVL) means #$Person PRSN
has had formal schooling up to the highest level
#$EducationLevelAttribute LVL at one or more
#$EducationalOrganizations. This will refer to a particular
#$subAbstrac of a #$Person, not to the person as a whole
lifetime #$Entity.
bd58a758-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
el inverse
arg1 is a binary predicate, otherwise
unrestricted; arg2 is also a binary predicate such that
(a) it can be thought of as the inverse of arg1, and (b)
arg2 is an #$ELRelation; e.g., (#$elInverse #$genls #$specs).
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elaboration - r s t
The discourse relation that holds between two
segments of text when ARG2 specifies something which is an
elaboration of the information described in ARG1.
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elaboration attribute - r s t
The relation of elaboration attribute as used in
Rhetorical Structure Theory.
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elaboration general specific - r s t
The discourse relation that holds between two
segments of text when ARG2 specifies something which is an
elaboration of the information described in ARG1 in the
sense that is gives more specific information about ARG1.
c0257e5a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
elaboration process step - r s t
The discourse relation that holds between two
segments of text when ARG2 specifies something which is an
elaboration of the information described in ARG1 in the
sense that it is seen as a step in the process of doing ARG1.
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elasticity of object
(#$elasticityOfObject OBJ DEGREE) indicates how
readily the solid tangible thing OBJ returns to its original
shape after being deformed (but not broken). The higher the
DEGREE of elasticity, the more quickly and completely the
object returns to its previous shape. Billiard balls, for
example, are highly elastic in this sense. A related
concept is #$compressibilityOfObject.
bd589f65-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
element of
(#$elementOf THNG SETORCOL) means that THNG is an
element of the mathematical set or collection SETORCOL.
#$elementOf is a more general relation than the
more-heavily-used #$isa, which is used to talk about
membership in a natural kind (an element of #$Collection).
#$elementOf can also be used to talk about membership in an
arbitrarily-defined mathematical set (an instance of
#$Set-Mathematical), such as those denoted by #$TheSet expressions.
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emitters
The Cyc predicate #$emitter is used to identify
the source of an emission. (#$emitter EMIT OBJ) means that
OBJ provides the force involved in making the
#$objectEmitted move from OBJ to someplace outside of OBJ.
See also #$providerOfMotiveForce, #$fromLocation.
bd58dcf1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
employed agent
The predicate #$employedAgent identifies the
particular employee who is covered by a particular work
agreement. (#$employedAgent AGREE WORKER) means that AGREE
is an instance of #$WorkAgreement covering the employee WORKER.
bd58d7c7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
employee status
The predicate #$employeeStatus describes a
worker's job as full-time, part-time, salaried,
commissioned, paid by the hour, or etc. More than one may
apply. (#$employeeStatus WORKER STATUS) means that STATUS
indicates the #$WorkStatus of WORKER. For example, the
#$employeeStatus of an auto worker at GM probably includes
the #$WorkStatus attributes #$FullTime and #$HourlyWork.
bd58ff9f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
employee
The predicate #$employees relates a particular
employer to one of its paid employees. (#$employees
EMPLOYER WORKER) means WORKER regularly performs work for
EMPLOYER, and EMPLOYER pays WORKER for that activity (often
by paycheck). EMPLOYER directs the manner in which WORKER
performs the work and may provide the workplace, tools,
capital, and other assistance for the work. EMPLOYER is
commonly an organization but may be a person. E.g.,
(#$employees PerryMason PaulDrake); (#$employees #$Cycorp
#$Lenat). Uses of this predicate require proper temporal
qualification; e.g., (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1995) (#$employees
#$CarnegieMellonUniversity #$Derthick)).
bd58cb96-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
employing agent
The predicate #$employingAgent identifies the
employer in a particular work agreement. (#$employingAgent
AGREE EMPLOYER) means that the #$Agent EMPLOYER has entered
into the #$WorkAgreement AGREE with some employee, and AGREE
obligates EMPLOYER to compensate that employee for specified
work. See also #$Agreement, #$obligatedAgent.
bd58d706-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
empties into
(#$emptiesInto RIV WAT) means that the #$Stream
RIV flows into WAT, an element of #$BodyOfWater that is not
a #$Stream. Examples: (#$emptiesInto #$AmazonRiver
#$AtlanticOcean); (#$emptiesInto #$HuangHeRiver #$YellowSea).
bd59083c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
enablement - r s t
The discourse relation that holds between two
segments of text when ARG2 specifies something which could
enable the listener to carry out the actions described in ARG1.
bd91eb29-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
end to end connected
(#$endToEndConnected PATH1 PATH2) means that one
end of #$Path-Simple PATH1 is connected to one end of
another #$Path-Simple, PATH2, end-to-end (i.e., without
sharing any subpaths), allowing flow or transport between
them. This kind of connection is not a #$JunctionOfPaths
since there is no third distinct path joined there. In pipe
welding, these end-to-end connections are called butt welds
or circumferential pipe welds.
bf11c86e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
ending date
(#$endingDate X Y) indicates that Y is a #$Date
such that (#$temporallySubsumes Y (#$EndFn X)). This is NOT
the same as #$endingPoint. Rather, it means that X stopped
happening (went out of existence, etc.) sometime on that
date. Note: the date is tied to a time interval on a
calendar, but need not be a particular day; it might be a
particular calendar month, a particular calendar year, etc.
bd58a22c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
end
This predicate relates a temoral thing to the time
point at which it ends or ceases to exist. (#$endingPoint
THING POINT) means that THING ends at POINT, which is the
last moment of its temporal extent. See also #$startingPoint.
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ends after ending of
(#$endsAfterEndingOf LATER EARLY) means that LATER
ends after EARLY ends -- in Cyc terms, (#$after (#$EndFn
LATER) (#$EndFn EARLY)). That is, the #$endingPoint of
LATER is later than the #$endingPoint of EARLY. This
implies nothing about whether LATER and EARLY overlap, or
how much they overlap, except that they can't be fully
#$cotemporal. Examples: rinsing while showering ends after
soaping while showering; the process of hiring a contractor
ends after the process of collecting bids.
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ends after starting of
(#$endsAfterStartingOf X Y) means (#$after
(#$EndFn X) (#$StartFn Y)). That is, the #$endingPoint of X
is later than the #$startingPoint of Y. This implies
nothing about whether X and Y overlap, or how much they overlap.
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expire
(#$endsDuring X Y) means Y covers the end of X,
i.e. the #$endingPoint of X is properly contained in
(#$temporalBoundsContain) Y. Note that X and Y don't
necessarily intersect, however, if Y is continuous, they do.
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ends of path segment
(#$endsOfPathSegment PATH LOC) means that LOC is
at one end of the #$Path-Generic PATH; LOC may be either a
junction or a genuine terminal-end of the path segment
(indicated by #$pathTerminus). This refers to the two ends
of any kind of #$Path-Simple, or the the single
'end' of a #$Path-Cyclic that goes from thing back
to itself. If PATH is an instance of #$PartiallyTangible,
#$SpatialThing, or #$TemporalThing, then LOC is also;
however, neither of them need to be an instance of any of
these collections.
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equal strings - case insensitive
(#$equalStrings-CaseInsensitive ?STRING1 ?STRING2)
is true when ?STRING1 and ?STRING2 are strings of characters
which differ only in case.
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equal symbols
This binary predicate, both of whose arguments
are #$quotedArguments, can be used to make identity
assertions about symbols. Stated loosely, (#$equalSymbols
X Y) means that X and Y are one and the same symbol. Given
that the arguments are quoted , however, it is more
accurate to say: A GAF consisting of the expression
'#$equalSymbols' followed by CycL expressions A
and B (all enclosed within a pair of parentheses) is true if
and only if A and B are (two occurrences of) the same
expression. Note that this is stronger than merely saying
that A and B denote the same thing. As an example (using
English expressions for convenience), the name
'Bertrand Russell' and the description 'the
author of On Denoting ' are two different
expressions, even though they both denote the same person.
Two symbols can even share the same intensional meaning and
still be different symbols; e.g. 'bachelor' and
'unmarried male'. The relation #$equalSymbols does
hold, however, between 'bachelor' and
'bachelor' (at least if we pretend that
'bachelor' is a CycL expression), as it does
between the CycL constant '#$BertrandRussell' and
the Cycl constant '#$BertrandRussell'. See also
#$differentSymbols and #$equals.
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equal
The predicate #$equals is the CycL version of the
identity relation. (#$equals THING1 THING2) means that
THING1 and THING2 are numerically identical, i.e. they are
one and the same thing. A formula of this form is true if
and only if the terms occupying #$equals's two
argument-places denote the same thing.
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equiv
The logical connective #$equiv represents
bi-directional implication. #$equiv takes two arguments,
each of which must be an element of
#$ELSentence-Assertible. (#$equiv FORMULA-1 FORMULA-2) means
that formula FORMULA-1 is true precisely when formula
FORMULA-2 is true; in other words, FORMULA-1 is true if and
only if FORMULA-2 is true. An EL #$equiv formula is
translated during canonicalization into an equivalent
(though less compact) conjunction of #$implies formulas (see
the #$expansion gaf for #$equiv).
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ethnic groups here
The ethnic groups that inhabit a geographical region.
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ethnicity
(#$ethnicity PERSON GROUPTYPE) means #$Person
PERSON belongs to the #$EthnicGroupType GROUPTYPE. E.g.,
(#$ethnicity #$JohnWilkesBooth #$CensusGroupOfCaucasians).
One #$Person may belong to more than one #$EthnicGroupType.
See also #$residesInRegion.
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evaluate
(#$evaluate VAR EXPRESSION) is satisfied by an HL
module which evaluates EXPRESSION and binds VAR to the
result. For example, (#$evaluate ?SUM (#$PlusFn 1 2)) would
bind ?SUM to 3.
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evaluation defn
The Cyc predicate #$evaluationDefn is used to
relate an evaluatable Cyc function or predicate to the name
of the piece of code that is used to evaluate it.
(#$evaluationDefn E-REL NAME) means that the #$SubLSymbol
NAME is the name of a piece of Heuristic Level (SubL) code
in the Cyc system which is used to compute the value of
expressions containing the #$EvaluatableRelation E-REL.
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honoree
(#$eventHonors OCCURRENCE AGENT) means that AGENT
is honored or commemorated by OCCURRENCE. If AGENT is a
living #$Person, AGENT is probably present at OCCURRENCE.
This is the appropriate predicate for relating a #$Funeral
to the deceased person for whom the #$Funeral is in honor.
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location
The predicate #$eventOccursAt relates a particular
event to the instance of #$SpatialThing-Localized in which
it occurs. (#$eventOccursAt EVENT PT) means that the
spatial extent of EVENT is within PT. For example,
(#$eventOccursAt LomaPrietaEarthquake SanFranciscoBayArea).
Use the predicate #$eventPartiallyOccursAt to relate an
event to any instance of #$SpatialThing-Localized in which
some sub-event of it occurs.
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event occurs near
The predicate #$eventOccursNear relates an event
to its approximate location. (#$eventOccursNear EVENT LOC)
means that EVENT occurs at or near (see #$near) LOC.
#$eventOccursNear is useful when the more exact location is
unknown, hard to specify, or not worth reifying; otherwise
use #$eventOccursAt. For example, #$eventOccursNear could
be used to CycLify Bob was cycling by the dam , We played
checkers near the TV , and He is standing by the
horse's hind legs . See the #$cyclistNotes for ideas
on how to formalize this.
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event to achieve - sit type
(#$eventToAchieve-SitType EVT SIT_TYPE) means
that, in the planning context, it is part of the purpose of
EVT that a situation of type SIT_TYPE become true in EVT but
not hold true for the duration of EVT.
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event to insure - sit type
(eventToInsure-SitType EVT SITTYPE) means that in
the planning context it is part of the purpose of EVT that a
situation of type SITTYPE should 'happen' at some
time in the course of EVT. It is presupposed that no
#$Situation of type SITTYPE obtains at the start of EVT, and
that the situation should persist after its inception.
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event to interrupt - sit type
(#$eventToInterrupt-SitType EVT SIT_TYPE) means
that, in the planning context, it is part of the purpose of
EVT that a situation of type SIT_TYPE should cease to obtain
at some point in EVENT but that a situation of type SIT_TYPE
should become true again sometime before the end of EVENT.
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event to maintain - sit type
(#$eventToMaintain-SitType EVT SIT_TYPE) means
that, in the planning context, the maintainance of a
pre-existing #$Situation satisfying the description of
SIT_TYPE throughout the course of EVT is part of the purpose
of EVT.
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event to prevent - sit type
(#$eventToPrevent-SitType EVT SITTYPE) means that,
in the planning context, a #$Situation satisfying the
description of SITTYPE must NOT come about at any time
during the course of EVT in order for EVT to count as
'successful'. It is presupposed that no
#$Situation of type SITTYPE obtains at the start of SIT.
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event to stop - sit type
(#$eventToStop-SitType EVT SITTYPE) means that, in
the planning context, the success of EVT is contingent upon
a pre-existing situation of type SITTYPE ceasing to obtain
at some time in the course of SIT.
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event to thwart - sit type
(#$eventToThwart-SitType EVENT SIT_TYPE) means
that if a #$Situation of type SIT_TYPE obtains at the start
of EVT, then it is part of the purpose of EVT that it be
stopped some time in the course of SIT, and if a #$Situation
of type SIT_TYPE does not obtain at the start of EVT, then
it is part of the purpose of EVT that such a situation be
prevented throughout EVT. The predicate is defined in terms
of #$eventToStop-SitType and #$eventToPrevent-SitType.
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event to uphold - sit type
(#$eventToUphold-SitType EVT SIT_TYPE) means that
if a #$Situation of type SIT_TYPE does not obtain at the
start of EVT, then it is part of the purpose of EVT in the
planning context that such a #$Situation be brought about
some time in the course of EVT, and if a #$Situation of
type SIT_TYPE does obtain at the start of EVT, then it is
part of the purpose of EVT that such a #$Situation be
maintained throughout EVT. The predicate is defined in
terms of #$eventToMaintain-SitType and #$eventToInsure-SitType.
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example assertions
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exchangers
The predicate #$exchangers is used to identify the
(typically, two) #$Agents involved in an instance of
#$ExchangeOfUserRights. In such an event, each of the
#$exchangers gives up possession of one thing and gains
possession of another which was previously possessed by the
other agent. (#$exchangers EXCH AGENT) means that AGENT is
one of the parties having such a dual role in the
#$ExchangeOfUserRights EXCH. Every instance of
#$ExchangeOfUserRights has two sub-events which are
instances of #$TransferringPossession (e.g., a dollar bill
goes in one direction and some french fries and a few coins
go in the other direction.) Each of the #$exchangers is
both a #$toPossessor (in one of the two
#$TransferringPossession sub-events of EXCH) and a
#$fromPossessor (in the other sub-event).
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execution of plan
(executionOfPlan PLAN EVENT) means that EVENT is a
complex #$Event that figures as an execution of the #$Plan
represented by PLAN. EVENT may be reified within the
#$Microtheory PLAN itself, or it may be in a higher-order
mt to which PLAN has access.
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exhibitors
(#$exhibitors GATHERING AGENT) means that AGENT
actively presents information, markets a product, displays
merchandise or artwork to the attendees of GATHERING.
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expansion
Some relations (e.g., instances of
#$RuleMacroPredicate) can be defined in terms of more basic
or primitive constructs. (#$expansion RELATION FORMULA)
associates RELATION with the FORMULA that defines it. The
arg2 is allowed to reference generic-argument keywords, such
as :ARG1 :ARG2 which represent respectively the arg1 and
the arg2 within uses of RELATION. For example, (#$expansion
#$genls (#$implies (#$isa ?object :ARG1) (#$isa ?object
:ARG2))) indicates that the gaf (#$genls #$Poodle #$Dog) is
defined as (#$implies (#$isa ?object #$Poodle) (#$isa
?object #$Dog))). Importantly, the expansion-formula arg2
must be necessary and sufficient; it denotes the definition
of the uses of relation arg1; there can be only one
expansion for any relation. Furthermore, no two relations
can share a common expansion; thus, there can be only one
possible contraction from a formula that corresponds to an
expansion into a compact form that references expandable
relations. For example, (#$implies (#$isa ?object #$Poodle)
(#$isa ?object #$Dog))) has the unambiguous contraction of
(#$genls #$Poodle #$Dog). The expansion arg2 can (and
should when possible) make use of relations that have
expansions. Note that the example above references
#$implies which would itself have the expansion (#$or (#$not
:ARG1) :ARG2). Thus, the full expansion of a relation can
involve recursive expansions. For example, the full
expansion of #$genls would be (#$or (#$isa ?object :ARG1)
(#$not (#$isa ?object :ARG2)))). No relation may reference
itself (either directly or indirectly via recursion) in its
expansion (or in its full recursive expansion). See
#$GenericArgTemplate, #$ELRelation, #$expansionAxiom.
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expansion axiom
(#$expansionAxiom PRED ASSERT) means that the
assertion ASSERT is part of the expansion of PRED.
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expansion defn
(#$expansionDefn <Relation> <Symbol>)
denotes that during canonicalization the subl function
definition of <Symbol> is used to transform an EL
expression (<Relation> . <args>) into the
appropriate HL formula.
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expect
(#$expects AGT PROP) means that the agent AGT
believes it highly likely that the proposition PROP
(represented by a #$ELSentence-Assertible) will be true
sometime in the future. A use of this predicate is to state
rules such as: when someone confirms that they will be
participating in a social event, the host(ess) #$expects
that they will participate. This is somewhat weaker than
stating that an agent believes (see #$beliefs) that PROP
will become true.
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exports
(#$exports COUNTRY PRODUCT-TYPE) means that the
region COUNTRY has substantial regular exports of the goods
or services PRODUCT-TYPE to other countries.
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extent cardinality
(#$extentCardinality SETORCOL N) means that there
are N terms in the currently represented extent of
#$SetOrCollection SETORCOL. See also, #$cardinality,
#$entityCardinality, #$Note-cardinality-vs-entityCardinality.
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external part
(#$externalParts OBJ PART) means that OBJ has PART
as one of its external #$physicalParts. See #$surfaceParts,
an important specialization of #$externalParts, for parts
which do not extend from one side to the opposite side of ARG1.
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eye color
(#$eyeColor ANIMAL COLOR) means that the #$Animal
ANIMAL has eyes whose #$Color is COLOR (more precisely,
this means that their irises appear to have that color, in
sunlight). E.g., (#$eyeColor AmyIrving #$PurpleColor).
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faces direction
(#$facesDirection OBJ DIR) means that the
intrinsic forward axis of OBJ (i.e., the vector normal to
its intrinsic front side) points in the direction DIR. Note
that an object only has an intrinsic forward axis if it has
some intrinsic front side by virtue of its design or
function. For example, trains, cars, and bullets have
intrinsic front faces by virtue of the direction in which
they are intended to travel. Other objects, such as
refrigerators, bookshelves against walls, and televisions,
have front faces by virtue of how people usually view the
object. Spheres, being symmetric, do not have an intrinsic
forward axis.
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failure
The predicate #$failureForAgents is used to
indicate that a particular agent fails to achieve (at least
one of) its goals in a particular action.
(#$failureForAgents ENDEAVOR AGT) means that the #$Agent AGT
had some purpose in performing ENDEAVOR that was not
realized. See also #$purposeInEvent.
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fan out arg
(#$fanOutArg ?PRED ?N) means that
transitively-related assertions using ?PRED usually
''fan out'' in the direction of argument
position ?N. For example, (#$fanOutArg
#$geographicalSubRegions 2). This means there are more
non-subsumed arg2s for a given arg1 to
#$geographicalSubRegions than there would be non-subsumed
arg1s for a given arg2.
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farther north than
(#$fartherNorthThan THING-1 THING-2) means that
THING-1 is farther to the north than THING-2 is, although it
need not be #$northOf THING-2; they must be on the same
planet surface, and the northernmost point(s) of THING-1 is,
strictly speaking, closer to the North Pole than the
northernmost point(s) of THING-2. Example:
(#$fartherNorthThan #$CityOfRomeItaly #$CityOfBostonMA). An
example shows a technical difference between #$northOf and
#$fartherNorthThan: the #$CityOfRioDeJaneiroBrazil is
#$fartherNorthThan the #$CityOfMelbourneAustralia, even
though the shortest air route from Melbourne to Rio is to
fly directly south (almost over the #$SouthPole).
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fastened to
(#$fastenedTo OBJ1 OBJ2) means that there is an
assembly consisting of OBJ1, OBJ2, and one or more fasteners
configured so that OBJ1 and OBJ2 are rigidly connected.
Many types of fastener are covered by #$fastenedTo; e.g.,
screws, nails, rivets, nuts and bolts. The fastener
penetrates all the way through OBJ1 and may or may not go
all the way through OBJ2. Examples: a utility shelf screwed
into the wall; paper notices stapled to a bulletin board;
shingles nailed to the roof of a house.
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father
(#$father OFFSPRING MALE) means that #$MaleAnimal
MALE is the male biological parent of #$Animal OFFSPRING.
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fax number text
The predicate #$faxNumberText relates a particular
location to the fax number at that location.
(#$faxNumberText LOC NUM) means that NUM is a string
denoting (one of) the fax number(s) of the #$ContactLocation LOC.
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mother
(#$femaleParentActor ?EVENT ?ORGANISM) means that
?ORGANISM is the female parent in the
#$SexualReproductionEvent ?EVENT.
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fields of activity
(#$fieldsOfActivity X FLD) means the #$Person X
was or is active in the #$FieldOfStudy FLD, and usually is
making, has made, or intends to make some contribution to
FLD. E.g., (#$fieldsOfActivity #$Thales #$MilesianSchool)
and, to take a more recent example, (#$fieldsOfActivity
#$Lenat #$ArtificialIntelligence).
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fields of competence
(#$fieldsOfCompetence Z FLD) means the #$Person Z
has actual competence and knowledgeability in the
#$FieldOfStudy FLD, or else at least is recognized by peers
and colleagues in the same field as being competent in that
field. E.g., (#$fieldsOfCompetence #$Nichols
#$PhilosophyAncient). See also #$expertRegarding and #$domainsOfSpecialization.
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study
(#$fieldsOfFormalEducation Z FLD) means that
#$Person Z has had formal academic or tutorial education in
the #$FieldOfStudy FLD. E.g., (#$fieldsOfFormalEducation
#$Colvin #$Linguistics). This is a good example of a
predicate whose precise meaning, and associated heuristic
rules, vary quite a bit from context to context, such as
from culture to culture, from century to century, etc.
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first name
(#$firstName X STRNG) means that #$Person X is
known by the #$HumanGivenNameString STRNG as his or her
first name. E.g., (#$firstName #$Lenat
``Douglas''). A person rarely has more than one
first name, though they may have many nicknames which
acquaintences use almost interchangably with the
person's first and/or last names.
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first sub events
(#$firstSubEvents EVENT START) implies
(#$subEvents EVENT START) and (#$temporallyStartedBy EVENT
START). For example, if one is #$RelievingPain by taking a
pill, then the #$firstSubEvents in that event is an
#$Ingesting event. See also #$lastSubEvents.
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fits in
The predicate #$fitsIn is used to give an
approximation of the external size and shape of particular
tangible objects, by relating an object to an abstract
region of space described as a geometric shape with definite
dimensions. (#$fitsIn OBJ SHAPE) gives an upper bound for
the size of the object OBJ, by stating what sized shape OBJ
will fit inside. #$fitsIn uses the elements of
#$ShapeFunction (q.v.) for reference, especially the basic
shapes generated by #$RectangularSolidFn, #$CylinderFn, and
#$SphereFn. (Note: actual instances of
AbstractPhysicalShape are NOT used for assertions made with
#$fitsIn.) Examples: (#$fitsIn #$Pittman
(#$RectangularSolidFn (#$Meter 2) (#$Meter 0.35) (#$Meter
0.25))) and (#$fitsIn HopeDiamond (#$CylinderFn (#$Centi
(#$Meter 10) (#$Centi(#$Meter 10))). When #$fitsIn is used
in a rule to represent a class of objects with variable
sizes, the #$ShapeFunction used should refer to the largest
size that such objects normally have. For example, by
default, any sandwich SW (#$fitsIn SW (#$RectangularSolidFn
(#$Inch 12) (#$Inch 12) (#$Inch 6))).
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flammability
(#$flammabilityOfObject SUBST DEGREE) means that
the tangible SUBST has this DEGREE of #$Flammability. A
higher value of DEGREE describes objects that catch fire and
burn more quickly and easily than those with a lower value.
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fluid pressure
(#$fluidPressure FLUID PRESS) means that the
#$FluidTangibleThing FLUID exerts the #$Pressure PRESS at
its surface.
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following interval type
(#$followingIntervalType X Y) indicates that every
instance of X is followed by some instance of Y, and every
instance of Y is preceded by some instance of X. The
instance of Y is #$contiguousAfter the instance of X. For
example, (#$followingIntervalType #$Saturday #$Sunday).
Every Saturday is followed by a Sunday, and every Sunday is
preceded by a Saturday; the Sunday is #$contiguousAfter the Saturday.
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following value
The Cyc predicate #$followingValue is used to
represent an ordering of generic attributes.
(#$followingValue VAL1 VAL2) means that VAL2 is a greater
value than VAL1 on a scale that they share.
(#$followingValue VAL1 VAL2) implies (#$greaterThan VAL2
VAL1). Typically, one uses #$followingValue when the values
VAL1 and VAL2 are elements of #$GenericQuantity, and they
are not grounded in numerically quantifiable units of
measure (see
#$NoteAboutGivingGenericValueFunctionsNumericValues). If
VAL1 and VAL2 do have numerical grounding, a
#$followingValue formula is unnecessary since
#$numericallyEqual, #$greaterThanOrEqualTo, and
#$greaterThan, are automatically computable using arithmetic
relations holding between the minimum and maximum of val1
and val2. (See #$minQuantValue, #$maxQuantValue.) For
example, one must use #$followingValue to state that
(#$HighAmountFn #$Glamor) is more glamorous than
(#$LowAmountFn #$Glamor). On the other hand, it is
unnecessary to assert a #$followingValue relation between
(#$MilesPerHour 5) and (#$MilesPerHour 25 60) since
#$greaterThan is arithmetically determinable. See also
#$GenericQuantity, #$GenericValueFunction.
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food source for
The predicate #$foodSourceFor is used to relate a
particular organism to the kinds of things it usually eats.
(#$foodSourceFor ORG OBJTYPE) means ORG is an organism that
typically eats some instances of OBJTYPE for food. Note
that OBJTYPE refers to a type of food source, not a
particular object that ORG eats. For example,
(#$foodSourceFor #$BillJ #$Popcorn) means that #$Popcorn is
a #$foodSourceFor Bill, i.e., Bill often eats (instances of) popcorn.
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for all
The predicate #$forAll is Cyc's version of
the universal quantifier of predicate calculus (i.e., the
operator symbolized in one common notation by an upside-down
`A'). As its two arguments, #$forAll takes a variable
(which is an element of #$ELVariable) and an element of
#$ELSentence-Assertible, respectively. (#$forAll VAR FORM)
means that FORM is true whenever all the occurrences of the
variable VAR in the formula FORM are replaced by any object
in the Cyc universe. For example, to say that every person
is a mammal, we could assert: (#$forAll ?X (#$implies (#$isa
?X #$Person) (#$isa ?X #$Mammal))). In addition, CycL
follows a convention that allows #$forAll to be omitted;
that is, when no explicit quantifier is used, seemingly
unbound variables inside formulas are assumed to be
universally quantified. With that convention, the sample
assertion could be written more compactly as: (#$implies
(#$isa ?X #$Person) (#$isa ?X #$Mammal)).
[Developer-level footnote: There are many `flavors' of
quantification `on the market' these days; here is how
the Cyc system currently handles axioms that involve
#$forAll: When processing an FI-ASK about whether an
assertion of the form (#$forAll VAR FORM) is true or not,
Cyc determines extensionally whether or not any known VAR
(anything in the knowledge base) could make FORM false.
When processing an FI-PROVE about whether an assertion of
the form (#$forAll VAR FORM) is true or not, Cyc tries to
construct an intensional proof (at least at a default-true
level) that FORM must be true regardless of what VAR is ever
inserted therein. When processing an FI-ASSERT in which a
user or program tells Cyc that an assertion of the form
(#$forAll VAR FORM) is true, Cyc records it intensionally so
that it can later serve as part of an intensional proof,
when some future FI-PROVE request is processed.]
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force acting on object
#$forceActingOnObject is a predicate relating an
instance of #$PartiallyTangible to any force which changes
its direction of travel or the speed at which it is traveling.
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force capacity
The slot describing the capability of an animal to
exert force.
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formed by confluence of
(formedByConfluenceOf WATER1 WATER2) means that
WATER1 is formed, or increased in volume, by the confuence
of the rivers including RIVER2 which merge to form RIVER1.
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formula relation
(#$formulaRelation FORMULA RELATION) means that
RELATION is the term in the arg0 position of the formula,
FORMULA. If FORMULA is a nat, then RELATION is an instance
of #$Function-Denotational; while if FORMULA is a gaf,
RELATION is an instance of #$Predicate.
bf68e241-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
four way junction in system
(#$fourWayJunctionInSystem JUNCT SYS) means that
JUNCT is a 4-way junction in the specified #$PathSystem SYS.
(See also #$FourWayJunctionOfPaths for the general case.)
Formally, a 4-way junction in SYS is any point (actually, a
node) X in SYS such that either there are exactly 4 links
and no loops in SYS that X is on, or there are exactly 2
loops and no links in SYS that X is on, or there are exactly
2 links and 1 loop in SYS that X is on. See #$junctionInSystem.
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fragility of object
(#$fragilityOfObject OBJ DEGREE) means that the
tangible object OBJ has this DEGREE of #$Fragility. The
higher the fragility, the more easily the object can be broken.
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freezing point
(#$freezingPoint STUFF TEMP) means that TEMP is
the temperature at which the substance STUFF changes from
having the attribute #$LiquidStateOfMatter to
#$SolidStateOfMatter (when sufficient energy is output to
lower STUFF's temperature through this point). Note
that the freezing point of most substances is
context-dependent (e.g., based on altitude and other factors.)
bd58b201-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
frequency
(#$frequencyOfSignal WAVE FREQ) means that the
#$WavePropagation event WAVE consists of waves that occur at
intervals of FREQ. FREQ is a measure of #$Frequency
generally expressed as cycles per unit of time; frequency of
electromagnetic radiation is standardly measured in #$Hertz.
c10096a8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
friend
(#$friends X Y) means X and Y are friends;
typically they have a close relationship of reciprocal care,
concern, respect, enjoyment, and mutual regard based on
emotional (and/or ideological and intellectual)
compatibility, shared interests, etc. Note: In the cases of
assertions of two non-human animals being friends, there may
be some anthropomorphism going on.
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origin
The predicate #$fromLocation is used to indicate
the starting point of a particular movement.
(#$fromLocation MOVE LOC) means that LOC is where the
#$objectMoving in the #$Movement-TranslationEvent MOVE is
found at the beginning of MOVE and is where it begins this
motion. The #$objectMoving may or may not be #$Stationary
at LOC. If MOVE is a single-pathway translation (see
#$Translation-SingleTrajectory), then every #$objectMoving
is found at LOC when MOVE starts. If MOVE has multiple
movers and multiple pathways (see
#$Translation-MultiTrajectory), then at least some of the
#$objectMoving(s) can be found at LOC at the start of MOVE.
If MOVE is a flow (including rivers flowing, winds blowing,
tornado, typhoon, clouds moving and even air filling your
lungs when you take breath, see #$Translation-Flow), then at
least some portion of the fluid #$objectMoving can be found
at LOC at the start of MOVE. See also
#$motionPathway-Complete, #$pathConnects.
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from orientation
This predicate indicates, for the particular
rotational motion ROT, the orientation that the
#$objectMoving in that event has at the beginning of that
motion. (#$fromOrientation ROT ORIENT) means that when ROT
begins, the object that moves in ROT has the position
ORIENT, with respect to the current frame of reference. For
example, the object may have a #$HorizontalOrientation,
#$VerticalOrientation, #$RightSideUp orientation, etc. See
also #$toOrientation, #$OrientationAttribute.
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from possessor
This predicate identifies an #$Agent who loses
some right to use an object. (#$fromPossessor LOSS AGENT)
means that AGENT enjoys some #$UserRightsAttribute over the
#$objectOfPossessionTransfer at the start of the
#$LosingUserRights event LOSS, but no longer has that
particular #$UserRightsAttribute after the LOSS ends.
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from state
This predicate is used in connection with
#$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent, to identify the
#$AttributeValue that a thing has before the change.
(#$fromState EVENT VALUE) means that immediately prior to
EVENT (which is the intrinsic-state-changing action), the
thing that is changed in EVENT has the value VALUE for the
relevant attribute (and during the EVENT the thing changes
from that to another value for that attribute). For
example, prior to any X which is a
#$TurningOnAnElectricalSwitch, the switch involved has
(#$fromState X #$DeviceOff).
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fruit of type
(#$fruitOfType PLANT-TYPE FRUIT-TYPE) means that
FRUIT-TYPE is the type of #$Fruit that PLANT-TYPE bears.
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gen keyword
(#$genKeyword ?THING :KEYWORD) states that the
constant ?THING has an NL keyword representation as
:KEYWORD, though other keywords may exist for that constant.
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gen preferred keyword
(#$genPreferredKeyword ?THING :KEYWORD) states
that the constant ?THING has a preferred NL keyword
representation as :KEYWORD, though other keywords may exist
for that constant. Other such constants are indicated with
#$genKeyword assertions. Also, (#$genPreferredKeyword ?THING
:KEYWORD) should imply (#$genKeyword ?THING :KEYWORD). There
should only be one (#$genPreferredKeyword ?THING :KEYWORD)
assertion for a given ?THING.
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genl attributes
(#$genlAttributes S-ATT G-ATT) means that G-ATT is
a more general attribute than S-ATT. If we know, for some
object, THING, (#$hasAttributes THING S-ATT), the system
will be able to derive (#$hasAttributes THING G-ATT).
#$genlAttributes is transitive, so (#$genlAttributes A B)
and (#$genlAttributes B C) lets the system derive
(#$genlAttributes A C). For example, if a certain portion
of the atmosphere has the attribute #$Hazy, Cyc can conclude
through its #$genlAttributes knowledge that there is only
moderate #$Visibility there.
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genl inverse
(#$genlInverse NARROW BROAD) means that binary
predicate BROAD is a more general version of binary
predicate NARROW, but with the arguments reversed. Thus
(NARROW ARG1 ARG2) implies (BROAD ARG2 ARG1). Note:
Notice that if two predicates are true inverses of each
other, such as the pair parents and children, or the pair
greater-than and less-than, then each member of the pair
will be a #$genlInverse of the other. Creating two
predicates like that is considered poor KEing style,
however, because in that case the second predicate in the
pair adds no new `expressive power' over what the first
already provides. One might decide to write an end-user
interface which acts as though both predicates exist, so
that the user doesn't have to remember which is `the
real one' in the system, but there is no gain at the
representation language level to having both predicates.
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genl mt
(#$genlMt SPEC-MICROTHEORY GENL-MICROTHEORY) means
that all the assertions true in the #$Microtheory
GENL-MICROTHEORY are also true in the #$Microtheory
SPEC-MICROTHEORY. Thus a query posed in SPEC-MICROTHEORY
will have access to all the assertions asserted in
GENL-MICROTHEORY - and, in fact, all the assertions asserted
in any #$Microtheory MT such that (#$genlMt GENL-MICROTHEORY
MT), and so forth. There is a special #$Microtheory, the
#$BaseKB, which is such that for every #$Microtheory MT, it
is the case that (#$genlMt MT #$BaseKB). (Note that for
technical reasons, all #$genlMt assertions should be made in
the #$BaseKB.)
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genl preds
(#$genlPreds NARROW BROAD) means that predicate
BROAD is a more general version of predicate NARROW; e.g.,
(#$genlPreds #$biologicalMother #$biologicalParents),
(#$genlPreds #$greaterThan #$greaterThanOrEqualTo).
(#$genlPreds NARROW BROAD) is shorthand for the axiom schema
(NARROW ARG1 ... ARGN) => (BROAD ARG1 ... ARGN). See
also #$genlInverse, which can handle cases where NARROW and
BROAD are both binary but their order of arguments is
reversed. If the #$arity of NARROW differs from the #$arity
of BROAD (or their order of arguments differs and
they're not binary), then we just assert the whole
appropriate axiom into the Cyc knowledge base; of course,
such axioms are absent from the public release of the Upper
Cyc Ontology.
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genls
(#$genls COL SUPER) means that SUPER is one of the
supersets of COL. Both arguments must be elements of
#$Collection. Cyc knows that #$genls is transitive; that
is, if one asserts (#$genls COL SUPER) and (#$genls SUPER
BIGGER), Cyc will infer that (#$genls COL BIGGER).
Therefore, in practice one only manually asserts a small
fraction of the #$genls assertions --- the vast majority are
inferred automatically by Cyc.
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geographical sub regions
(#$geographicalSubRegions SUPER SUB) means that
SUPER and SUB are both elements of #$GeographicalRegion, and
the area SUB lies wholly within the region SUPER (see
#$inRegion). SUPER may or may not completely surround SUB
(i.e., they may share an outer boundary, as do Texas and the
USA in the #$WorldGeographyDualistMt). To relate two
instances of #$GeopoliticalEntity, use the predicate,
#$geopoliticalSubdivision, if it applies. If either
argument of this predicate is to be an instance of
#$GeopoliticalEntity, the assertion must be made in
#$WorldGeographyDualistMt or a specMt thereof. See also
#$surroundsHorizontally and #$bordersOn.
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gerund
(#$gerund WORD STRING) means that STRING is the
gerund form of WORD. The regular gerund is formed from the
infinitive verb form with an `ing' suffix. Verbs in the
Cyc lexicon will have a #$gerund entry only if they are
irregular. Regular forms are generated by the morphology component.
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purpose
(#$goals AGT G) means that the #$Agent AGT has the
#$Goal G. That is, G is one of their goals. This implies
(#$desires AGT G), but #$goals is stronger than #$desires,
in that an agent will take action (or at least intend to
take action, and plan accordingly) to make their #$goals
true, while their #$desires may include things s/he merely
wishes were true, but about which s/he has no intention of
undertaking action. Additionally, #$goals are generally
about the future, whereas #$desires can be about the
present, future, or even the past. For further information
about goals, see #$Goal and #$goalCategoryForAgent. Also
see #$intends.
bd5880d1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
governed by agreement
The predicate #$governedByAgreement relates an
event to an agreement that stipulates something with respect
to it, such as certain conditions that are to hold during
the event, or whether the event should or should not occur.
(#$governedByAgreement EVT AGR) means that some aspects of
the instance of #$HumanActivity EVT are controlled by, or
'under the jurisdiction of', the instance of
#$Agreement AGR. For example, a #$BuyingGroup may have
#$SalesContracts with its #$suppliers that specify what
prices may be charged for goods bought by members of the
group during the agreement period. But note that an
event's being governed by an agreement does not entail
that the event conforms to what the agreement stipulates: an
act that violates the agreement is still governed by it.
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government
The predicate #$government identifies the
political entity which has governing authority over a
particular geopolitical region. (#$government GEOPOL GOV)
means that the #$RegionalGovernment GOV is the government of
the #$GeopoliticalEntity GEOPOL. That is, GOV claims to be
the government of GEOPOL, is recognized as such at least
informally, and effectively functions as such --
administering the internal and external affairs of GEOPOL --
whether or not GOV has formal diplomatic recognition.
Effectively functioning as a #$government includes having
the power to settle disputes, collect revenue, and provide
services. Examples include the
#$UnitedStatesFederalGovernment, the #$CityCouncilOfAustin
(TX), and all of the entities returned by the Cyc function
#$GovernmentFn (q.v.) -- e.g., (#$GovernmentFn
#$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina), (#$GovernmentFn #$Russia).
c10aef77-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
government type
The predicate #$governmentType indicates what kind
of system of government a geopolitical entity has.
(#$governmentType REGION GOVSYSTEM) means that the
government of the #$GeopoliticalEntity REGION is an element
of the #$SystemOfGovernment type denoted by GOVSYSTEM. For
example, the #$governmentType of the #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica
is a #$FederalRepublic and a #$RepresentativeDemocracy.
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grandchild
(#$grandchildren OLDER YOUNGER) means YOUNGER is
the biological grandchild of OLDER.
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granule of spatial stuff
(#$granuleOfSpatialStuff STUFFTYPE OBJTYPE) means
that the collection STUFFTYPE has as its spatial granules
(or granularity level) the collection OBJTYPE. If some
collection is spatially stuff-like, that means that the
instances of that collection can be divided spatially, and
the physical portions remaining will still be instances of
that collection; e.g., a physical portion of some instance
of #$SandMob is still sand (cf. #$ExistingStuffType). Such
division cannot go on indefinitely in this way, however:
eventually, division of something spatially stuff-like will
result in the object-like 'granules' out of which
the stuff-like thing is composed. For instances, division
of sand would eventually result in individual grains of
sand, division of water would eventually get down to
individual molecules of water, etc. At this level of
division or below, the remaining physical portions do NOT
count as instances of the stuff-type from which they were
divided. This may seem counter-intuitive: isn't an
individual molecule of water still water? Perhaps in some
sense, but since the individual granules of a stuff
typically do NOT have most of the properties that the groups
made of the granules have (including the property of being
stuff-like), we do not count the individual granules as
instances of the collection of which they are granules
(O'Keefe, 7/18/1997).
bd58c3c4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
granule of time
(#$granuleOfTime STUFFTYPE OBJTYPE) means that
the collection STUFFTYPE has as its temporal granules (or
granularity level) the collection OBJTYPE. If some
collection is temporally stuff-like, that means that the
instances of that collection can be divided temporally, and
the temporal slices remaining will still be instances of
that collection; e.g., a time slice of some instance of
#$Person is still a person, and a temporal slice of a
walking process is still a walking process (cf.
#$TemporalStuffType). Such division cannot always go on
indefinitely, however: eventually, division of something
temporally stuff-like will result in the temporally
object-like 'granules' out of which the stuff-like
thing is composed. For instances, division of a walking
process would eventually result in individual steps. At this
level of division or below, the remaining temporal slices
do NOT count as instances of the temporal stuff-type from
which they were divided. This may seem counter-intuitive,
but since the individual temporal granules of a temporal
stuff typically do NOT have most of the properties that
the groups made of the granules have (including the property
of being temporally stuff-like), we do not count the
individual granules as instances of the collection of
which they are granules. See also #$granuleOfSpatialStuff.
bd58da24-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
greater than
The predicate #$greaterThan is Cyc's
representation of the `greater than' ( > ) relation
in mathematics, adapted to use with Cyc's scalars,
which include quantitative intervals as well as point
values. Formally, there are two conditions under which
(#$greaterThan SI-1 SI-2) is true, for two elements of
#$ScalarInterval: (1) (#$followingValue SI-1 SI-2) is true,
or (2) the minimum of SI-1 is greater than the maximum of
SI-2. Note that `A is less than B' is expressed in
CycL as (#$greaterThan B A).
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greater than or equal to
The predicate #$greaterThanOrEqualTo is Cyc's
representation of the `greater than or equal to' (
>= ) relation in mathematics, adapted to use with
Cyc's scalars, which include quantitative intervals as
well as point values. (See #$ScalarInterval.) Formally,
there are three disjunctive conditions under which
(#$greaterThanOrEqualTo SI-1 SI-2) is true, for two elements
of #$ScalarInterval: (1) (#$equals SI-1 SI-2) is true; (2)
(#$followingValue SI-1 SI-2) is true; or (3) the minimum of
SI-1 is greater than or equal to the maximum of SI-2. Note
that `A is less than or equal to B' is expressed in
CycL as (#$greaterThanOrEqualTo B A).
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ground of
(#$groundOf OBJ GROUND) means that GROUND is the
stationary surface on which OBJ is located and possibly supported.
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group cardinality
The predicate #$groupCardinality is used to
indicate the total number of members there are in a
particular group. (#$groupCardinality GROUP INTEGER) means
that the number of members in the #$Group GROUP is INTEGER.
For example, the #$groupCardinality of the
#$SevenWondersOfTheAncientWorld is 7. Cyc infers that the
#$groupCardinality of any group that is a pair is 2, and
that of a dozen is 12.
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group member type
The predicate #$groupMemberType is used in
characterizing the members of a particular group.
(#$groupMemberType GROUP TYPE) means that all of
GROUP's members are elements of the collection TYPE.
For example, to state that the #$groupMembers of the Austin
City Council are humans, one would write (#$groupMemberType
AustinCityCouncil #$Person). The members of a particular
group might be characterized in more than one way; e.g., a
Hispanic Business Council may have both the
#$groupMemberType #$EthnicGroupOfHispanics and the
#$groupMemberType #$BusinessPerson (provided that all of its
members are Hispanic business people). For
'typical' or 'expected' characteristics
of members, see also #$memberTypes and #$typeHasTypicalMemberTypes.
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group members
This predicate relates a group (see #$Group) to
its individual members. (#$groupMembers GROUP MEMBER) means
that MEMBER is a member of GROUP. For example,
#$PyramidOfCheops is a group-member of the
#$SevenWondersOfTheAncientWorld, and #$BillClinton is a
group-member of the #$DemocraticParty.
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hangs around
(#$hangsAround ?loop ?obj) means that ?loop is a
semi-flexible loop, looped around a piece of ?obj. ?loop is
supported by gripping friction and/or ?loop's limited
ability to elongate as it moves down on ?obj. See also #$hangsFrom.
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hang
(#$hangsFrom OBJ1 OBJ2) means that OBJ1 is
suspended from OBJ2, either directly touching it (like a
weight attached to a line) or through some intermediary
object (like a weight suspended from the ceiling via a
hook). All of the OBJ1's weight of is #$supportedBy
OBJ2. Most if not all of OBJ1 is below OBJ2; certainly, the
center of OBJ1 is below the connection point. If pushed,
OBJ1 will undergo a #$Swinging.
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hardness of object
(#$hardnessOfObject OBJ DEGREE) means that the
instance of #$SolidTangibleThing OBJ has this DEGREE of #$Hardness.
bd58ae1c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
has as tributary
The predicate #$hasAsTributary is used to indicate
the tributaries of a particular river. (#$hasAsTributary
BIGRIV SMALLRIV) means that BIGRIV has SMALLRIV as one of
its tributaries. SMALLRIV flows into BIGRIV. Examples: the
#$MississippiRiver has the #$WisconsinRiver, #$OhioRiver,
#$ArkansasRiver, #$RedRiverOfTexas, and others as its
tributaries. Cf. #$formedByConfluenceOf.
bd588db4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
feature
A very general predicate that relates a thing to
an attribute or property (see #$AttributeValue) that it has.
(#$hasAttributes THING ATT) means that ATT characterizes
THING. There are a large number of more specialized
predicates in CycL that represent more specific ways in
which an attribute might characterize a thing; such
predicates should be used instead of #$hasAttributes when
possible. Thus #$mainColorOfObject is preferrable to
#$hasAttributes for stating that a physical object has a
particular main color. See also #$AttributeType.
bd58d1f6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
has belief systems
(#$hasBeliefSystems AGT BSYS) means that the
#$Agent AGT has the belief system BSYS. E.g.,
(#$hasBeliefSystems BorisYeltsin #$RussianOrthodoxReligion).
bd58ac5a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
has climate type
The predicate #$hasClimateType is used to specify
the type of climate that occurs in a particular region.
(#$hasClimateType AREA CLIME) means that the climate in the
#$GeographicalRegion AREA is of the #$ClimateCycleType
CLIME; i.e., any individual annual cycle falls under the
type CLIME. For example, to describe the climate of
Houston, we would say: (#$hasClimateType #$CityOfHoustonTX
#$HumidSubtropicalClimateCycle). See also
#$ClimateCycleType, #$AnnualClimateCycle.
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has comm convention
(#$hasCommConvention AGENT CONV) means that the
agent AGENT knows the #$CommunicationConvention CONV and can
use it to encode or decode information.
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gender
(#$hasGender BLO SEX) means that the
#$BiologicalLivingObject BLO is of the gender SEX.
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has habitat
The predicate #$hasHabitat is used to relate an
organism to the region where it lives. (#$hasHabitat ORG
REGION) means that the organism ORG lives in the
#$EcologicalRegion REGION. Typically, REGION will belong to
one of the subsets of #$EcologicalRegion which represent
specific biomes (e.g., #$Desert, #$CoralReef). See also #$residesInRegion.
bd58fce4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
has headquarters in country
The predicate #$hasHeadquartersInCountry
identifies the country in which a particular organization
has its headquarters. (#$hasHeadquartersInCountry ORG
COUNTRY) means that the #$Organization ORG has its
world-wide headquarters and place of primary central control
in the #$Country COUNTRY.
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has levels
Levels which are part of this building
bd588bf5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
member
The predicate #$hasMembers relates a particular
organization to the agents which are members of that
organization. This predicate indicates `generic'
membership, although there may be specialized kinds of
membership in the same organization. (#$hasMembers ORG
AGENT) means that AGENT is a member of the #$Organization
ORG; typically, membership eligibility is determined by ORG
and accepted with AGENT's voluntary affiliation. For
example, (#$hasMembers 'PeanutsBaseballTeam'
#$CharlieBrown). A member may be any #$Agent, including
other #$Organizations (such as member countries in the
United Nations). The truth of an assertion made with
#$hasMembers may be time-dependent and, if so, should be
qualified appropriately. E.g., (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1975)
(#$hasMembers #$UnitedNationsOrganization
#$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina)) is true, but (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn
1995) (#$hasMembers #$UnitedNationsOrganization
#$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina)) is not.--BillJ, June 23, 1997
bd58b3fb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
has ownership in
The predicate #$hasOwnershipIn relates a
particular agent to some thing of which it has part or whole
ownership. (#$hasOwnershipIn AGENT SOMETHING) means that
the #$Agent AGENT owns a part (or possibly the whole) of the
thing SOMETHING. For example, Ted Turner #$hasOwnershipIn
Atlanta's Olympic Stadium. There may be other owners.
See also #$legalOwnerOf and #$ownsShare.
c10af144-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
has patients
The predicate #$hasPatients represents a
relationship between a medical professional and a patient
(including nonhuman animals). (#$hasPatients MEDIC PATIENT)
means that the #$MedicalCareProvider MEDIC is treating the
recipient-of-care PATIENT. PATIENT may be a human or a
nonhuman animal. An assertion using #$hasPatients holds
only during the time that PATIENT has a condition that is
being treated by MEDIC; it does not represent or imply a
long term doctor-patient relationship.
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has physiological attributes
(#$hasPhysiologicalAttributes ?BLO ?ATT) means
that the #$BiologicalLivingObject ?BLO has the
#$PhysiologicalAttribute ?ATT. #$PhysiologicalAttributes
are concerned with the physiological functions of a living
animal, especially with the physical and/or (bio)chemical
basis of those functions. However,
#$PhysiologicalAttributes need not be specified in
scientific detail. Many common #$PhysiologicalAttributes
permit commonsense inference about further features of an
individual having a certain physiological state or
condition. Note that many, perhaps most, assertions made
with #$hasPhysiologicalAttributes will be time-dependent;
e.g., an individual person is not #$SexuallyMature
throughout his or her life, but only during a portion of it.
Thus, it is necessary to make these assertions only about
the appropriate temporal #$subAbstrac; one way to do that is
by using #$holdsIn; e.g., (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1820)
(#$hasPhysiologicalAttributes #$LudwigVanBeethoven #$Deaf)).
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has portal to region
ARG1 is connected to ARG2 through some type of
portal (e.g. #$hasPortalToRegion(MyMasterBedroom MyMasterBathroom))
bd58b12b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
has preparation attributes
The predicate #$hasPreparationAttributes is used
to indicate the way in which a particular food item was
prepared. (#$hasPreparationAttributes EDIBLE PREP) means
the #$EdibleStuff EDIBLE has been processed so that it has
the food #$PreparationAttribute PREP (e.g., #$Cooked,
#$Roasted, #$Chilled -- or #$Raw). For example, a piece of
#$Toast #$hasPreparationAttributes #$Toasted; any quantity
of #$Beer that is ready to drink #$hasPreparationAttributes #$Fermented.
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room
The predicate #$hasRooms allows us to say that a
particular space is within a particular building.
(#$hasRooms BUILD ROOM) means that ROOM is a room or
demarcated space which is physically contained within BUILD,
a #$ConstructionArtifact. ROOM is not removable from BUILD.
Spaces that can be identified in this way include lobbies,
hallways, kitchens, closets, dining rooms, gymnasia,
studios, stairwells, bedrooms, etc.
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has same entity as
(#$hasSameEntityAs X Y) indicates that X and Y are
both subabstractions of the same #$Entity. The unique
#$myEntity of X is the same as the unique #$myEntity of Y.
For instance, AlbertEinsteinAsAnAdult and
AlbertEinsteinWhileAtPrinceton are in this relationship.
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employ
The predicate #$hasWorkers relates an
organization or individual agent to those who work for it in
any capacity. (#$hasWorkers AGENT1 AGENT2) says that the
second agent regularly works for the first agent. This
includes employees, managers, soldiers, sailors, certain
prison inmates, volunteers, apprentices, slaves, servants,
sharecroppers, and indentured workers (as well as other
organizations, e.g. subcontractors). The truth of an
assertion made with #$hasWorkers is time-relative; e.g.,
(#$hasWorkers #$Cycorp #$Dexter) is true when asserted for
the period (or any sub-period) from May 1989 to July 1994.
Note that `workers' in the sense of #$hasWorkers need
not be #$employees (e.g., they could be volunteers); cf. #$employees.
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headquarters
The predicate #$headquarters indicates the
building(s) where a particular organization has its
headquarters. (#$headquarters ORG BUILDING) means that
BUILDING is the buildings, rooms, offices, etc., which house
the main administrative and decision-making functions of the
#$Organization ORG.
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overhear
(#$hears AGT OBJ) means that the #$PerceptualAgent
AGT perceives sounds emananating from or as the result of
OBJ. Events such as the shooting of a gun and tangible
objects such as telephones are things which can emit audible
sound and thus be perceived auditorily.
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height
(#$heightOfObject OBJECT HEIGHT) means that the
#$Distance from OBJECT's top boundary to its bottom
boundary is HEIGHT. Top and bottom are often determined by
an object's intrinsic default orientation, if it has
one (see #$TopAndBottomSidedObject). But some objects have
tops and bottoms -- and thus heights -- only by virtue of
their spatial relations to certain other objects in their
environments. In any case, having a height requires being
at least two-dimensional (see
#$TwoOrHigherDimensionalShape). See also #$lengthOfObject,
#$widthOfObject, and #$depthOfObject.
bd58e044-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
highly relevant pred assertion
(#$highlyRelevantPredAssertion PREDICATE
ASSERTION) states that the given ASSERTION should be
heuristically considered highly relevant to inferences
concluding uses of the given PREDICATE in the current mt.
See also #$highlyRelevantAssertion and #$highlyRelevantMt.
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hinged to
(#$hingedTo OBJ1 OBJ2) means that there is some
hinge connecting OBJ1 and OBJ2 which allows limited
rotational motion between them. That is the only relative
motion that can occur between them. The hinged pivoting
motion may be repeated. #$hingedTo is noncommittal about
whether the hinge is a distinct object or is part of OBJ1 or
OBJ2. Some edge of OBJ1 adjoins an edge of OBJ2.
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holds in
A formula, without free variables, of the form
(#$holdsIn TEMP-THING FORMULA) means that the formula
FORMULA is true at every moment in the temporal extent of
the #$TemporalThing TEMP-THING (i.e., every moment
temporally subsumed by TEMP-THING). For example, the
assertion (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1992) (#$owns Nick Spot))
expresses that throughout all of the year 1992 Nick owned
Spot. Thus it follows, for example, that Nick owned Spot on
July 5th, 1992 - that is, (#$holdsIn (#$DayFn 5 (#$MonthFn
#$July (#$YearFn 1992))) (#$owns Nick Spot)). An assertion
of the form (#$holdsIn TEMP-THING (PRED ... ARG ...)), with
ARG a #$TemporalThing, doesn't in general imply that
ARG temporally subsumes or even temporally intersects
TEMP-THING. For example, (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1992)
(#$awareOf Fred #$GeorgeWashington)) doesn't imply
(#$temporallyIntersects #$GeorgeWashington (#$YearFn 1992)).
However, in the case of certain predicates PRED, temporal
subsumption of TEMP-THING by ARG will follow (in almost all
microtheories); see #$CotemporalObjectsSlot,
#$CotemporalPredicate, and #$contemporaryInArg. Although
what constitutes a moment can vary with context, for most
microtheories explicit considerations of temporal
granularity (in this sense) don't come into play. That
is, in the case of most microtheories, one almost never has
to worry about assertions running into problems because of
time intervals that are too small, and one doesn't have
to worry about the possibility of gaps in the fabric of time
between moments. Note that the characterization above of
the meaning of a closed formula (#$holdsIn TEMP-THING
FORMULA) isn't meant to imply that one can't
quantify into the argument-places of #$holdsIn.
(Alternatively to using #$holdsIn, we could create a
microtheory MT one of whose assumptions was a temporal one,
limiting all axioms to holding throughout 1992 [i.e.,
(#$holdsInTime-Always MT (#$YearFn 1992))]. Then in that
microtheory we could simply assert (#$owns Nick Spot). But
it would be incorrect to assert (#$owns Nick Spot) in the
#$BaseKB, since, for example, in 3500 BCE Nick didn't
own Spot, nor when Nick was a baby did he own Spot, etc.)
See also #$holdsSometimeDuring.
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host
(#$hostOfEvent GATHERING AGENT) means that AGENT
is a host of the #$SocialGathering GATHERING.
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hunger level of
The predicate #$hungerLevelOf is used to express
how hungry an #$Animal is. The first argument is a
#$LevelOfHunger (q.v.): for instance, #$Hungry, #$Starving,
#$Stuffed. The second argument is the #$Animal who feels
hunger at this level.
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ibo created
The predicate #$iboCreated is used to link a
particular information bearing object (IBO) to the event in
which it is created. (#$iboCreated CREATION IBO) means that
the #$InformationBearingObject IBO is created in the event
CREATION. For example, my copy of today's `Austin
American-Statesman' morning paper was created during
the previous night's paper-publishing event.
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ibt generated
The predicate #$ibtGenerated is used to link a
particular information bearing thing (IBT) to the event in
which it is created. (#$ibtGenerated GEN IBT) means that
the #$InformationBearingThing IBT comes about, happens, or
comes into existence in or as an immediate consequence of
the event GEN. See also #$IBTGeneratedFn.
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illumination
(#$illuminationLevel LOC DEGREE) indicates how
brightly illuminated the location LOC is. Higher values of
DEGREE mean greater light intensity.
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implies
The predicate #$implies represents the material
implication relation in Cyc. #$implies is a logical
connective taking two arguments, each of which must be an
element of #$ELSentence-Assertible. (#$implies ANTE
CONSEQ) means that either the formula ANTE is false, or the
formula CONSEQ is true (possibly both); equivalently, it is
not the case that ANTE is true and CONSEQ is false. Cyc
assertions that begin with #$implies are used during
inference, both in modus ponens and modus tollens.
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in - among
(#$in-Among OBJ GROUP) means that the tangible
thing OBJ is physically located within the spatial cluster
GROUP, which is composed of individuals. OBJ may (but need
not) be a member of GROUP. OBJ is spatially distinct from
any (other) member of GROUP; cf. #$spatiallyIntersects.
Examples: a bird in the branches of a tree; a zebra in its
herd; a flea in a dog's pelt; a bee in a swarm of bees;
a snake in the grass.
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in - cont closed
(#$in-ContClosed CONTAINEE CONTAINER) entails
(#$in-ContGeneric CONTAINEE CONTAINER) except that CONTAINEE
may not leave CONTAINER as an object without the opening of
a portal in CONTAINER or a non-standard significant
deformation of CONTAINEE or CONTAINER. CONTAINER need not
have a portal. Parts of CONTAINEE may extend out through
portals in CONTAINER. If CONTAINEE can temporarily undergo
(a not-too forceful) shape deformation in order to fit
through a portal in CONTAINER, then CONTAINEE is not
#$in-ContClosed with respect to CONTAINER. Positive
Examples: water in a bottle with a closed cap; a person in a
closed but unlocked jail cell sticking his arms through the
bars; King Kong in a flimsy cage; a Nerf (TM) ball in a
bottle (The ball must be compressed in order to force it
out); egg yolk in an egg shell. Negative Examples: a morsel
of bread in a prison cell (morsels are small enough to leave
the cell by passing in between the bars of the cell -- use
#$in-ContOpen); an egg yolk in an egg -- use
#$internalParts; water in an open bottle (the necessary
deformation is not forceful). Positive borderline
examples: a roll of dental floss in a dispenser -- although
the strand may flow out with an expected deformation, it is
a long process that continually deforms the object such that
the object leaves the container part by part instead of as
an object; a skinny person in a jail cell who could just
barely manage to squeeze through the bars (the necessary
deformations, although self-imposed, would be abnormal and
unexpected). Negative borderline example: a spelunker who
has crawled through a narrow passage into a cave (the
deformations needed to get in (and therefore out) were
self-imposed and not abnormal).
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in - cont full of
(#$in-ContFullOf STUFF CONT) means that STUFF is
the substance that fills CONT. STUFF is unique in that it
is the only substance that `fills' CONT, even though
other things may be with it in CONT (e.g., as
#$in-ContGeneric). Filling the container means that the
inside surface of CONT touches the filling STUFF at
virtually all points of CONT's inner surface, rather
than touching whatever stuff CONT itself is immersed in and
which CONT's outside surface touches (e.g., air). The
only thing which can override this #$touches (i.e., get
alongside CONT's inside wall without being STUFF) would
be some other object which is also in CONT (e.g., with
#$in-ContGeneric). In order to fill the container, STUFF
must be #$Pourable or have a shape which conforms to the
shape of CONT's cavity. Cf. #$in-ContGeneric to cover
cases of stuff which is in a container without filling it.
c0fbb0f9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
in - cont generic
(#$in-ContGeneric OBJ CONT) means that OBJ is
contained, confined, or held in CONT. OBJ is not a part of
CONT (but see #$physicallyContains). CONT has a cavity
(see #$CavityWithWalls) and OBJ is at least partly within
(see #$spatiallyIntersects) the interior of this cavity. If
CONT moves, OBJ is, by default, caused to move so as to
remain within that cavity (see #$movesWith). If OBJ leaves
the confines of CONT then either OBJ passes through some
appropriately sized portal of CONT or OBJ breaks into
smaller pieces that themselves pass through appropriately
sized portals of CONT or OBJ breaks through a wall of CONT.
CONT may function as an open or closed container with
respect to objects of the size of OBJ. If CONT is closed
with respect to OBJ, then #$in-ContClosed is the preferred
more specific predicate. If CONT is open with respect to
OBJ, #$in-ContOpen is preferred. If OBJ is a fluid which
completely fills CONT (e.g. a cup of coffee brimming over)
then #$in-ContFullOf is more precise.
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in - cont open
(#$in-ContOpen OBJ CONT) means that OBJ is
contained in CONT -- CONT confines or holds OBJ in -- but
OBJ can be removed from CONT without having to either A)
open any portals in CONT B) break some part of CONT or C)
break OBJ into smaller pieces such that it can fit through
some portal of CONT's. Note that (#$in-ContOpen OBJ
CONT) is a relationship based on the size of OBJ and the
largest portal of CONT that OBJ might be able to traverse
through. For example, a paperclip might be #$in-ContOpen a
jail cell even though the person locked inside would be
#$in-ContClosed the jail cell. This is because the paper
clip is small enough to fit in between the bars of the cell
whereas the person is not. See #$portalState for
vocabulary relating containers to whether its portals are
open or closed.
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in - embedded
(#$in-Embedded OBJ1 OBJ2) means that some portion
of OBJ1 is embedded in OBJ2 at least semi-permanently. OBJ1
is thus #$connectedTo OBJ2. The remaining portion of OBJ1
is not embedded in OBJ2. The #$in-Embedded relationship
comes about during the formation of OBJ1 or OBJ2. Examples:
grass in the ground, hair in the scalp, or eyes in sockets.
Also, OBJ1 is not beneath the surface of OBJ2.
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in - floating
(#$in-Floating OBJ LIQUID) means that OBJ is
floating at the surface of LIQUID. Thus, OBJ is buoyant and
is #$in-ImmersedPartly in LIQUID. #$in-Floating does not
describe the relationship between an object that has neutral
buoyancy, such as a stationary submerged (see #$Underwater)
submarine and the water in which it is immersed. However,
see #$suspendedIn.
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in - held
(#$in-Held OBJ HOLDER) means that OBJ is being
held or restrained by HOLDER, which is applying pressure to
OBJ. HOLDER #$touches OBJ. HOLDER may be either a
#$deviceUsed or an #$anatomicalPartTypeAffected in an
instance of #$HoldingAnObject; OBJ would be the
#$objectActedOn by that holding. Examples include ``salad
in tongs'', ``a bread crumb in ant's
pincers'', ``a bird in your hand'', ``a
long two-by-four in a vice''.
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in - immersed fully
(#$in-ImmersedFully OBJ FLUID) means that FLUID is
the unique fluid in which OBJ is completely immersed. Thus,
as a default inference, every outside surface region of OBJ
#$touches FLUID. E.g., (live) fish are fully immersed in
water, and people are usually immersed in air (even though
the bottoms of their feet touch the ground and not the air).
Examples like air bubbles in water or mercury globules
immersed in air suggest that the #$arg1Isa should be kept
general, i.e., #$PartiallyTangible rather than #$SolidTangibleThing.
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immerse
(#$in-ImmersedGeneric OBJ FLUID) means that OBJ is
immersed in FLUID. #$in-ImmersedGeneric is noncomittal as
to whether OBJ is completely or partially immersed. But
FLUID #$touches OBJ and conforms to a significant portion of
the surface of OBJ. See also #$in-ImmersedFully, #$in-ImmersedPartly.
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in - immersed partly
(#$in-ImmersedPartly OBJ FLUID) means that a
portion of OBJ is immersed in FLUID, but OBJ is not
completely surrounded by FLUID. In gravitational fields,
#$in-ImmersedPartly entails #$surroundsHorizontally, because
in that context fluid surfaces are of generally #$HorizontalOrientation.
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in - permeates
(#$in-Permeates LIQUID SOLID) means that LIQUID
permeates SOLID. LIQUID must be separable from SOLID by
physical, not chemical means. LIQUID must be a
#$LiquidTangibleThing, and SOLID a #$SolidTangibleThing. If
LIQUID is not a constituent (#$constituents) of SOLID, then
SOLID is #$Porous. Exemplars include water permeating a wet
sponge (Sponge-CleaningImplement), #$Oil soaking a sponge,
or water in #$Soil-Generic. Negative exemplars include
vapor suspended in #$Air (see, e.g. #$suspendingFluid or
#$solute) . Other negative exemplars include liquids which
undergo a chemical change and combine with some other
substance, e.g. water which becomes a chemical part of plant
material in photosynthesis.
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in - snugly
The #$BinaryPredicate (#$in-Snugly ?INNER ?OUTER)
means that ?INNER is #$in-ContGeneric ?OUTER, that ?INNER
#$touches ?OUTER, and that a #$FrictionProcess would be
necessary for a #$RemovingSomething in which ?INNER is the
#$objectMoving and ?OUTER is the #$fromLocation.
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in - spiked
(#$in-Spiked OBJ REG) means that an object, OBJ,
is spiked into another object, REG, in the way that nails,
push pins, needles, and other pointed objects stick into
other objects. Thus, OBJ must be #$LongAndThin and must be
harder than REG. Typically, the rigid connection between
REG and OBJ can support forces substantially greater than
the weight of OBJ.
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in front of - directly
(#$inFrontOf-Directly FORE AFT) means that FORE is
directly in front of tangible object AFT. More precisely,
it implies both (#$inFrontOf-Generally FORE AFT) and that
there is at least one line parallel to the forward pointing
axis of AFT that intersects both FORE and AFT. FORE may be
an intangible, such as an image projected onto a screen.
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in front of - generally
(#$inFrontOf-Generally FORE AFT) means that FORE
is in front of the tangible object AFT. More precisely, the
intrinsic back-to-front axis of AFT is within 45 degrees of
some line intersecting both FORE and AFT. FORE may be
intangible, such as an image projected onto a screen.
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in plane
(#$inPlane OBJ SURFACE) means that OBJ spatially
intersects with the #$FlatSurface SURFACE.
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in region
(#$inRegion OBJ1 OBJ2) means, roughly, that OBJ1
is at OBJ2. #$inRegion is a general locative predicate
that has a large, diverse group of specializations; for
this reason it is hard to characterize its meaning
succinctly. The primary use of #$inRegion is to generalize
over all these specializations. The most salient sufficient
condition for #$inRegion's holding between two spatial
things is simply the disjunction of the sufficient
conditions for its nearest reified specializations holding
(but see EXCEPTION below). Every assertion in the extent of
#$inRegion is, in theory, in the extent of at least one of
these specializations (again, see EXCEPTION). When
considering using #$inRegion, always consider whether one
of its specializations might be preferrable. (Maximum
specificity is desirable in a GAF or the consequent of a
rule, while generality is often appropriate in the
antecedent of a rule.) Two important nearest reified
specializations of #$inRegion are #$objectFoundInLocation,
whose arg2 is necessarily not a part of arg1, and
#$physicalDecompositions, whose arg1 necessarily _is_ a part
of arg2. (Note the switch of argument order: #$inRegion is
a genl-preds of #$objectFoundInLocation, but a genl-inverse
of #$physicalDecompositions.) #$spatiallySubsumes is
another important nearest reified specialization of
#$inRegion. Some examples: Given that Cup1 is on Stool5,
we may write (#$inRegion Cup1 Stool5); but note that
#$on-Physical is probably more appropriate to use here. If
Cup1 were under, or suspended one inch above, the stool,
(#$inRegion Cup1 Stool5) would probably be false. On the
other hand, if Cup1 were on an inch-high stack of papers
resting atop stool, (#$inRegion Cup1 Stool5) would be true
since (#$objectFoundInLocation Cup1 Stool5) would be true.
Given that Fish1 is in Ocean2, we may write (#$inRegion
Fish1 Ocean2); but #$in-ImmersedFully is probably more
appropriate. Given that Car03 is on Highway2, we may write
(#$inRegion Car03 Highway2); but #$on-Physical is more
appropriate. Given that Joe is in Texas, we may write
(#$inRegion Joe Texas); but #$objectFoundInLocation is more
appropriate. Given the Gorge01 has a Cliff01 as a part, one
may write (#$inRegion Cliff01 Gorge01); but (#$surfaceParts
Gorge1 Cliff01) would be a more precise. EXCEPTION: The
cavity interior denoted by (#$CavityInteriorRegionFn OBJ)
might or might not be considered a part of OBJ, depending on
one's viewpoint. To accommodate both viewpoints we
shall assert nothing more specific than (#$inRegion
(#$CavityInteriorRegionFn OBJ) OBJ), which is agnostic
between them. (There are currently (Jan. '98) no other
exceptions. But as they might accrete, it will be important
to re-examine the rules on #$inRegion periodically to see if
reifying a new specialization of it has become warranted.)
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included in interval type
(#$includedInIntervalType SHORTER LONGER) means
that for every X which is an instance of SHORTER, there is a
Y which is an instance of LONGER such that
(#$temporallySubsumes Y X) holds. Note that
(#$includedInIntervalType SHORTER LONGER) does not
necessarily entail (#$subsumesIntervalType LONGER SHORTER).
See also #$subsumesIntervalType.
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included items
The predicate #$includedItems is used to identify
the peripheral items that come with a particular packaged
product. (#$includedItems FORM ITEM) means that the
#$Individual ITEM is one of the things that are included in
the #$FormalProduct FORM, along with its #$mainProduct; but
ITEM is not the main product itself. ITEM can be an
accessory, owner's manual, warranty agreement, or
included service. ITEM is something that is a regular part
of the package. ITEM does NOT refer to free samples or
extras thrown in--for that, see #$includesWithProductType.
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income
The predicate #$income is used to state the income
of a person or other agent. (#$income AGT RATE) means that
the #$Agent AGT has the income RATE, where RATE is a
#$MonetaryFlowRate, e.g., a number of #$DollarsPerHour or
#$DollarsPerYear. See #$MonetaryFlowRate.
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independent arg
the position of the independent argument
referenced by this #$InterArgConstraintPredicate
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indexical referent
(#$indexicalReferent INDCONCEPT THING) means that
in the context of the assertion, the #$IndexicalConcept
INDCONCEPT has the referent THING. This is a
#$FunctionalSlot, in keeping with the idea that the
predicate will return one and only one 'value' for
the second argument place at any given point in context
space. However, be advised that the arg2 will change from
context to context.
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infecting organism
This predicate relates a particular instance of
#$Infection to an organism which causes that infection.
(#$infectingOrganism INFECT ORG) means that the organism ORG
is one of the causes of the infection INFECT. For example,
if INFECT is a case of #$StrepThroat, then ORG is an
instance of #$Streptococcus. I.e., (#$forAll ?x
(#$forAll ?y (#$implies (#$and
(#$isa ?x #$StrepThroat) (#$infectingOrganism
?x ?y)) (#$isa ?y #$Streptococcus))))
c10c146d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
host
This predicate relates a particular case of
#$Infection to the organism it is infecting.
(#$infectionHost INF ORG) means that INF is an #$Infection
in which the host organism is ORG.
c10c1543-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
infinitive
(#$infinitive WORD STRING) means that STRING is
the infinitive verb form of WORD. For example, `to
hit' is the infinitive form of #$Hit-TheWord.
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info added
(#$infoAdded CHANGE INFO) means that in the
#$InformationUpdating action, CHANGE, INFO was added to the
IBO (#$InformationBearingObject) acted on.
bd5b03bc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
info removed
(#$infoRemoved CHANGE INFO) means that in the
#$InformationUpdating action, CHANGE, INFO was removed from
the IBO (#$InformationBearingObject) acted on.
bd62ead9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
info transferred
The predicate #$infoTransferred is used to
indicate the meaningful content of a particular transferral
of information. (#$infoTransferred TRANSFER INFO) means
that INFO is information that is transferred due to the
#$InformationTransferEvent TRANSFER. INFO originates from
some agent or IBT (i.e., element of
#$InformationBearingThing). After TRANSFER, INFO is
contained in another IBT or agent; INFO may persist in the
source as well. For example, when I read the front page of
the newspaper, some information about current world events
is transferred from the newspaper to me. See also
#$informationOrigin, #$informationDestination.
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inform statement
(#$informStatement ?MT ?PROP) means that the
#$ELSentence-Assertible ?PROP is true in the information
context ?MT. (An information context here usually means a
particular database application of #$Cyc. In these
applications, ?PROP is communicated to #$Cyc directly as an
explicit #$informStatement, and is not inferred to be true.)
Note that (#$informStatement ?mt ?clpe) implies that (#$ist
?mt ?clpe).
bd5c2cd8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
information destination
The predicate #$informationDestination is used to
indicate where information is transferred in a particular
information transfer event. (#$informationDestination
TRANSFER DEST) means that in the #$InformationTransferEvent
TRANSFER, the information being transferred is sent, given
to, or impressed upon DEST. DEST is an IBT (i.e., an
element of #$InformationBearingThing) or an agent. Note
that if DEST is an agent, you should probably use the more
specific actor slot, #$recipientOfInfo. Note also that if
DEST existed before the transfer, it may have already
contained the information.
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information origin
The predicate #$informationOrigin is used to
indicate the source of information for a particular
#$InformationTransferEvent. (#$informationOrigin TRANSFER
ORIGIN) means that in the #$InformationTransferEvent
TRANSFER, the information being transferred is coming from
ORIGIN. ORIGIN is either an IBT (i.e., element of
#$InformationBearingThing) or an agent. Note that if ORIGIN
still exists past the transfer, it presumably still contains
the information.
bd5e4f03-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
ingredient
The predicate #$ingredients is used to indicate a
particular input used to make a particular artifact.
(#$ingredients ART INGR) means that the #$PartiallyTangible
thing INGR was one of the #$inputs to the creation of the
#$Artifact ART, and INGR is one of ART's
#$physicalDecompositions. Note that #$ingredients applies
only to those inputs which retain their identity in the
creation process and which are incorporated into the
resulting #$Artifact. For example, a meatball can be
considered an ingredient of a plate of spaghetti, and a
portion of ground beef can be considered an ingredient of
the meatball. On the other hand, we would not say that an
egg is an ingredient of the meatball, even though it was an
input to the creation process, because its identity was not preserved.
bd58cea4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
inhabitant types
The predicate #$inhabitantTypes is used to
indicate the type(s) of people who live in a region.
(#$inhabitantTypes REGION TYPE) means that TYPE is (one of)
the (primary) type(s) of people who live in the
#$GeographicalRegion REGION. For example, to say that
Chileans are among the primary groups of inhabitants of
Chile, we assert (#$inhabitantTypes #$Chile
#$ChileanPerson). TYPE may be based on ethnicity,
nationality, age, economics--in short, any demographic
class. E.g., (#$inhabitantTypes #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica
#$AdultMiddleClassAmerican), (#$inhabitantTypes
#$UnitedStatesOfAmerica #$WorkingAdultAmericanWoman),
(#$inhabitantTypes #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica #$MexicanImmigrantToUSA).
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inputs
The predicate #$inputs relates a particular event
to things which are `inputs', i.e., materials used in
that event and somehow altered by it. (#$inputs EVENT
OBJECT) means that OBJECT is an input to the
#$CreationOrDestructionEvent EVENT. During and due to the
event, OBJECT is either destroyed or incorporated into a new
entity. For example, the pigments used to paint the Mona
Lisa were #$inputs to Leonardo's painting process;
however, his brushes were not #$inputs, even though they
were changed a little by it. In general, in instances of
#$Manufacturing, materials or objects are inputs if they
find their way into the product manufactured, or if they are
destroyed -- such as the coke used in manufacturing steel --
as part of that manufacturing process. Note: One should
use the specialized predicates #$inputsDestroyed or
#$inputsCommitted whenever they are appropriate, rather than
the more general predicate #$inputs.
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input
The predicate #$inputsCommitted is used when some
#$inputs to a particular event is incorporated into some
#$outputs of that event, but remains recognizable rather
than being destroyed. (#$inputsCommitted EVENT OBJECT)
means that OBJECT exists before EVENT and continues to exist
afterwards, and as a result of EVENT, OBJECT becomes
incorporated into something created during EVENT. Once
incorporated into the output of EVENT, OBJECT can't be
independently incorporated in any other creation event. For
example, bricks that are used to build a wall continue to
exist as bricks once the wall has been built. While a part
of the wall, a brick cannot be used as an independent input
in another creation event. (See also #$outputsCreated.)
Note: there is a grey area between #$inputsCommitted and
#$inputsDestroyed; the less possible it is to take apart the
relevant #$outputs of EVENT and get OBJECT back as an
independent thing, the more likely it is that the
relationship between EVENT and OBJECT should be
#$inputsDestroyed, rather than #$inputsCommitted.
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inputs destroyed
The predicate #$inputsDestroyed is used to relate
a particular event to the items which are destroyed by it.
(#$inputsDestroyed EVENT OBJECT) means that OBJECT exists
before EVENT, is affected by EVENT, and due to that
involvement, the entity ENTITY such that (#$myEntity OBJECT
ENTITY) ends its existence as an #$Entity sometime during
EVENT. (As does the OBJECT as its present instantiation of
#$SomethingExisting.) For instance, suppose
(#$inputsDestroyed AppleEatingEvent001 RedApple001), then
the SomethingExisting, RedApple001 is destroyed in the event
and, as importantly, so is the apple entity of which the red
apple is a subabstraction. OBJECT may or may not be a
#$deliberateActors in EVENT.
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occupation
The predicate #$insIsJobOf indicates a type of
work done by a particular individual. (#$insIsJobOf
EVENT-TYPE PER) means that the person PER performs instances
of EVENT-TYPE as part of his or her job. E.g.,
#$KeithRichards performs instances of #$WritingMusic as part
of his work; #$Goolsbey performs instances of
#$ProgrammingAComputer in his job at Cycorp; a
#$SecurityGuard performs instances of #$ProtectingSomething.
Note that assertions using #$insIsJobOf are true for some
specific period of time, which may be indicated with #$holdsIn.
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instance element type
(#$instanceElementType SET-TYPE COLLECTION) states
that every element of every instance of SET-TYPE is an
instance of COLLECTION. For example, (#$instanceElementType
#$Set-Mathematical #$Thing). See #$typeGenls for a
predicate which states a similar relationship for a
collection of collections rather than a collection of sets.
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instrument - container
'(#$instrument-Container EVENT CONT)'
means that the #$objectActedOn in EVENT is contained in
(#$in-ContGeneric) CONT during EVENT, and that CONT
facilitates EVENT being accomplished. (#$Davis, 8/8/96)
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instrumental
The predicate #$instrument-Generic is used to link
a particular event to any of the objects which play an
instrumental role in it. (#$instrument-Generic EVENT
OBJECT) means that OBJECT plays an intermediate causal role
in EVENT, facilitating its occurrence and serving some
purpose of some #$Agent. This can happen in at least two
ways: a. the `doer' of EVENT acts on OBJECT, which in
turn acts on something else (as when someone uses a hammer
to pound in a nail) or b. the `doer' of EVENT acts on
something, making it possible for OBJECT to act on that
thing (as when someone puts wet clothes out in the sun to
dry). Typically, an #$instrument-Generic is not
significantly altered by playing that role in an event.
#$deviceUsed is an important specialization predicate of #$instrument-Generic.
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intangible component
(#$intangibleComponent WHOLE PART) means that PART
is the entire intangible part of the
#$CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject WHOLE.
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intangible parts
(#$intangibleParts WHOLE PART) means that PART is
one of the intangible parts of WHOLE. For the predicate
which relates a thing to its entire intangible extent,
please see #$intangibleComponent.
bd58b604-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
audience
The predicate #$intendedAudience indicates an
individual who is the intended recipient of the information
in a particular IBT (i.e., element of
#$InformationBearingThing). (intendedAudience IBT AGT)
means that the #$InformationBearingThing IBT has the
individual #$Agent AGT as its intended audience--viewer,
reader, listener, etc. AGT (possibly along with other
agents) is an individual who is supposed to access the
information represented in IBT. For example, the
#$intendedAudience of a personal letter is usually its addressee.
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intended audience type
The predicate #$intendedAudienceType indicates the
type of agents who are the intended recipients of the
information in a particular IBT (i.e., element of
#$InformationBearingThing). (#$intendedAudienceType PIT
TYPE) means that agents who are elements of TYPE are in the
intended audience of the particular
#$PropositionalInformationThing PIT. Examples: the
#$intendedAudienceType for the information in a copy of `AMA
Journal' is the collection of American physicians; the
#$intendedAudienceType of TV commercials for sugary packaged
cereals are those members of #$HumanChild living in the
broadcast area.
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intended for use by
(#$intendedForUseBy PROD TYPE) means that the
#$Product PROD is intended to be used by individuals of the
#$ExistingObjectType TYPE, where TYPE must be a subset of
#$Organism-Whole. E.g., many types of products are only for
use by adults, by women, by dogs, etc. Note: This is a good
example of a predicate which is redundant but useful.
`Redundant' means that any assertion one states using
#$intendedForUseBy could be stated, albeit less tersely,
using other, more basic predicates in the KB, in this case
#$intends and #$usesObject. Often, a huge number of axioms
can be drastically shortened by introducing such a redundant
predicate, and writing axioms that define it in terms of the
more-basic predicates.
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intend
This predicate can be used to state some
particular thing that a given intelligent agent intends or
has in mind as a purpose, represented as a propositional
attitude. (#$intends AGENT SENT) means that AGENT intends
the proposition PROP expressed by SENT to become (or remain)
true. This implies that AGENT believes s/he has at least
some degree of influence or control over bringing about (or
maintaining) the truth of PROP. While this predicate is
obviously similar to #$goals (q.v.), AGENT's intending
PROP is likely to be more short-term and event-centered ( I
did it because I intended that... ) and more mechanically
satisfied ( I intend to turn off the lamp ) than any of
AGENT's goals. You may intend to turn off the lamp, but
it would be odd to call that one of your goals. For a
similar predicate that represents intending in relation to
types of temporal situations, see #$intends-SitType.
bd58e34d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
interior
(#$internalParts OBJ PART) means that OBJ has PART
as one of its internal #$physicalParts. I.e. PART is
totally inside OBJ and is part of it.
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internal sub regions
(#$internalSubRegions REGION INTERNALREGION) means
that INTERNALREGION is a subregion of REGION which does not
border on anything outside of REGION.
bdb0f8ac-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
international org - member country
The predicate #$internationalOrg-MemberCountry is
used to indicate that a particular country belongs to a
particular international organization.
(#$internationalOrg-MemberCountry INTORG NATION) means that
the #$Country NATION (as represented by its national
government or other legally designated body) is a member of
the #$InternationalOrganization INTORG. For example,
#$Bahrain is an #$internationalOrg-MemberCountry of the
#$LeagueOfArabStates and of the #$UnitedNationsOrganization
and #$China-PeoplesRepublic is a
#$internationalOrg-MemberCountry of the
#$UnitedNationsOrganization -- but #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina
is not.
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intersects interval type
(#$intersectsIntervalType X Y) indicates that
every instance of X #$temporallyIntersects some instance Y.
For example, in the nontropics, (#$intersectsIntervalType
#$SummerSeason #$CalendarSummer). The `summer season'
may not coincide exactly with the time between the summer
solstice and autumnal equinox, but there is an (enormous)
overlap between those two time periods. This relation,
#$intersectsIntervalType, is neither commutative --
(#$intersectsIntervalType #$January #$Wednesday) but not
(#$intersectsIntervalType #$Wednesday #$January) -- nor
transitive -- (#$intersectsIntervalType #$CalendarSummer
#$June) & (#$intersectsIntervalType #$June #$CalendarSpring).
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interval ended by
(intervalEndedBy INT TEMP-OBJ) means that INT is
the instance of #$TimeInterval immediately preceding
TEMP-OBJ . The beginning of INT coincides with the beginning
of all time (#$Always-TimeInterval), if it has a beginning.
See #$IntervalEndedByFn
c13e6423-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
interval started by
(#$intervalStartedBy INT TEMP-OBJ) means that INT
is the instance of #$TimeInterval immediately following
TEMP-OBJ. The end of INT coincides with the end of all time
(#$Always-TimeInterval), if it has an end. See #$IntervalStartedByFn.
bff5b279-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
interviewee
(#$interviewee INTERVIEW AGT) means that the
#$Agent AGT is an interviewee in the #$Interviewing event INTERVIEW.
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interviewers
(#$interviewer INTERVIEW AGT) means that the
#$Agent AGT is an interviewer in the #$Interviewing event INTERVIEW.
bd58d1a1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
inverse func
The predicate #$inverseFunc relates a mathematical
function to a unique inverse. Both arguments to
#$inverseFunc are elements of
#$FunctionFromQuantitiesToQuantities. (#$inverseFunc FN
INVFN) relates the function FN to its inverse INVFN; e.g.,
the #$inverseFunc of the logarithm function (#$LogFn) would
be the exponential function (#$ExpFn). More precisely, (FN
(INVFN X)) results in X for all X in the domain of INVFN.
For a more general predicate that can be used to relate any
one-to-one function to its inverse, regardless of whether or
not either is an instance of #$Function-Denotational, see #$inverseFunctions.
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irrelevant pred assertion
(#$irrelevantPredAssertion PREDICATE ASSERTION)
states that the given ASSERTION should be heuristically
considered irrelevant to inferences concluding uses of the
given PREDICATE in the current mt. See also
#$irrelevantAssertion and #$irrelevantMt.
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isa
(#$isa EL COL) means that EL is an element of the
collection COL. Cyc knows that #$isa distributes over
#$genls; that is, if one asserts (#$isa EL COL) and (#$genls
COL SUPER), Cyc will infer that (#$isa EL SUPER). Therefore,
in practice one only manually asserts a small fraction of
the #$isa assertions --- the vast majority are inferred
automatically by Cyc.
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isolated node in system
(#$isolatedNodeInSystem X SYS) means that the node
X in the #$PathSystem SYS is an isolated point in SYS, i.e.,
X is not on any link or loop in the #$PathSystem SYS. Note
that an isolated point must be a node in SYS.
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ist
(#$ist MICRO PROP) means that the Cyc assertion
PROP is true in the Cyc #$Microtheory MICRO. E.g., one
might assert (#$ist Image8093Mt (#$age #$Lenat
(#$YearsDuration 5)) to state that in the context of a
certain photograph, Doug was 5 years old. In other
microtheories, Doug would have different ages, or not be
`known about' at all.
bd5880d3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
ist - agreement
The predicate #$ist-Agreement is used to indicate
the propositions which have been agreed upon in a particular
agreement. (#$ist-Agreement AGR PROP) means that the
proposition PROP is and should be true, according to the
#$Agreement AGR. PROP is expressed as a
#$ELSentence-Assertible and is considered true within the
microtheory which represents AGR. PROP may or may not be
true in reality. Note the distinction between #$ist and
#$ist-Agreement: #$ist relates any particular microtheory
to all assertions that happen to be true in that
microtheory; but #$ist-Agreement specially indicates those
assertions in an #$Agreement microtheory which belong to the
agreement itself and are not just something that happens to
be true in it (e.g., that one of the #$agreeingAgents is
named Joe).
bd58b89d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
ist - asserted
(#$ist-Asserted MT FORMULA) states that there is a
Cyc #$CycLAssertion for FORMULA in the microtheory MT. This
predicate is therefore a more specialized form of #$ist with
the additional requirement that there be an actual assertion
for FORMULA in MT. Note that this is also more precise than
(#$ist MT (#$assertedSentence FORMULA)) which states that
there is an assertion for FORMULA in some microtheory
visible from MT.
c0cd0537-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
ist - information
This is a form of #$ist that applies to the
explicit content of a chunk of information. It is needed so
we can distinguish between things that are true in an
information context because they were explicitly stated, and
things that are true because they can be inferred.
bd58d1ce-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
item worn
The predicate #$itemWorn is used to indicate a
particular article of clothing (or other wearable item) that
is worn in a particular situation. (#$itemWorn WEARING
ITEM) means that ITEM is the #$ClothingItem worn during the
situation WEARING, an element of #$WearingSomething (q.v.).
bd5fa7ef-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
job attributes
The predicate #$jobAttributes describes a type of
job as #$BlueCollar, #$WhiteCollar, #$Unionized, etc.
(#$jobAttributes JOBTYPE ATTRIBUTE) means that ATTRIBUTE
describes a general property of the #$OccupationType
JOBTYPE. Note that this predicate talks about elements of
#$OccupationType (kinds of occupations), not about a
particular job held by some individual.
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judicial agents
(#$judicialAgents EV JUDGE) means that the #$Agent
JUDGE is acting as a judge in the event EV.
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junction in system
(#$junctionInSystem JUNCTION SYS) means that
JUNCTION is a junction in the #$PathSystem SYS, i.e., a node
in SYS that is an 'intersection' or
'branching point' of links or loops in SYS. (For
the case when no SYS is specified, see #$JunctionOfPaths.)
Formally, a node X in SYS is a junction in SYS iff either
there are three (different) links in SYS such that X is on
all of them, or there are two (different) loops in SYS such
that X is on both of them, or there is a link in SYS and
there is a loop in SYS such that X is on both of them. For
different kinds of junctions in a path system, see
#$threeWayJunctionInSystem, #$fourWayJunctionInSystem.
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ke consideration inverse
(#$keConsiderationInverse COL BIN-PRED) means that
for every instance INS of COL, it should be
determined whether there exist some VALUE such that
(BIN-PRED INS VALUE) could be asserted.
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ke farthest genls strong suggestion inverse
(#$keFarthestGenlsStrongSuggestionPreds COL
BIN-PRED) means that for every specialization SPEC-COL of
COL such that SPEC-COL is not known to have dependent
specializations, it is strongly suggested that there exist
some VALUE such that (BIN-PRED VALUE SPEC-COL) is known in
the KB.
bef3c976-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
ke farthest genls strong suggestion preds
(#$keFarthestGenlsStrongSuggestionPreds COL
BIN-PRED) means that for every specialization SPEC-COL of
COL such that SPEC-COL is not known to have dependent
specializations, it is strongly suggested that there exist
some VALUE such that (BIN-PRED SPEC-COL VALUE) is known in
the KB.
bd970b91-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
ke farthest genls weak suggestion inverse
(#$keFarthestGenlsWeakSuggestionPreds COL
BIN-PRED) means that for every specialization SPEC-COL of
COL such that SPEC-COL is not known to have dependent
specializations, it is weakly suggested that there exist
some VALUE such that (BIN-PRED VALUE SPEC-COL) is known in
the KB.
bf4585b1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
ke farthest genls weak suggestion preds
(#$keFarthestGenlsWeakSuggestionPreds COL
BIN-PRED) means that for every specialization SPEC-COL of
COL such that SPEC-COL is not known to have dependent
specializations, it is weakly suggested that there exist
some VALUE such that (BIN-PRED SPEC-COL VALUE) is known in
the KB.
bfd95abb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
ke genls consideration inverse
(#$keGenlsConsiderationInverse COL BIN-PRED) means
that for every specialization SPEC-COL of COL, it should be
considered whether there there exist some VALUE such that
(BIN-PRED VALUE SPEC-COL) should be asserted in the KB.
bd624659-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
ke genls consideration preds
(#$keGenlsConsiderationPreds COL BIN-PRED) means
that for every specialization SPEC-COL of COL, it should be
considered whether there is some VALUE such that (BIN-PRED
SPEC-COL VALUE) is known in the KB.
bef45ae6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
ke genls strong consideration preds
(#$keGenlsConsiderationPreds COL BIN-PRED) means
that for every specialization SPEC-COL of COL, it should be
considered whether there is some VALUE such that (BIN-PRED
SPEC-COL VALUE) and if there is, it is strongly suggested
that this relationship be made known in the KB.
bdc78940-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
ke genls strong suggestion inverse
(#$keGenlsStrongSuggestionInverse COL BIN-PRED)
means that for every specialization SPEC-COL of COL, it is
strongly suggested that there exist some VALUE such that
(BIN-PRED VALUE SPEC-COL) is known in the KB.
c13c86c8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
ke genls strong suggestion preds
(#$keGenlsStrongSuggestionPreds COL BIN-PRED)
means that for every specialization SPEC-COL of COL, it is
strongly suggested that there exist some VALUE such that
(BIN-PRED SPEC-COL VALUE) is known in the KB.
be6842dd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
ke genls weak suggestion inverse
(#$keGenlsWeakSuggestionInverse COL BIN-PRED)
means that for every specialization SPEC-COL of COL, it is
weakly suggested that there exist some VALUE such that
(BIN-PRED VALUE SPEC-COL) is known in the KB.
be47b707-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
ke genls weak suggestion preds
(#$keGenlsWeakSuggestionPreds COL BIN-PRED) means
that for every specialization SPEC-COL of COL, it is weakly
suggested that there exist some VALUE such that (BIN-PRED
SPEC-COL VALUE) is known in the KB.
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ke strong consideration inverse
(#$keConsiderationInverse COL BIN-PRED) means that
for every instance INS of COL, it should be
determined whether there exist some VALUE such that
(BIN-PRED INS VALUE) could be asserted and if so it is
strongly suggested that it be asserted.
c0ea4476-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
ke strong suggestion inverse
(#$keStrongSuggestionInverse COL BIN-PRED) means
that for every instance INS of COL, it is strongly suggested
that there exist some VALUE such that (BIN-PRED VALUE INS)
is known in the KB.
bdc5924d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
ke weak suggestion inverse
(#$keWeakSuggestionInverse COL BIN-PRED) means
that for every instance INST of COL, it is weakly suggested
that there exist some VALUE such that (BIN-PRED VALUE INST)
is known in the KB.
bf89be7f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
ke weak suggestion preds
(#$keWeakSuggestionPreds COL BIN-PRED) means that
for every instance INST of COL, it is weakly suggested that
there exist some VALUE such that (BIN-PRED INST VALUE) is
known in the KB.
bef548ea-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
knows
(#$knows AGT PROP) means that the #$Agent AGT
believes the proposition PROP (represented by a
#$ELSentence-Assertible), is sure about the truth of PROP
(may or may not have a rational argument for PROP), and
furthermore PROP is in fact true at least in the current
context (#$Microtheory). Note: Knowledge is stronger than
belief; it implies belief. So if (#$knows AGT PROP), then
(#$beliefs AGT PROP) is true. Note: Knowledge is stronger
than truth; it implies truth (in the current #$Microtheory):
if (#$knows AGT PROP), then PROP is true. Note: Opinion
and knowledge are mutually exclusive: if (#$knows AGT PROP),
then it is NOT true that (#$opinions AGT PROP). Note:
Knowledge implies awareness. Since Abraham Lincoln died a
century before we were born, it is impossible for (#$knows
#$AbrahamLincoln (#$likesAsFriend #$Lenat #$MaryShepherd))
to hold, except in some fictional context.
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know
(#$knowsAbout AGT X) means that the
#$IntelligentAgent AGT knows something about X. This
predicate represents more than simple awareness, but exactly
what is known -- the content of AGT's knowledge about X
-- is not specified. Examples: (#$knowsAbout #$Lenat
#$Cyc), (#$knowsAbout #$MichaelJordan
#$Basketball-TheGame). Note: many commonsense rules can
conclude (#$knowsAbout AGT X) -- e.g., those having to do
with AGT's occupation, college degrees, city of
residence,... in fact, almost any assertion about AGT can
lead to presumptions that he/she probably #$knowsAbout
something. #$knowsAbout in turn can serve (weakly) in
arguments about whether or not AGT #$knows (qv) specific
common assertions involving X, and in arguments about
whether or not AGT #$knowsValue of some particular predicate
applied to X, etc. See also #$expertRegarding.
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language of communication
The predicate #$languageOfCommunication is used to
indicate a language used by agents in a particular
communication event. (#$languageOfCommunication COM LANG)
means that in the #$Communicating COM, the information
transferred is expressed in the language LANG. LANG may be
a natural language, a computer language, a musical system,
or other symbolic system such as #$AmericanSignLanguage.
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language spoken
(#$languageSpoken INTAGENT NATLANG) means the
#$IntelligentAgent INTAGENT speaks the natural human
language NATLANG at least somewhat fluently. The language
must be speakable by humans, as are English, Latin, or
Japanese, but not LISP, C or LINCOS. So, for example,
(#$languageSpoken #$Lenat #$EnglishLanguage). See #$NaturalLanguage.
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languages spoken here
(#$languagesSpokenHere REG LANG) means that LANG
is a language spoken in geographical region REG.
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last name
(#$lastName X STRNG) means that #$Person X is
known by the #$HumanFamilyNameString STRNG as his or her
last name. E.g., (#$lastName #$Lenat ``Lenat'').
A person rarely has more than one last name at any one time.
Last names may change as a result of certain actions, such
as marriages, deaths, etc., in various cultures. In Western
cultures a #$lastName is generally a surname (see
#$familyName), while in Eastern cultures a #$lastName is
generally a given name (see #$givenNames).
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completion
(#$lastSubEvents EVENT END) implies (#$subEvents
EVENT END) and (#$temporallyFinishedBy EVENT END). For
example, one Cyc axiom says that if EVENT is an instance of
#$WagingWar, and (#$lastSubEvents EVENT END) is true, and
END is an instance of #$Surrendering, then the identity of
those for whom the war was #$successfulForAgents can be
inferred from the particular roles that are played by the
various parties during the surrender. This is how one might
infer, from Lee surrendering to Grant, that the South lost
the American Civil War.
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later sub abstractions
(#$laterSubAbstractions SUB1 SUB2) means that SUB1
and SUB2 are both a #$subAbstrac of the same entity (i.e.,
(#$hasSameEntityAs SUB1 SUB2)) and the sub-abstraction SUB2
starts sometime after the beginning of SUB1 (i.e.,
(#$startsAfterStartingOf SUB2 SUB1)). For example,
#$RichardFeynman while working on the Manhattan Project was
a #$laterSubAbstractions than #$RichardFeynman in his first
year of graduate school at Princeton.
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laws
The predicate #$laws is used to relate a
geopolitical region (country, state, city, etc.) to a law or
entire legal code which applies there. (#$laws GEOPOL CODE)
means that the #$GeopoliticalEntity GEOPOL officially has
the law (or set of laws) CODE. See also #$GovernmentCOC for
the representation of a #$Law or a #$LegalCode as a #$Microtheory.
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length
(#$lengthOfObject OBJECT LENGTH) means that the
length of OBJECT is LENGTH. Which dimension of a given
object counts as its length partly depends on such things as
the type of object it is, its shape, and its spatial
relations to other objects in its environment. Length is
normally measured as the #$Distance from (what one
intuitively thinks of as) one end of the object to its
other end , and often corresponds to the dimension of the
object that has the greatest magnitude. Some types of
objects (e.g. trains and yachts) have front and back ends --
and thus lengths -- by virtue of having an intrinsic default
orientation (see #$FrontAndBackSidedObject and the other
specializations of #$BilateralObject). For some other types
of objects (e.g. shoelaces and hair strands), length is
determined by that dimension that is of much greater
magnitude, relatively speaking, than any of the
object's other dimensions. Still other objects have
lengths by virtue of having orientations determined only in
relation to their environments (e.g. the length of a row
of adjacent buldings might be the distance across the side
of the row that faces the street, whether or not that
happens to be the row's dimension of greatest
magnitude). See also #$widthOfObject, #$heightOfObject, and #$depthOfObject.
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level with
(#$levelWith OBJ1 OBJ2) means that OBJ1 and OBJ2
are roughly the same vertical distance from some horizontal
surface in the frame of reference.
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likes as friend
(#$likesAsFriend AGT1 AGT2) means that AGT1 enjoys
interacting socially with AGT2. See also the
#$FeelingAttributeTypes #$Friendliness. Note: this
predicate does not imply that AGT1 likes AGT2 only as a
friend -- there may be romantic feelings, and other
feelings, as well.
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like
(#$likesObject AGT OBJ) means that when the
sentient agent AGT is interacting in some way with OBJ, that
agent feels some measure of #$Enjoyment --- that is,
(#$feelsEmotion AGT #$Enjoyment). The kinds of interactions
that produce #$Enjoyment depend largely on what kind of
thing OBJ is. Thus, `Joe likes the Mona Lisa' implies
that Joe feels #$Enjoyment when viewing the Mona Lisa. But
`Joe likes pizza' implies that Joe feels #$Enjoyment
when eating that kind of food. There are some specialized
predicates of #$likesObject that give more information about
the kind of interaction between AGT and OBJ that results in
#$Enjoyment; see, e.g., #$likesSensorially and #$likesAsFriend.
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likes sensorially
(#$likesSensorially AGT SENSUM) means that the
#$PerceptualAgent AGT derives some physical pleasure from
the sensory experience of SENSUM (a taste, odor, or other #$SensoryAttribute).
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link closed sub systems
(#$linkClosedSubSystems SYS SUBSYS) means that the
path system SUBSYS is a subsystem of the path system SYS
(i.e., (#$subPathSystems SYS SUBSYS) holds) and SUBSYS
'preserves' all links in SYS between nodes in
SUBSYS, i.e., if (#$linkBetweenInSystem LINK X Y SYS) holds
and X and Y are in SUBSYS, LINK is a link in SUBSYS.
bf4c45ab-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
link in system
(#$linkInSystem LINK SYS) means that LINK is an
instance of #$Path-Simple taken as a primitive path (called
a link) in the #$PathSystem SYS. For each link LINK in a
path system SYS, there is a unique pair {X, Y} of different
nodes in SYS (see #$nodeInSystem) such that X and Y are the
two end-points of LINK in SYS. Other 'points' can
also be on LINK, but they cannot be nodes in SYS. There can
be no point on a link that is different from its end points
but nevertheless on another link, i.e., no matter how many
points there are on a particular link in a path system, none
of them can be an 'intersection' (see
#$junctionInSystem) except the end points of the link, which
are nodes in the system. See #$linkBetweenInSystem. Each
link in SYS is also a path in SYS, i.e., (#$linkInSystem
LINK SYS) implies (#$pathInSystem LINK SYS). Note that
there is no general collection of all links. Any path can
be a link if you can somehow ignore the intersection points
on it--it all depends on the #$PathSystem. Note also that
in some cases (such as talking about relations between
different #$PathSystems), using (#$LinksFn SYS) to denote
the set of all links in SYS is more convenient than using
the predicate #$linkInSystem.
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links of customary system
(#$linksOfCustomarySystem ASSUMEDSYSTEM LINK)
means that the #$CustomarySystemOfLinks ASSUMEDSYSTEM has
the individual #$SimpleSegmentOfPath LINK as one of its
links (where 'link' means a path with no junctions
along it). Each such link is of the path type that
ASSUMEDSYSTEM is made of: a highway system is assumed to be
comprised of roadways linking junctions or towns (and some
dead-ends); each roadway without junctions is one of the
links. The parts of a road (pavement, streetlight, stripe
in middle, culverts, etc.) are not #$linksOfCustomarySystem.
Similarly the #$linksOfCustomarySystem of a plumbing system
are the pipes, but not the straps holding the pipes. Thus a
#$CustomarySystemOfLinks may have various kinds of #$parts
that are not #$linksOfCustomarySystem. Contrast this with
the formal case where a specified #$PathSystem is given; in
this case the predicates #$linkInSystem and #$pathInSystem
are used.
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list set members
(#$listSetMembers LIST MEMBER) means that MEMBER
is a member of the #$List LIST. For example, if LIST =
(#$TheList A B C B), then A, B and C are all members of
LIST. See #$SetOfListMembersFn.
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litigant
(litigants ARG1 ARG2) means that the agent ARG2 is
one of the contending parties in the lawsuit ARG1.
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logical condition - r s t
The relation known as logical condition in
Rhetorical Structure Theory.
bfe8cc79-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
loop in system
(#$loopInSystem LOOP SYS) means that LOOP is a
'loop' in SYS, which is like a link in SYS except
that it has exactly one node on it as if it is a link whose
two end nodes are the same. Each loop in SYS is also a
cycle in SYS, see #$cycleInSystem. The differences between
a loop and a (non-loop) cycle in SYS include that (i) there
is exactly one point in SYS on a loop (which must be a node
in SYS), but there may in general be any finite number of
nodes (and even as many points as there are real numbers) on
some (non-loop) cycle in SYS, and that (ii) The unique node
in SYS on a loop may or may not be an end point of a link in
SYS, but each node on a (non-loop) cycle in SYS must be an
end point of at least two links in SYS. These imply that
there can be at most one 'intersection point' on a
loop in SYS but there can be any finite number of
'intersection points' on a (non-loop) cycle in
SYS. See #$pointOnCycle and #$junctionInSystem. Note that
under current treatment of loops in a path system, if one
would like to talk about a 'loop' in a path system
a 'part' of which is a path in the system, then
he/she should make it a cycle rather than a loop in the
system because according to what we said above, no
'part' of a loop in the system can be presented as
a path in the system. Note also that in some cases (such as
talking about relations between different #$PathSystems),
using (#$LoopsFn SYS) to denote the set of all loops in SYS
is more convenient than using the predicate #$loopInSystem.
bf2899fb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
love
(#$loves AGENT1 AGENT2) means AGENT1 loves AGENT2;
AGENT2 has a strong emotional affect on AGENT1 whereby
AGENT1 is usually loyal and devoted to and wishes well
AGENT2, seeks AGENT2's companionship, and will incur
substantial personal cost to help AGENT2. Any #$Agent can
love any other #$Agent, though there are specialized types
of love which are restricted to two animals, two adult
people, a person and a corporation, etc.
bd58b6d3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
made by
The predicate #$madeBy was used to indicate that a
particular product was made by a particular company.
(#$madeBy PROD COMORG) means that PROD, an individual
instance of #$Product, was manufactured by the
#$CommercialOrganization COMORG. Cf. #$makesProductType.
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main constituent
The predicate #$mainConstituent is used to
indicate the most significant portion of an element of
#$ExistingStuffType that makes up a particular
#$PartiallyTangible thing. (#$mainConstituent X Y) means
that X's #$constituents include Y, and (as a default)
the physical properties of the thing X are those of its main
constituent, Y. For example, for a particular instance of
#$Lemonade, there is an instance of #$Water which is the
#$mainConstituent, and most of the physical properties of
the #$Lemonade derive from #$Water. On the other hand, a
person is NOT considered to have some portion of #$Water as
#$mainConstituent, even though much of a person's mass
is #$Water, because the physical properties of a person are
not the same as those of water.
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main product
The predicate #$mainProduct is used to identify
the main item in a particular set of stuff that a customer
gets when buying a packaged product. (#$mainProduct FORM
PROD) means that the particular #$Product PROD is the main
item of the #$FormalProduct FORM--as distinct from the
accessories, agreements, packaging, literature, etc., that
come along with it.
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major city in state
(#$cityInState CITY STATE) means that CITY is
generally considered to be a major (i.e., highly
populated or important) #$City in STATE.
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major undertakings of
(#$majorUndertakingsOf ACTION AGENT) means that
AGENT consciously performed ACTION. The success and
consequence(s) of ACTION are important to AGENT. As a
result, for a sentient AGENT, failure usually results in
AGENT feeling negative emotions, and success positive emotions.
bd58e52c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
makes product type
The predicate #$makesProductType is used to
indicate that a particular company makes a specific (i.e.,
type of) product. (#$makesProductType ORG PRODTYP) means
that the #$CommercialOrganization ORG manufactures the
#$ProductType PRODTYP. Cf. #$madeBy, #$mainProductType and #$soleProductType.
bd5900cf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
father
(#$maleParentActor ?EVENT ?ORGANISM) means that
?ORGANISM is the male parent in the
#$SexualReproductionEvent ?EVENT.
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maleficiaries
(#$maleficiary ACT AGT) means that the #$Agent AGT
is harmed by the occurrence of the action ACT. That is, the
interest or welfare of AGT is thwarted, blocked, or harmed
in ACT.
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malleability of object
(#$malleabilityOfObject OBJ DEGREE) indicates that
the instance of #$SolidTangibleThing OBJ has the degree of
#$Malleability DEGREE.
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marital status
(#$maritalStatus PRSN MSTAT) means #$Person PRSN
has the #$MaritalStatusOfPeople MSTAT. The latter may be:
#$Married, #$Widowed, #$Single, etc. E.g., (#$maritalStatus
#$KeithRichards #$Married). The marital status of a person
depends on whether, and when, that person was married to
another person, and how the marriage ended.
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mass number
(#$massNumber WORD STRING) means that STRING is
the mass noun form of WORD. For example, `paper' is
the mass noun form of #$Paper-TheWord.
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mass
(#$massOfObject OBJ MASS) means that the tangible
object OBJ has #$Mass MASS.
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mate
(#$mate ANIM1 ANIM2) means ANIM1 and ANIM2 mate
(at least once) from time to time.
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max quant value
(#$maxQuantValue SCALAR POINT) means that the
upper limit of the quantity SCALAR is POINT, an element of
#$ScalarPointValue. SCALAR is an element of
#$ScalarInterval. For example, the #$maxQuantValue for the
pay of mail room employees might be (#$DollarsPerHour 6.5);
e.g., (#$maxQuantValue `MailPay' (#$DollarsPerHour
6.5)). Another example: (#$maxQuantValue (#$Unity 5 10) 10).
bd5880b9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
maximal connected sub systems
(#$maximalConnectedSubSystems SYS SUB) means that
SUB is a 'maximal' connected subsystem of SYS,
i.e., that SUB is an entire connected piece of SYS without
other disconnected pieces of SYS. That is to say, (i) SUB
is a connected path system, and consequently must have at
least one node, say NODE, in it, and (ii) SUB is a subsystem
of SYS, and (iii) for every connected subsystem SUB1 of SYS
containing NODE, SUB1 is a subsystem of SUB. Thus a maximal
connected subsystem SUB of a path system SYS must satisfy
the conditions that (a) for each point X in SUB and each
point Y in SYS that is not in SUB, X and Y are not connected
in SYS, and that (b) for any nodes X and Y in SUB, for any
link LINK in SYS between X and Y, LINK must also be in SUB,
and that (c) for each point X in SYS, if X is on a link in
SYS which is also a link in SUB, then X must also be in SUB.
It follows that if SUB is a maximal connected subsystem of
SYS, SUB must be a link-closed subsystem as well as a
point-closed subsystem of SYS. Another consequence is that
if SUB is a maximal connected subsystem of SYS, and if X is
a point in SUB and is on a loop in SYS, then the loop must
also be in SUB.
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means - r s t
The discourse relation that holds between two
segments of text when ARG2 specifies a means of carrying out ARG1.
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measure
This predicate relates a temporal thing to the
total elapsed from its start to its end. (#$measure
TEMPTHING MEASURE) means that MEASURE is the total elapsed
time from when TEMPTHING started to happen (if an event) or
started to exist (if a physical object or static situation)
to when TEMPTHING ended or ceased to exist. If TEMPTHING is
#$temporallyContinuous, its #$measure is the same as its
#$duration (the length of time during which it actually
happened or existed); but if TEMPTHING is discontinuous, its
#$measure is strictly greater than its #$duration. For
example, the discontinuous event GeorgeWashingtonSleeping
has a #$measure that is about three times as long as its
#$duration (assuming he slept about 8 hours a night).
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mediators
The facilitators of a process including the
agents, brokers, or mediators that assist in arranging a
contract, transaction, or agreement among several parties.
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member of species
(#$memberOfSpecies ORG SPECIES) means that the
organism ORG is a member of the #$BiologicalSpecies SPECIES.
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member of this political party
(#$memberOfThisPoliticalParty PARTY PERS) means
that #$Person PERS is a (registered) member of
#$PoliticalParty PARTY. For example,
(#$memberOfThisPoliticalParty #$DemocraticParty #$BillClinton).
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microtheory designation argnum
Used to specify which argument of a given
#$MicrotheoryDesignatingRelation designates the microtheory
in which to interpret some formula.
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middle name
(#$middleName X STRNG) means that #$Person X is
known by the #$HumanGivenNameString STRNG as his or her
middle name. E.g., (#$middleName #$Lenat
``Bruce''). A person rarely has more than one
middle name. In some cultures, when a wedding occurs, one
party changes their middle name to whatever their #$lastName
used to be, thus leading to cases where the person's
new middle name is actually a #$HumanFamilyNameString rather
than a #$HumanGivenNameString --- the same is true in some
cultures when an infant is born and given, as a middle name,
the last name of a grandparent (other than the infant's
last name). See also #$middleNameInitial.
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min quant value
(#$minQuantValue SCALAR POINT) means that the
lower limit of SCALAR is POINT, an element of
#$ScalarPointValue. SCALAR is an element of
#$ScalarInterval. For example, the #$minQuantValue for the
pay of mail room employees might be (#$DollarsPerHour 4.5);
e.g., (#$minQuantValue `MailPay' (#$DollarsPerHour
4.5)). Another example: (#$minQuantValue (#$Unity 5 10) 5).
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monetary value
The value of an element of #$SomethingExisting,
expressed in a monetary currency.--OKeefe, Jul 22, 1997
bd58d4b2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
money transfer mode
(#$moneyTransferMode TRANSACTION TYPE) means that
in some particular money transfer TRANSACTION, the
#$MoneyTenderType used in that transaction was TYPE, e.g.,
#$CreditCard, #$Check-TenderObject, etc.
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money transferred
This predicate indicates the amount of money
involved in a particular transfer of funds.
(#$moneyTransferred TRANS MONEY) means that MONEY is the
quantity of #$Money transferred in the money transfer event
TRANS. Note: MONEY is distinct from the physical
#$TenderObjects (q.v.) used to accomplish that transfer (cf.
#$objectTendered). For example, the #$moneyTransferred to
pay a car payment might be the amount US$400, while the
#$objectTendered in the paying is an instance of #$Check-TenderObject.
bd5896a0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
honoree
(#$monumentHonors MONUMENT HONOREE) means that
MONUMENT is a fixed, solid, lasting #$MemorialMarker (often,
specifically a #$Monument) constructed to honor or
commemmorate HONOREE, and to cause people who perceive
MONUMENT to remember and respect HONOREE. HONOREE must be a
#$Person (often a dead person) rather than a group of
people, a pet, an event, other physical object (for honoring
these, see #$artifactHonors). Usually, but not always, the
MONUMENT is built by someone other than HONOREE (but some
people build monuments to themselves). If HONOREE is a
living #$Person when MONUMENT is built, HONOREE may be
present at an #$Event of announcing, inaugurating or
unveiling the MONUMENT; see #$eventHonors.
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mother
(#$mother OFFSPRING FEMALE) means that the
#$FemaleAnimal FEMALE is the female biological parent of the
#$Animal OFFSPRING .
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pathway
This predicate can be used to indicate that the
trajectory or trajectories travelled by one or more objects
during a movement event follow some spatial path throughout
the entire movement. More formally, if MOVE is an instance
of #$Translation-SingleTrajectory, (#$motionPathway-Complete
MOVE PATH) means that the instance PATH of #$Path-Spatial
contains the entire instance of #$Trajectory along which the
objects moving (see #$objectMoving) travel in MOVE. Note
that there can be at most one #$motionPathway-Complete in
this case. If MOVE is an instance of
#$Translation-MultiTrajectory, (#$motionPathway-Complete
MOVE PATH) means that the instance PATH of #$Path-Spatial
contains the entire instance of #$Trajectory along which at
least one of the objects moving in MOVE travels. In this
case, more than one #$motionPathway-Complete may exist.
(Note that the instance of #$Traversal determined by the
#$trajectory-Complete need not occupy the whole length of
PATH.) To explain this predicate somewhat differently, any
#$motionPathway-Complete of an instance of
#$Movement-TranslationEvent connects the starting and
stopping points (the #$fromLocation and #$toLocation) of the
whole trajectory of at least one object in the movement
event (See also #$pathConnects). Note that PATH may be a
marked or unmarked instance of #$Path-Spatial. See also
#$trajectoryPassesThrough and #$motionPathway-Partial. You
can use #$trajectoryPassesThrough to state that an object
passes through a particular location on the object's trajectory.
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motion pathway - partial
This predicate can be used to indicate one of the
paths followed in some movement event. More formally,
(#$motionPathway-Partial MOVE PATH) means that the instance
MOVE of #$Movement-TranslationEvent has a trajectory (see
#$trajectory-Complete) with a sub-trajectory in common with
some #$subPaths of the instance PATH of #$Path-Spatial. For
example, if a certain trip to Dallas from Austin is via
highway I-35, this does not imply either that the whole
journey is along I-35 (it also may be along driveways and
side streets), or that it is along all of I-35 (which would
take you from the Mexican border all the way to the Canadian
border). A part of the journey is along a part of I-35.
Contrast this predicate with #$motionPathway-Complete, which
indicates the relation between a movement MOVE and an
instance of #$Path-Spatial followed throughout all of MOVE.
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motivation - r s t
The discourse relation that holds between two
segments of text when ARG2 specifies something which could
motivate the listener to carry out the actions described in ARG1.
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mt inference function
The function which is used to perform inference
within this microtheory.
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my creation purpose
Internal bookkeeping predicate used for keeping
track of the category of the task that the creator of a Cyc
constant was performing at the time that constant was
created. The categories that this predicate takes in the
second argument exist for the purpose of internal record
keeping; do not confuse them with the official Cycorp
billing categories.
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my creation second
(#$myCreationSecond X SECOND) means that the
#$CycLConstant X was created precisely at SECOND within the
day it was created. SECOND is not, however, an instance of
#$Date. Rather it is an element of #$CycUniversalSecond.
This assertion is not intended for inference, only for
documentation, so the format is a simple one, designed for
human readability and for use by internal Cyc functions.
The format of SECOND is HHMMSS, so for example, midnight is
000000 (or simply 0), noon is 120000, 3:42:59 pm is 154259,
and 11:59:59 pm is 235959. See also #$myCreationTime.
c0714577-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
my creation time
(#$myCreationTime X TIME) means that the
#$CycLConstant X was created at time TIME. TIME is not,
however, an instance of #$Date. Rather it is an instance of
#$CycUniversalDate. This assertion is not intended for
inference, only for documentation, so the format is a simple
one, designed for human readability and for use by internal
Cyc functions. The format of TIME is YYYYMMDD, so for
example, 19870911 is September 11, 1987.
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my creator
(#$myCreator X Y) means that Y is the constant
representing the person who introduced the constant X into
the Cyc vocabulary. In general, the editing interfaces to
the Cyc KB only allow the KB to be modified when an instance
of #$Cyclist is designated as the author of the changes.
See also #$sourceOfTerm-Person.
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my entity
(#$myEntity ?X ?Y) indicates that ?Y is an
#$Entity (qv) and that ?X is some subabstraction of ?Y.
That is, (#$subAbstrac ?Y ?X). Note that each
#$SomethingExisting ?X will generally have one unique
#$Entity ?Y of which it is a #$subAbstrac. E.g.,
(#$myEntity AlbertEinsteinWhileAtPrinceton AlbertEinstein).
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name of agent
(#$nameOfAgent AGT STRING) means STRING is the
name(s) of AGT. AGT can be a #$Person, #$Animal,
#$Organization, etc. In most contexts, this means that AGT
may normally be called STRING, in that context, and should
therefore include their #$salutation if the context is a
formal one, should omit their #$lastName if it is
unambiguous and the context is an intimate one, etc..
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name string
(#$nameString THING STRING) means that the name
of the thing THING is the string STRING. Use it to connect
constants or NATS with their names. For agents, use the more
specific predicate #$nameOfAgent. If a constant has several
namestrings, use #$preferredNameString to pick one for use
in English paraphrase.
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nat arguments equal
(#$natArgumentsEqual NAT1 NAT2) means that the
arguments of NAT1 and NAT2 unify. For example,
(#$natArgumentsEqual (#$FemaleFn #$Dog) (#$MaleFn #$Dog).
More precisely, (#$and (#$termOfUnit NAT1 (FUNCTION1 .
ARGS)) (#$termOfUnit NAT2 (FUNCTION2 . ARGS))) implies
(#$natArgumentsEqual NAT1 NAT2).
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nat function
(#$natFunction NAT FUNCTION) states that FUNCTION
is the function used in the non-atomic term NAT. For
example, (#$natFunction (#$JuvenileFn #$Dog) #$JuvenileFn).
More precisely, (#$termOfUnit ?NAT (?FUNCTION ...)) implies
(#$natFunction ?NAT ?FUNCTION).
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national language
(#$nationalLanguage NAT LANG) means that LANG is
officially recognized by the political region NAT as a
national language. A country may have more than one nationalLanguage.
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native language
The first language spoken by a person.
EntryFormat is #$SetTheFormat, to cover cases of bi-lingual childhoods.
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nearby object
This intentionally-vague predicate relates
spatial things that are relatively near each other.
(#$near THIS THAT) means that the distance between THIS
and THAT is such that -- given the situation at hand and
the sorts of things that THIS and THAT are -- they would be
considered near each other by most observers. When
appropriate, use a more precisely-defined predicate, such as
#$nearToDegree, #$nearRelativeTo, #$nearForRolesInEventType,
or #$nearnessForRolesInEventType.
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nearest genl attributes
(#$nearestGenlAttributes ATT NEAR-ATT) relates any
attribute value ATT to the nearest unsubsumed attribute
value NEAR-ATT of which it is a spec attribute. This
predicate is #$notAssertible, since it must always be
recomputed from the current state of the #$genlAttributes hierarchy.
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nearest genl mt
(#$nearestGenlMt MT NEAR-MT) relates any
microtheory MT to the nearest unsubsumed microtheory of
which it is a spec microtheory. This predicate is
#$notAssertible, since it must always be recomputed from
the current state of the #$genlMt hierarchy.
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nearest genl preds
(#$nearestGenlPreds PRED NEAR-PRED) relates any
predicate PRED to the nearest unsubsumed predicate NEAR-PRED
of which it is a spec predicate. #$nearestGenlPreds is
#$notAssertible, since it must always be recomputed from
the current state of the #$genlPreds hierarchy.
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nearest genls
(#$nearestGenls COL NEAR-GENL) relates any
collection COL to the nearest unsubsumed collections
NEAR-GENL of which it is a subset. This predicate is
#$notAssertible, since it must always be recomputed from
the current state of the #$genls heirarchy.
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nearest isa
(#$nearestIsa OBJ COL) relates any object OBJ to
the nearest unsubsumed collections COL of which it is an
element. This predicate is #$notAssertible, since it must
always be recomputed from the current state of the #$isa and
#$genls hierarchy.
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nearest spec attributes
(#$nearestSpecAttributes ATT NEAR-ATT) relates any
attribute value ATT to the nearest unsubsumed attribute
NEAR-ATT which are spec attributes of ATT.
#$nearestSpecAttributes is #$notAssertible, since it must
always be recomputed from the current state of the
#$genlAttributes hierarchy. Moreover, it is merely the
#$elInverse of #$nearestGenlAttributes.
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nearest spec mt
(#$nearestSpecMt MT NEAR-MT) relates any
microtheory MT to the nearest unsubsumed microtheories
NEAR-MT which are spec microtheories of MT. This predicate
is #$notAssertible, since it must always be recomputed from
the current state of the #$genlMt hierarchy. Moreover, it is
merely the #$elInverse of #$nearestGenlMt.
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nearest spec preds
(#$nearestSpecPreds PRED NEAR-PRED) relates any
predicate PRED to the nearest unsubsumed predicates
NEAR-PRED which are spec predicates of PRED.
#$nearestSpecPreds is #$notAssertible, since it must always
be recomputed from the current state of the #$genlPreds
hierarchy. Moreover, it is merely the #$elInverse of #$nearestGenlPreds.
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nearest specs
(#$nearestSpecs COL NEAR-SPEC) relates any
collection COL to the nearest unsubsumed collections
NEAR-SPEC which are subsets of COL. This predicate is
#$notAssertible, since it must always be recomputed from
the current state of the #$genls hierarchy. Moreover, it is
merely the #$elInverse of #$nearestGenls.
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negation attribute
(#$negationAttribute ATT1 ATT2) means that a thing
cannot have both ATT1 and ATT2 as attributes at the same or
overlapping times.
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negation inverse
The predicate #$negationInverse is used to
describe a relationship between some elements of
#$BinaryPredicate. (#$negationInverse PRED INV) means that
if PRED holds between a pair of items <X,Y>, then INV
does NOT hold between the inverted pair <Y,X>. In
other words, #$negationInverse is syntactic shorthand for
(#$implies (PRED X Y) (#$not (INV Y X))). Note that PRED
and INV may take the same value; e.g., (#$negationInverse
#$father #$father) is true and means that if X's
#$father is Y, then X is NOT Y's #$father. Thus,
#$negationInverse is true for all elements of #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate.
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negation preds
The predicate #$negationPreds is used to represent
a relation between some elements of #$Predicate.
(#$negationPreds PRED1 PRED2) means that PRED1 is a negation
of PRED2 in the sense that any tuple in the extension of
PRED1 is NOT also a tuple in the extension of PRED2. In
other words, (#$negationPreds PRED1 PRED2) is shorthand for
(#$implies (PRED1 {arg-list}) (#$not (PRED2 {arg-list}))).
For example, (#$negationPreds #$transportees #$transporter).
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negative vested interest
(#$negativeVestedInterest AGT OBJ) means #$Agent
AGT has a negative interest in the object OBJ or in the good
fortune of OBJ, and a positive interest in its misfortune.
Generally, AGT will be helped or pleased by the destruction,
diminution, weakening, or retarding of OBJ, and will be hurt
or displeased if OBJ is preserved or enhanced. See #$positiveVestedInterest.
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node in system
(#$nodeInSystem NODE SYS) holds just in case NODE
is a 'node' in SYS. Every node in SYS is a point
in SYS, but (i) only nodes can be end points of links (see
#$linkBetweenInSystem), 'deadends' (see
#$deadEndInSystem) or 'isolated points' (i.e.,
points that are not on any link or loop, see
#$isolatedNodeInSystem). (ii) Each point that is not a node
must be somewhere on a single link. That is to say, for
each point X in SYS, either (#$pointOnPath X LINK) holds for
unique link LINK in SYS, or X is a node. This implies that
every 'intersection' point (see
#$junctionInSystem) must be a node. Note that in some cases
(such as talking about relations between different
#$PathSystems), using (#$NodesFn SYS) to denote the set of
all nodes in SYS is more convenient than using the predicate #$nodeInSystem.
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non deliberate actors
(#$nonDeliberateActors ACT ACTR) means that ACTR
has a #$Role in the #$Event ACT but is not acting
deliberately. Examples: (1) President #$JohnKennedy was a
#$nonDeliberateActors in his assassination; (2) a person is
a #$nonDeliberateActors in his/her own autonomic bodily
functioning (e.g., heart beating, digesting); (3) Mount
#$Vesuvius-Volcano was a #$nonDeliberateActors in the event
of its eruption that destroyed Pompeii.
#$nonDeliberateActors is a negative specification of the
role an actor has in an event; the role of particular
#$nonDeliberateActors might be further specified positively,
e.g., with #$bodilyActedOn or #$bodilyDoer.
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non volitional cause - r s t
The discourse relation that holds between two
segments of text when ARG2 specifies something which could
be a cause of the nonvolitional action described in ARG1.
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non volitional result - r s t
The discourse relation that holds between two
segments of text when ARG1 specifies something which could
be a nonvolitional cause of ARG2.
c1029a4e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
north of
(#$northOf REGION-1 REGION-2) means that the
#$GeographicalRegion REGION-1 is to the north of the
#$GeographicalRegion REGION-2, when viewed in the
terrestrial frame of reference. Note that REGION-2 is
therefore south of REGION-1; thus, no distinct predicate is
needed to represent `south of'. Example: (#$northOf
#$CityOfPhiladelphiaPA #$CityOfWashingtonDC). See also
#$eastOf and #$directionBetweenObjects. To say
'(southOf x y)' all we need is to say (#$northOf y
x). See also #$fartherNorthThan.
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northeast of
(#$northeastOf REGION-1 REGION-2) means that the
#$GeographicalRegion REGION-1 is to the north-east of the
#$GeographicalRegion REGION-2, when viewed in the
terrestrial frame of reference. Note that REGION-2 is
therefore southwest of REGION-1; thus, no distinct predicate
is needed to represent `southwest of'. Example:
(#$northeastOf #$Philippines #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina).
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northwest of
(#$northwestOf REGION-1 REGION-2) means that the
#$GeographicalRegion REGION-1 is to the northwest of the
#$GeographicalRegion REGION-2, when viewed in the
terrestrial frame of reference. Note that REGION-2 is
therefore southeast of REGION-1; thus, no distinct predicate
is needed to represent `southeast of'. Example:
(#$northwestOf
#$UnitedKingdomOfGreatBritainAndNorthernIreland #$France).
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not
The logical connective #$not is the negation
operator in Cyc. #$not takes a single element of
#$ELSentence-Assertible as its argument. (#$not FORM) is
true if and only if the formula FORM is false in Cyc.
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notice
(#$notices AGT PROP) means that AGT believes the
proposition PROP because AGT has seen, heard, smelled, etc.
PROP via some element of #$Perceiving. Although (#$notices
AGT PROP) implies (#$beliefs AGT PROP) {via the assertion
(#$genlPreds #$notices #$beliefs)}, exceptions occur if AGT
believes they have been hallucinating or drugged, for
example. The predicate #$beliefs, unlike #$notices, can
include propositions gathered through inferring, dreaming,
intuiting. The temporal extent of (#$notices AGT PROP) is
at least a 'short time' following the perceiving
of PROP. The extent of this time is a function of the type
of fact perceived noticed, when forgetting or other
overriding information comes into play.
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population
The predicate #$numInhabitants is used to indicate
the number of people living in a region. (#$numInhabitants
REGION NUMBER) means that the #$GeographicalRegion REGION
has this #$Integer NUMBER of inhabitants. Note that, for
any particular country, NUMBER is not necessarily the same
as the number of its citizens, since citizens may be living
abroad, and aliens may be residing in the country.
Examples: (#$numInhabitants #$CityOfRomeItaly 2800000);
(#$numInhabitants #$CityOfTokyoJapan 8300000). See also #$populationDuring.
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numerically equal
The predicate #$numericallyEqual is Cyc's
representation of the equals ( = ) of arithmetic, adapted to
use with Cyc's scalars, which include quantitative
intervals as well as point values. For any two instances of
#$ScalarInterval, (#$numericallyEqual SI-1 SI-2) means that
the minimum of SI-1 is equal to the mininum of SI-2 and that
the maximum of SI-1 is equal to the maximum of SI-2. See
also #$ScalarInterval.
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affected object
The predicate #$objectActedOn is used to relate an
event to an entity (or entities) significantly affected in
that event. That entity must exist before the event, but
may be either destroyed in the event (see
#$inputsDestroyed), or merely affected by it (e.g., see
#$damages, #$objectOfStateChange). (#$objectActedOn EVENT
OBJECT) means that OBJECT is altered or affected in EVENT,
and the change that OBJECT undergoes is central or focal to
understanding EVENT. Thus, scissors are NOT an
#$objectActedOn in a #$HairCuttingEvent. The focal change
in a haircut is hair getting shorter; thus, hair is a
legitimate #$objectActedOn in a #$HairCuttingEvent. The
almost microscopic dulling that scissors undergo in a single
haircut is a comparatively insignificant change with respect
to a single haircut, considered as a #$HairCuttingEvent.
Note: long-term effects of usage on devices should be
axiomatized in connection with #$UsingAFn constants.
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object controlled
This predicate is used to indicate that a
particular object is being controlled in a particular event.
(#$objectControlled EVENT OBJ) means that the object OBJ is
being controlled in the #$Event EVENT. Note:
#$objectControlled does not assume or require physical
contact between controller and object controlled.
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emission
This predicate is used in connection with
particular instances of #$EmittingAnObject, to identify the
object which `comes out' during the event.
(#$objectEmitted EMIT OBJ) means that OBJ is emitted from
the #$emitter during the emission event EMIT. The
#$objectEmitted is also an #$objectMoving in EMIT. For
example, in a particular human #$BirthEvent, some particular
#$HumanInfant is an #$objectEmitted.
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whereabouts
(#$objectFoundInLocation OBJ LOC) means that OBJ
has the location LOC. OBJ is not a part of LOC. Examples:
the #$ArcDeTriomphe is located in the #$CityOfParisFrance;
the #$AlaskanPipeline is found in #$Alaska-State; the
#$TownOfGettysburgPA is located in the Eastern region of
Pennsylvania (note that the town's territory is part of
Pennsylvania, but the town as a social organization is
distinct). See also the #$comment on #$inRegion. Cf., for
cases where OBJ is a spatial part of LOC,
#$physicalDecompositions, #$geographicalSubRegions.
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object has color
(#$objectHasColor OBJECT COLOR) means that some
visible part of OBJECT is colored COLOR. This is the most
general of the color predicates; for more specialized
predicates see e.g. #$mainColorOfObject and
#$uniformColorOfObject. Note that, unlike these latter two
predicates, #$objectHasColor is _not_ a specialization of
#$hasAttributes. This is because an object's having
some part that's a certain color does not entail that
the object itself, as a whole, is characterized by that
color in the sense of having it as an attribute.
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object moving
The predicate #$objectMoving is used to refer to
an object which is moving in a particular #$MovementEvent.
(#$objectMoving MOVE OBJECT) means that OBJECT is in motion
at some point during the #$MovementEvent MOVE and is either
the #$primaryObjectMoving in MOVE or #$subEvents of MOVE.
OBJECT need not move from the #$fromLocation to the
#$toLocation. If it does, and moves along the trajectory of
MOVE, then it is a #$primaryObjectMoving, part of a
#$primaryObjectMoving, or contained in a
#$primaryObjectMoving. A part of or object contained by a
#$primaryObjectMoving may or may not also be #$primaryObjectMoving.
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object of possession transfer
The predicate #$objectOfPossessionTransfer
identifies the object which `changes hands' in a
particular event wherein some user's rights to it are
changed. (#$objectOfPossessionTransfer EVENT OBJECT) means
that in EVENT, all or some rights to use OBJECT are
transferred from one agent (the #$fromPossessor) to another
(the #$toPossessor). EVENT is an element of
#$ChangeInUserRights (q.v.), for example, a buying, renting,
lending, repossessing, etc.
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object of state change
The predicate #$objectOfStateChange is used to
identify the object of an instance of
#$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent. (#$objectOfStateChange EVENT
OBJECT) means that OBJECT is an #$Entity that undergoes some
kind of intrinsic change of state in EVENT. OBJECT exists
before EVENT, is directly involved in EVENT, and persists
after EVENT. (Accordingly, this predicate inherits the
#$genlPreds #$preActors and #$postActors through
#$objectActedOn.) The change which OBJECT undergoes is
internal or intrinsic; this predicate is not used for
extrinsic changes, e.g., in location, orientation,
ownership, status, etc. Note: If OBJECT were destroyed
by EVENT and went out of existence in the course of EVENT,
then the right predicate to use would be #$inputsDestroyed,
rather than #$objectOfStateChange.
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object paid for
(#$objectPaidFor EVENT OBJECT) means that in the
#$MonetaryExchangeOfUserRights EVENT, the right to possess
OBJECT is transferred from one #$Agent to another. OBJ is
not the #$objectTendered but the goods that are bought or rented.
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object removed
(#$objectRemoved REMOVING OBJ) means OBJ is
removed from its previous location in the removing event
REMOVING. OBJ may be destroyed during REMOVING. REMOVING
is #$performedBy some entity other than OBJ.
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object selected
(#$objectSelected SEL OBJ) means that OBJ is the
object that is chosen in the event SEL, an instance of
#$SelectingSomething. If what is selected in SEL is a
collection, rather than an individual object, then use the
predicate #$activityObjectType to represent the object of SEL.
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object taken care of
(#$objectTakenCareOf EV OBJ) means that OBJ is
acted on in EV by some #$Agent in order to maintain,
preserve, or promote the health or good condition of OBJ.
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object tendered
This predicate indicates the financial instrument
which is used in a particular transfer of money.
(#$objectTendered TRANS OBJECT) means that the
#$TenderObject OBJECT is used to transfer funds in the
#$MoneyTransfer event TRANS. See also #$TenderObject. Note:
OBJECT is distinct from the quantity of #$Money transferred
(see #$moneyTransferred) although of course OBJECT has some
value --- is `worth' a certain amount, generally
calculated from the numbers printed or stamped or engraved
on the #$TenderObject OBJECT --- which in turn is an element
of #$Money.
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object tested
(#$objectTested EVAL OBJ) mean that OBJ is the
specific object or portion being tested in EVAL. For
example, if someone has a blood test, then the object tested
is the portion of blood used to run the test fulfulls the
role of #$objectTested, rather than the person or the
collection of that person's blood.
c0fd5801-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
officiators
The predicate #$officiator points to the agent who
performs official functions at an event. For example, it is
used to indicate the person who plays the role of a priest
or justice of the peace at a wedding; also, a master of
ceremonies, a judge, a referee. An #$officiator is one of
the performers at the social event where s/he officiates,
usually not the only one.
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offspring
(#$offspringActors EVENT ORGANISM) means that
ORGANISM is an offspring created in the
#$BiologicalReproductionEvent EVENT .
bd58d98a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
oil solubility
(#$oilSolubility OBJ DEGREE) means that the
particular tangible OBJ has this DEGREE of #$Solubility in #$Oil.
be00abdd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
old constant name
If this constant has been renamed after Oct 95,
and if the system variable cyc::*note-old-constant-name* is
set to t on the machine on which the name change occurred,
then this slot automatically records the most recent name
that this constant had.
bd6422c8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
on - physical
(#$on-Physical OVER UNDER) means that the object
OVER is above, supported by, and touching the object UNDER.
OVER and UNDER may be at rest or in motion, or one may be in
motion and the other at rest (relative to it). Examples: a
person on a bicycle; groceries on a checkout conveyor belt;
a statue on a pedestal. Note that only #$touches (and not
#$touchesDirectly) is implied.
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on line
(#$onLine OBJ LINE) means that OBJ is an object or
region with one or more dimensions much smaller than the
length of the #$Line LINE, and OBJ #$spatiallyIntersects or
touches LINE but does not include all of LINE. One object
can be on several different #$Lines. See also #$onPath.
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on path
(#$onPath ARG1 PATH) means that ARG1 is located
along (on or adjacent to) the #$Path-Generic PATH. ARG1
could be a moving object or it could be a stationary point
(see the more specific predicate #$pointOnPath) For
example, Saint Louis, Missouri was #$onPath U.S. Route 66,
as was Missouri, any car driving along it, and any lamp-post
on it.
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opaque argument
(#$opaqueArgument RELATION NUMBER) means that,
whenever an assertion is made with the #$Relation RELATION,
what is being referred to in the argument place NUMBER is
being referred to opaquely; i.e., we cannot substitute in
other terms that are identical (see #$equals) with the term
used in the assertion and expect the truth-value of the
assertion to be preserved. Usually such substitution can be
done: for instance, if we know that Cicero is 6 feet tall
(#$heightOfObject #$Cicero (#$Foot-UnitOfMeasure 6)), and
that (#$equals #$Cicero #$Tully)--that is, Cicero and Tully
refer to the same individual--we can conclude that
(#$heightOfObject #$Tully (#$Foot-UnitOfMeasure 6)). In
'opaque contexts,' however, such substitution
cannot be done. For instance, Cicero may equal Tully, and I
may believe that Cicero is a Roman orator, but it does not
follow that I believe that Tully is a Roman orator. Since
the cyc formula that indicates the contents of one's
beliefs is the second argument of the predicate #$beliefs,
we should assert (#$opaqueArgument #$beliefs 2). Other
opaque contexts include statements within a modal operator,
and statements in which one is actually mentioning a term
(that is, referring to the term itself) rather than using
the term (that is, referring to what the term denotes)--see
#$quotedArgument and #$quotedCollection.
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opinion
(#$opinions AGENT PROP) means that AGENT believes
PROP is true, but isn't sure about it, is at least
somewhat open to the idea that her mind might be changed,
and (in most cases) is aware that her belief in PROP is just
an opinion. AGENT might or might not have good evidence (be
it empirical, rational-logical, or whatever) to support
PROP. Note that while #$opinions and #$knows (q.v.) each
entail (via #$genlPreds) #$beliefs (q.v.), #$opinions and
#$knows are by default mutually exclusive (i.e. related by
#$negationPreds). This is so, not because they have
strictly incompatible truth conditions, but because each of
them -- or rather, its natural language counterpart --
conversationally implies (in the Gricean sense) the
negation of the other.
bd590b79-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
opposite attribute value
(#$oppositeAttributeValue ATT1 ATT2) means that
ATT2 is the opposite of ATT1. E.g., #$DeviceOn and #$DeviceOff.
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opposite direction - interval
(#$oppositeDirection-Interval COMING GOING) means
that the vector which points in the opposite direction to
the vector COMING is the vector GOING. More technically,
COMING and GOING are both elements of #$UnitVectorInterval
in Cyc's spatial representation, and the midpoint of
the direction interval COMING is 180 degrees from the
midpoint of the direction interval GOING. Examples:
(#$oppositeDirection-Interval #$North-Generally
#$South-Generally), (#$oppositeDirection-Interval
#$DorsalDirection #$VentralDirection). If a precise
opposite direction is needed, use #$oppositeDirection-Precise.
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opposite direction - precise
Predicate used mainly for reasoning about
orientations within a given frame of reference.
(#$oppositeDirection-Precise DIR OPPDIR) means that DIR is
precisely the opposite direction to OPPDIR. The predicate
may be taken to imply that the vectors denoting the
directions are separated by 180 degrees.
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or
The predicate #$or is the disjunction relation in
Cyc. #$or is a variable-arity relation and takes any number
of elements of #$ELSentence-Assertible as its arguments.
(#$or P Q ... Z) is true if at least one of the formulas P,
Q, ..., or Z is true in Cyc.
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ordering relations
(#$orderingRelations ORDER PRED) means that, in a
#$MathematicalOrdering ORDER, there is an order-predicate
PRED that forms an ordering relation on the #$baseSet of
ORDER. The predicate PRED, when restricted to the #$baseSet
of the #$MathematicalOrdering ORDER, is transitive on the
#$baseSet of ORDER. Note that the predicate
#$orderingRelations is not a functional predicate because we
may have both (#$orderingRelations ORDER PRED1) and
(#$orderingRelations ORDER PRED2). (This is true even if,
extensionally, the two predicates PRED1 and PRED2 denote
only one set-theoretic binary relation associated with
ORDER.) Such an ordering relation is not necessarily a full
order or even a partial order; it depends on the kind of #$MathematicalOrdering.
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orientation
(#$orientation OBJECT ORTN) means that the
tangible OBJECT is oriented in the way described by the
#$OrientationAttribute ORTN. Examples: (#$orientation OBJ
#$RightSideUp), (#$orientation OBJ #$VerticalOrientation).
#$orientation is asserted with respect to the current
context's #$FrameOfReference.
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origin
(#$origin-RoundTrip TRIP PLACE) means that the
#$Translation-RoundTrip event TRIP leaves from and returns
to the location PLACE. PLACE is both the #$fromLocation and
#$toLocation of the entire TRIP, considered as a whole. For
example, some commuters to Manhattan leave and return each
day to #$Connecticut-State, which is their
#$origin-RoundTrip. See also #$destination-RoundTrip.
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orthography
(#$orthography ?LANG ?WRIT) means that the
#$WritingSystem ?WRIT is the usual mode of writing used to
encode the #$Language ?LANG; that it is used by most of the
people who customarily engage in writing ?LANG.
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output
This predicate relates a particular creation or
destruction event to any of its outputs . (#$outputs EVENT
OBJECT) means that OBJECT is an output from EVENT. That is,
OBJECT is either created/produced as a result of EVENT (see
#$outputsCreated, #$products, #$byProducts) or something
left after another thing was destroyed in EVENT (see
#$outputsRemaining). For example, silicon chips are both
#$outputsCreated in and #$products of a chip manufacturing
process, while a hunk of scrap metal is an
#$outputsRemaining after a car is put through a crusher.
When appropriate, instead of using #$outputs, use one of its
specializations (of which those mentioned above are the nearest).
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output created
The predicate #$outputsCreated is used to identify
items created by a particular event. (#$outputsCreated
EVENT OBJECT) means that OBJECT doesn't exist before
EVENT but comes into existence sometime during EVENT, as a
result of EVENT. #$outputsCreated is a specialization of
#$nonDeliberateActors, since it would in general be
impossible for OBJECT to act deliberately in its own creation.
bd64ad6d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
output
The predicate #$outputsRemaining is used to
identify leftovers which survive from the #$inputs to a
particular event. (#$outputsRemaining EVENT OBJECT) means
that OBJECT persists after EVENT, and that it existed before
EVENT as an identifiable part of one of the things destroyed
during EVENT (see #$inputsDestroyed). Examples: (1) when a
sheet of plywood is sawn through in a cutting event, the
original board is destroyed and the #$outputsRemaining are
the two smaller plywood pieces; (2) after a
#$FiltrationProcess, the #$suspendedPart and the
#$suspendingFluid are the #$outputsRemaining from the
original mixture which has been destroyed.
bd64e092-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
overlaps start
(#$overlapsStart FIRST SECOND) means that FIRST
starts before SECOND and ends during SECOND. That is, the
#$startingPoint of FIRST is before the #$startingPoint of
SECOND, and the #$endingPoint of FIRST is before the
#$endingPoint of SECOND. So this is actually a STRONGER
relation than might be suggested just by its name alone,
since the name alone does not suggest that FIRST must end
during SECOND. If all you mean to say, in some situation,
is that FIRST starts before SECOND, then do NOT use
#$overlapsStart; just use the #$startsAfterStartingOf
relation; i.e., say (#$startsAfterStartingOf SECOND FIRST).
Also note that #$overlapsStart is, in a way, a WEAKER
relation than might be suggested by its name alone. Namely,
the #$startingPoint of SECOND might not even be a point of
FIRST (if FIRST is discontinuous). Note: This Cyc
temporal relation is equivalent to what James Allen
independently dubbed the OVERLAPS relation.
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overrides
The predicate #$overrides is used to tell Cyc
which rule to prefer when it encounters two conflicting
rules while reasoning with default assertions. (#$overrides
FIRST SECOND) means that if the assertions FIRST and SECOND
both appear in conflicting arguments for and against some
proposition, favor the argument that contains FIRST.
bd58a273-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
own
(#$owns AGENT OBJECT) means that AGENT owns OBJECT
-- that is, AGENT enjoys #$FullUseRights (q.v.) over OBJECT.
Note: There are commonsense rules relating #$owns to
#$controls. E.g., ownership typically implies control. But
they are just default rules, as there are many exceptions
(e.g., when the owner of a building leases it to a company
for ten years, the owner gives up almost all `control'
over it during that decade).
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parallel objects
(#$parallelObjects OBJ1 OBJ2) means that the
lengthwise axes of OBJ1 and OBJ2 are parallel to each other.
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parallel vectors
(#$parallelVectors VECTOR1 VECTOR2) means that
VECTOR1 is parallel to VECTOR2. The vectors may either
point in the same direction or directly opposite directions.
See #$parallelObjects and #$sameDirection, and #$oppositeDirection-Precise.
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parent
(#$parentActors EV P) means that organism P is one
of the parents in the #$BiologicalReproductionEvent EV.
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parent company
The predicate #$parentCompany relates an
organization to the business which is its parent company.
(#$parentCompany ORG1 ORG2) means that ORG1 is a (partly or
wholly owned) subsidiary of ORG2. ORG2 is the parent
company that owns and substantially controls ORG1. E.g.,
(#$parentCompany TheLAWeekly TheVillageVoice).
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partitioned into
(#$partitionedInto SETORCOL PART) means that the
mathematical set or collection PART is a partition of the
mathematical set or collection SETORCOL -- that is, the
elements of PART are themselves mathematical sets or
collections, and every element of SETORCOL is an element of
exactly one element of PART, and every element of PART is a
subset of SETORCOL. Or to put it another way, PART is a set
or collection of disjoint sets or collections whose union is
co-extensional with SETORCOL. Typically, the
#$DisjointSetOrCollection that plays the role of PART in an
assertion about partitioning will be a set specified by
enumerating its elements, using the function #$ThePartition.
(This is a special #$ReifiableFunction whose principal
reason-for-being is to facilitate the inference heuristics
associated with assertions about partitioning.)
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constituent
(#$parts WHOLE PART) means that #$Individual PART
is a part of #$Individual WHOLE. This predicate is very
general. It can be used to refer to concepts including
#$physicalParts, #$subEvents, #$timeSlices, and #$groupMembers.
bd58fb6e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
passenger
(#$passengers MOVE PAS) means that PAS is a human
#$transportees in MOVE who is not a #$driverActor for any
#$subEvents of Move. Any PAS is not a #$driverActor for any
#$subEvents of MOVE. PAS is likely to be sitting (see
#$SittingPosture) during the MOVE.
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passive participle
(#$passiveParticiple WORD STRING) means that
STRING is the passive participle form of WORD. The regular
passive participle in English is generally identical to the
#$perfect form. Verbs in the Cyc lexicon will have a
#$passiveParticiple entry only if they are irregular.
Regular forms are generated by the morphology component.
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past tense
(#$pastTense WORD STRING) means that STRING is the
past tense verb form of WORD. The regular past tense form is
formed from the infinitive verb form with an `-ed'
suffix. Verbs in the Cyc lexicon will have a #$pastTense
entry only if they are irregular. Regular forms are
generated by the morphology component. Regular example:
`helped'. Irregular example: `ate'.
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path concatenation of - cycle
(pathConcatenationOf-Simple CHAIN PATH) means that
PATH is the #$Path-Cyclic obtained by
'path-concatenating' all of the links in CHAIN.
See also #$JoinPathsIntoCycleFn .
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path concatenation of - simple
(pathConcatenationOf-Simple CHAIN PATH) means that
PATH is the #$Path-Simple obtained by
'path-concatenating' all of the links in CHAIN.
See also #$JoinPathsFn .
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path in system
(#$pathInSystem PATH SYS) means that PATH is a
path in the path system SYS. Paths in SYS are defined as
follows. (i) Every link in SYS is a path in SYS. (ii)
Every subpath between 'points' on a link in SYS is
a path in SYS. (iii) The concatenation of paths PATH1 and
PATH2 in SYS is a path in SYS, provided there is only one
point on both paths. Every path in the system is
constructible by applying (i), (ii) and/or (iii) finitely
many times. So a path in SYS can 'start'
somewhere along a link, 'go through' several other
links and nodes, and 'end' somewhere along a link
(note that the path may be undirected). Or it could just go
from node to node. This is defined precisely, using
#$SubPathBetweenFn, #$JoinPathsFn, #$pathBetweenInSystem and #$linkBetweenInSystem.
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path terminus
(#$pathTerminus PATH END) means that END is a
terminating end of a #$Path-Customary PATH, and that there
are no further paths of the same type issuing from END that
are spatially disjoint from PATH itself. The terminal end
of any #$Path-Customary may be a dead-end, closed off path
end, or it may be open, or it may be a terminus of motion;
it is not generally a #$JunctionOfPaths with more paths of
the same basic type issuing beyond it. Contrast this with
the predicate #$deadEndInSystem that indicates a terminus
with respect to a specified #$PathSystem only.
c10b572e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
perceive
(#$perceives AGENT OBJECT) means that AGENT is
perceiving OBJECT. That is, AGENT is consciously aware of
the presence of OBJECT via the functioning of at least one
of her/his/its senses (e.g. sight, hearing, smell, etc).
Precisely which tangible features of OBJECT AGENT apprehends
depends in part on the sensory modality used (see the
specializations of #$perceives). For example, if (#$sees
AGENT OBJECT) then AGENT is aware of certain visible
features of OBJECT (such as color or shape), whereas if
(#$smells AGENT OBJECT) then AGENT apprehends certain
aromatic features of OBJECT (such as its wearing L'air
Du Temps perfume). Only tangible objects and situations
involving such objects (see #$constituentInSituation) --
#$PartiallyTangibles, #$PhysicalEvents, and #$Configurations
(which are #$StaticSituations involving partially tangibles)
-- can be perceived.
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perfect
(#$perfect WORD STRING) means that STRING is the
perfect verb form of WORD. This form is also known as the
past participle. The regular perfect verb form is often the
same as the past tense verb form. Verbs in the Cyc lexicon
will have a #$perfect entry only if they are irregular.
Regular forms are generated by the morphology component.
Regular example: `helped'. Irregular example: `eaten'.
bd62ff40-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
performers
The predicate #$performedBy relates an event to an
agent who performs it deliberately, which in Cyc means,
intentionally and volitionally. (#$performedBy ACT DOER)
means that the agent DOER deliberately does the action ACT.
DOER must be an #$Agent. For example, (#$performedBy
#$AssassinationOfPresidentLincoln #$JohnWilkesBooth). If
ACT has multiple performers, ACT will be #$performedBy each
of them. See also #$deliberateActors, #$doneBy.
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performed by part
(#$performedByPart ACT ORG) means that the
#$Organization ORG is considered to be the performer of the
#$Action ACT, though in fact only some subordinate part of
ORG (i.e., a member or a sub-organization), rather than all
of the organization, is directly involved in ACT. For
example, (#$performedByPart OperationDesertStorm USArmy)
since only certain divisions of the US Army participated in
Operation Desert Storm.
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perpendicular objects
(#$perpendicularObjects OBJ1 OBJ2) means that the
longest axis of OBJ1 is perpendicular to the longest axis of OBJ2.
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perpendicular vectors
(#$perpendicularVectors VECTOR1 VECTOR2) means
that VECTOR1 is perpendicular to VECTOR2. E.g.,
(#$perpendicularVectors #$SouthEast-Directly
#$SouthWest-Directly), (#$perpendicularVectors
#$East-Directly #$North-Directly).
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culprit
The #$Agent(s) that performed this possibly
criminal act.
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phone number text
The predicate #$phoneNumberText is used to relate
a telephone number to a contact location.
(#$phoneNumberText LOC NUM) means NUM is a string denoting
(one of) the phone number(s) of the #$ContactLocation LOC.
bd58db7e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
physical decompositions
(#$physicalDecompositions WHOLE PART) -- PART is
any spatial part or decomposition of WHOLE. PART may be
discontinuous, diffused throughout the object, discrete and
identifiable, etc.
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physical extent
(#$physicalExtent WHOLE PART) means that PART is
the complete physical (Tangible) part of the
#$CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject WHOLE, which does not
include any intangible part of WHOLE.
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physical part
(#$physicalParts WHOLE PART) -- WHOLE is a
physical object and PART is one of its distinct,
non-diffuse, identifiable parts, such as the relationship
between a car and its wheels or bumpers. The
#$physicalParts of an object include only those spatial
decompositions which are distinct, identifiable parts.
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physical portions
(#$physicalPortions WHOLE PART) means PART is a
representative spatial chunk of WHOLE. Every intrinsic
property which is true of WHOLE should be true of PART.
Spatial parts of WHOLE which are not representative of the
whole would be #$physicalParts or #$physicalDecompositions,
not #$physicalPortions. For example, the SpaghettiSauce001
which is part of SpaghettiDinner001 is a #$physicalParts of
the dinner. A #$physicalPortions of the dinner would
include some sauce, some noodles, some parmesan cheese, etc.
- parts of all the #$constituents. This is the spatial
analog of #$timeSlices (not #$subEvents). (#$Pittman, 6/25/96)
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quarters
The predicate #$physicalQuarters is used to relate
an organization to the building(s) it occupies.
(#$physicalQuarters ORG BLDG) means that the #$Organization
ORG is located in the #$ConstructionArtifact BLDG, which may
consist of one or more buildings, rooms, offices, etc.
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physical structural attributes
(#$physicalStructuralAttributes OBJ ATT) means
that the physical structure of the tangible object OBJ is
(at least partially) determined or described by its
attribute ATT. See also #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute.
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physical structural integrity
(#$physicalStructuralIntegrity SUBST DEGREE) means
that the tangible object SUBST has DEGREE ability to
maintain its physical structure intact in the face of
various forces. DEGREE is an instance of #$GenericQuantity.
The #$physicalStructuralIntegrity of an object may be
inferred from some of its other physical attributes; e.g.,
something with the #$physicalStructuralAttributes #$Granular
has a #$Low degree of #$physicalStructuralIntegrity; things
whose #$stateOfMatter is #$LiquidStateOfMatter have
#$VeryLow #$physicalStructuralIntegrity.
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pipe ends at cavity
(#$pipeEndsAtCavity PIPE CAV) means that PIPE is a
#$Pipe-GenericConduit that joins the larger-diameter
#$Cavity CAV at a #$PipeEndToCavityJunction, allowing flow
or access between them. The flange where a water pipe
enters a water tank is one example, as is the junction of
the #$Esophagus and the #$Stomach in animals. See also the
collection #$PipeEndToCavityJunction.
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pipes directly connected
(pipesDirectlyConnected PIPE1 PIPE2) means that
there is a #$JunctionOfPipes connecting two
#$Pipe-GenericConduits, PIPE1 to PIPE2, (or else they are
#$endToEndConnected) allowing flow of #$FluidTangibleThings
between them.
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plaintiff
(#$plaintiffs ARG1 ARG2) means that the agent ARG2
is the complaining party (the party bringing an accusation
of wrong-doing) in the lawsuit ARG1.
bd58d059-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
plan to achieve - sit type
(#$planToAchieve-SitType PLAN SIT_TYPE) means that
part of the purpose of PLAN is that a situation of type
SIT_TYPE is supposed to become true in the execution of PLAN
but not hold true for the duration of the execution.
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plan to insure - sit type
(planToInsure-SitType PLAN SITTYPE) means that
part of the purpose of the plan represented by the
SupposedToBeMicrotheory PLAN is that a situation of type
SITTYPE should 'happen' at some time in the course
of the exectution of PLAN. It is presupposed that no
situation of type SITTYPE obtains at the start of the
execution of PLAN and that the situation should persist
after its inception.
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plan to interrupt - sit type
(#$planToInterrupt-SitType PLAN SIT_TYPE) means
that it is part of the purpose of PLAN that a situation of
type SIT_TYPE cease to obtain at some point in the execution
of PLAN but that a situation of type SIT_TYPE should become
true again sometime before the end of the plan execution.
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plan to maintain - sit type
(#$planToMaintain-SitType PLAN SIT_TYPE) means
that the maintainance of a pre-existing #$Situation
satisfying the description of SIT_TYPE throughout the course
of PLAN is part of the purpose of PLAN.
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plan to prevent - sit type
(#$planToPrevent-SitType PLAN SITTYPE) means that
it is part of the purpose of PLAN that a #$Situation
satisfying the description of SITTYPE must NOT come about at
any time during the course of an execution of PLAN. It is
presupposed that no #$Situation of type SITTYPE obtains at
the start of the execution of PLAN.
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plan to stop - sit type
(planToStop-SitType PLAN SITTYPE) means that it is
part of the purpose of the plan represented by the
SupposedToBeMicrotheory PLAN that a pre-existing situation
of type SITTYPE should cease to obtain at some time in the
course of the exectution of PLAN. It is presupposed that a
situation of the type SITTYPE obtains at the start of the
execution of PLAN.
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plan to thwart - sit type
(#$planToThwart-SitType PLAN SIT_TYPE) means that
if a #$Situation of type SIT_TYPE obtains at the start of
the execution of PLAN, then it is part of the purpose of
PLAN that it be stopped some time in the course of PLAN,
and if a #$Situation of type SIT_TYPE does not obtain at
the start of the execution of PLAN, then it is part of the
purpose of PLAN that such a situation must be prevented
throughout PLAN. The predicate is defined in terms of
#$planToStop-SitType and #$planToPrevent-SitType.
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plan to uphold - sit type
(#$planToUphold-SitType PLAN SIT_TYPE) means that
if a #$Situation of type SIT_TYPE does not obtain at the
start of the execution of PLAN, then part of the purpose of
PLAN is to bring it about at some time in the course of the
execution of PLAN, and if a #$Situation of type SIT_TYPE
does obtain at the start of the execution of PLAN, then it
must be maintained throughout the execution of PLAN. The
predicate is defined in terms of #$planToMaintain-SitType
and #$planToInsure-SitType.
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plural
(#$plural WORD STRING) means that STRING is the
plural noun form of WORD. For example, the #$plural form of
#$Hit-TheWord is `hits', and the plural form of
#$Goose-TheWord is `geese'.
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point closed sub systems
(#$pointClosedSubSystems SYS SUBSYS) means that
the path system SUBSYS is a subsystem of the path system SYS
(i.e., (#$subPathSystems SYS SUBSYS) holds) and SUBSYS
'preserves' all points in SYS that are on links in
SUBSYS, i.e., if LINK is a link in SUBSYS (and hence is a
link in SYS) and X is a point in SYS and is on LINK, then X
must be a point in SUBSYS.
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point in system
(#$pointInSystem POINT SYS) means that POINT is an
instance of #$Thing, SYS is an instance of #$PathSystem, and
POINT is a 'point' on a path in SYS or is a
'node' in SYS. Note that for each path system SYS
there is at least one POINT such that (#$pointInSystem POINT
SYS) holds. For any path system SYS, the set of all points
in SYS has an important subset, the set of all
'nodes' in SYS. See #$nodeInSystem for the
difference between nodes and points that are not nodes in a
path system. Note that in some cases (such as talking about
relations between #$PathSystems), using (#$PointsFn SYS) to
denote the set of all points in a path system SYS is more
convenient than using the predicate #$pointInSystem.
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point on cycle
(#$pointOnCycle X CYCLE) means that X is a point
(or place) on a #$Path-Cyclic CYCLE. X cannot be something
that moves along CYCLE, nor can X be a sub-path as a
'part' of CYCLE, nor can X be anything that
includes CYCLE as a part. Note: when we use this predicate
in a particular #$PathSystem SYS to talk about a loop LOOP
in SYS, then (#$pointOnCycle X LOOP SYS) holds, according to
the current treatment, for exactly one point (actually a
node) X in SYS.
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point on path
(#$pointOnPath X PATH) holds just in case X is on
path PATH, an instance of #$Path-Simple. Here we do not
commit ourselves to any assertion concerning whether X
itself, or a part of it, is a part of PATH. We do want,
nevertheless, to restrict the use of this predicate to the
extent that when (#$pointOnPath X PATH) holds, X is a
'point' (loosely speaking) on the path PATH (and
hence cannot move along PATH even if it could move in some
other sense; for moving objects on a path use the more
general #$onPath). It is not a subpath of PATH or something
on PATH occasionally (such as something moving along PATH or
stopped on PATH). Nor can it be anything that takes PATH as
a part (e.g., Austin is not a point on the 10th Street in
it). Note that the relative positions of points on a path
do not in general form a linear order (#$TotalOrdering)
unless the points and the path are part of a particular
#$PathSystem. If no #$PathSystem is specified, both Austin
and Texas can be 'points' on the same path
Interstate 35.
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point on path - generic
(#$pointOnPath-Generic POINT PATH-GENERIC) holds
just in case either (#$pointOnPath POINT PATH-GENERIC) or
(#$pointOnCycle POINT PATH-GENERIC) holds. Note that
(#$pointOnPath POINT PATH-GENERIC) and (#$pointOnCycle POINT
PATH-GENERIC) cannot both hold, and hence
(#$pointOnPath-Generic POINT PATH-GENERIC) amounts to (#$xor
(#$pointOnPath POINT PATH-GENERIC) (#$pointOnCycle POINT PATH-GENERIC)).
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point on traversal
(#$pointOnTraversal A TRAV) means that A is a
point along a #$Traversal TRAV of some path or paths. Let
TRAV be (#$TraversalFn (#$TheList X(1) PATH(1) ... X(n)
PATH(n) X(n+1))), using a #$PathChain to describe the
traversal. Then (#$pointOnTraversal A TRAV) holds if and
only if there is a k = 1, ..., n such that
(#$pointOnPath-Generic A PATH(k)). Note that each PATH(k)
is an instance of #$Path-Generic. See also #$Traversal and #$TraversalFn.
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point quant value
(#$pointQuantValue SCALAR VALUE) means that the
reified point quantity SCALAR is equivalent to VALUE. SCALAR
is an element of #$ScalarPointValue. This is used to state
the equivalence of reified quantities such as #$One and
'SpeedOfLight' or 'AvagadrosNumber'.
For example, (#$pointQuantValue #$One 1).
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pointing toward
(#$pointingToward OBJ1 OBJ2) means that OBJ1 has a
pointing axis and that its axis points toward OBJ2. A
pointing axis is ascribed to objects that have
directionality (e.g., a gun, a projectile, an arrow, an
extended finger).
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points of contact
The predicate #$pointsOfContact indicates the
places at which a particular agent can be reached.
(#$pointsOfContact AGENT LOC) means that the #$Agent AGENT
can be contacted at the #$ContactLocation LOC.
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porosity of object
(#$porosityOfObject OBJ DEGREE) means that the
tangible object OBJ has the degree of #$Porosity DEGREE.
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portal has covering
A general predicate for relating instances of
portal to their coverings. Specpreds include
#$doorwayHasCovering and #$windowHasCovering.
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pos forms
The predicate #$posForms is used to indicate the
different parts of speech that a particular English word has
associated with it. (#$posForms WORD POS) means that the
#$EnglishWord WORD has a form that can serve as the
#$SpeechPart POS. For example, #$Dot-TheWord has forms for
both #$SimpleNoun and #$Verb. Forms of a word used for
different parts of speech may or may not differ from each
other in sound and/or spelling. To find out, or to specify,
the string that represents a particular POS form of a
specific word, use #$partOfSpeech.
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positive vested interest
(#$positiveVestedInterest AGENT OBJECT) means
AGENT has a positive interest in OBJECT or in the good
fortune of OBJECT. Generally, AGENT will be helped or
pleased by the preservation or enhancement of OBJECT. Note
that the restriction of OBJECT to #$TemporalThing means that
it would be incorrect to use this predicate to say (e.g.)
that Douglas Adams has a #$positiveVestedInterest in the
number 42. Rather, what he has a vested interest in is
public popularity and faddism focusing on that number. A
fad is a #$TemporalThing, but the number 42 isn't.
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possess
(#$possesses AGENT OBJECT) means that OBJECT is in
the physical possession of AGENT. Compare with #$owns.
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post actors
The predicate #$postActors is used to indicate a
participant that continues to exist after a particular
event. (#$postActors EVENT OBJECT) means that OBJECT exists
after EVENT ends and that OBJECT #$temporallyIntersects
EVENT. #$postActors is a very general element of
#$ActorSlot; it subsumes #$outputsCreated, #$doneBy, and
many others.
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post events
This predicate relates one event to another that
follows it. (#$postEvents BEFORE AFTER) implies two things:
(1) BEFORE occurs strictly before AFTER; i.e., AFTER starts
after BEFORE has ended; i.e., (#$startsAfterEndingOf AFTER
BEFORE); and (2) BEFORE and AFTER are significantly
relevant to each other. This required `relevance' of
the two arguments to each other is difficult to formalize
but often intuitively clearcut. Often, e.g., AFTER is
caused by BEFORE. For example we would say (#$postEvents
TakingAShower001ExitingShower001); we would not say
(#$postEvents BolshevikRelvolution DeathOfJohnLennon) since
they are not at all relevant to each other.
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post situation
(#$postSituation EVT SIT) means SIT is a
#$StaticSituation that begins immediately after the action
EVT ends, and is directly (probably causally) related to
EVT. See #$postEvents and #$preSituation for related predicates.
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postal codes
The predicate #$postalCodeOfAddress maps from a
particular element of #$ContactLocation to a corresponding
element of #$PostalCode. (#$postalCodeOfAddress LOC PC)
means that the location LOC has the #$PostalCode PC. For
example, if LOC had the address: P.O. Box 1677-B, New York,
NY, 10014, PC would be the string `10014'. See also #$ContactLocation.
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attitude
(#$postureOfAnimal ?AN ?POS) means that the
#$Animal ?AN is in the #$Posture ?POS. #$Postures are types
of attributes that describe bodily configurations and/or
orientations of #$Animals. See #$Posture for examples.
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pre actors
The predicate #$preActors is used to indicate a
participant that pre-exists a particular event.
(#$preActors EVENT OBJECT) means that OBJECT exists before
EVENT begins and that OBJECT #$temporallyIntersects EVENT.
#$preActors is a very general #$ActorSlot, subsuming
#$doneBy, #$objectActedOn, #$objectMoving, and many others.
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pre situation
(#$preSituation EVT SIT) means SIT is an element
of #$StaticSituation that holds just prior to the start of
EVT, and SIT is directly related to EVT. The required
`salience' of the two arguments to each other is
difficult to formalize but usually intuitively clearcut.
Commonly, SIT and EVT share many of the same objects
involved in various roles, and there is often a causal
connection as well. For instance, a #$Configuration CONFIG
(a specialized form of #$StaticSituation) might be somehow
`taken apart' by event EVT, might `trigger' EVT, etc.
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present participle
(#$presentParticiple WORD STRING) means that
STRING is the present participle, or progressive form of
WORD. The regular present participle is formed from the
infinitive verb form with an `-ing' suffix. Verbs in
the Cyc lexicon will have a #$presentParticiple entry only
if they are irregular. Regular forms are generated by the
morphology component.
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presenters
(#$presenter GATHERING PERSON) means that PERSON
speaks to a set of audience members who have a role in GATHERING.
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preserves genls in arg
#$preservesGenlsInArg usefully encapsulates the
'genls-preserving' property that holds of many
#$CollectionDenotingFunctions. For example, we know that a
group of parrots is a group of birds because parrots are a
subset of birds; thus #$GroupFn has this property. Likewise
we know that transport on a helicopter is a kind of
transport on an aircraft, so #$TransportViaFn has this
property. More formally, (#$preservesGenlsInArg FUNC N)
means that the Cyc #$CollectionDenotingFunction FUNC has the
following inferentially useful property: argument N of FUNC
must be a #$Collection, and if COLLECTION1 and COLLECTION2
can both serve as the Nth argument of FUNC, and (#$genls
COLLECTION2 COLLECTION1), then the result of FUNC with
COLLECTION1 as the Nth argument will be a #$genls of the
result of FUNC with COLLECTION2 as the Nth argument. Thus
we assert (#$preservesGenlsInArg #$GroupFn 1) because
(#$implies (#$genls COL-2 COL-1) (#$genls (#$GroupFn COl-2)
(#$GroupFn COL-1))).
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pretty name
(#$prettyName TERM STRING) means that STRING is
the English word or expression (sequence of words)
commonly used to refer to the #$Cyc term TERM.
The predicate #$prettyName is used by the code which
generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability
is not restricted to this use.
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primitive attribute types
The Cyc predicate #$primitiveAttributeTypes is
used to relate a type of complex attribute to its basic
components. (#$primitiveAttributeTypes COMP PRIM) means
that PRIM is an element of #$PrimitiveAttributeType that
makes up the #$CompositeAttributeType, COMP. PRIM can be
thought of as one axis for the composite scale. For
example, hue, intensity, and saturation are each a primitive
scale for the composite attribute `color'. Another
case: #$Speed is a primitive component of the composite
attribute #$VelocityVector.
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product
(#$products EV OBJ) means that OBJ is one of the
intended outputs of event EV. For unintended outputs, see
#$byProducts. For a particular EV and OBJ, it will not be
true that both (#$products EV OBJ) and (#$byProducts EV OBJ).
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program used
(#$programUsed EV PROG) means that a copy of PROG
is used in the action EV.
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program used in electronic attack
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propositional info about
(#$propositionalInfoAbout MT TERM) means that the
context MT is `about' TERM, i.e. it is a #$Microtheory
with assertions concerning TERM. For example, a microtheory
which is the propositional content of a portrait of
#$GeorgeWashington might only have #$GeorgeWashington as the
TERM of this predicate.
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propositions perceived
(#$propositionsPerceived PERCEIVING PROP) means
that in the #$Perceiving event PERCEIVING, the perceiver
mentally grasps the proposition(s) PROP. E.g., ten people
witness a particular car crash, and yet each one gets their
own particular set of propositions which they later can
relate to the police; there are ten separate #$Perceivings
in this case, and each one has its own unique set of #$propositionsPerceived.
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provider of motive force
(#$providerOfMotiveForce ACT OBJ) means that OBJ
provides, through its expenditure of energy, a significant
fraction of the physical force required to make ACT happen.
For example, if ACT is an element of #$PedalingABicycle, OBJ
will be the person who is operating the bike. Another
example: in the use of a belt sanding tool, there will be
two values for #$providerOfMotiveForce, the electric sander
and the person operating the sander. In that case, although
force is transmitted and applied through the sandpaper, the
paper doesn't count as a #$providerOfMotiveForce,
because it only transmits force and does not itself expend
energy. Note that inferences involving this constant
require that every #$providerOfMotiveForce be a whole
object, not just a part of an object. For example: (=>
(#$and (#$isa ?LOCO #$LocomotionEvent-Animal)
(#$providerOfMotiveForce ?LOCO ?OBJ)) (#$objectMoving ?LOCO
?OBJ)) or (=> (#$and (#$isa ?LOC
#$LocomotionEvent-Animal) (#$providerOfMotiveForce ?LOC
?PROV)) (#$doneBy ?LOC ?PROV)) or (#$domainAssumptions
#$ManualHumanActivitiesMt (#$forAll ?U (#$forAll ?PERS
(#$implies (#$and (#$isa ?U #$Action)
(#$providerOfMotiveForce ?U ?PERS)) (#$isa ?PERS #$Person)))))).
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service providers
The Cyc predicate #$providerOfService is used to
relate a service to the agent that provides it.
(#$providerOfService SEVT AGT) means that the #$ServiceEvent
SEVT is performed or provided by the #$Agent AGT.
Typically, AGT acts in order to serve the
#$recipientOfService in SEVT.
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purpose - r s t
The discourse relation that holds between two
segments of text when ARG1 specifies something which is
initiated with the purpose of achieving ARG2. #$purpose-RST
is agnostic as to volition; see also #$volitionalCause-RST.
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quantity intersects
(#$quantityIntersects QUANT1 QUANT2) means that
the #$ScalarIntervals QUANT1 and QUANT2 have some overlap.
For example, (#$Meter 2 5) intersects (#$Meter 3 4) and
(#$Meter 3 7), but not (#$Meter 6 7).
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quantity subsumes
(#$quantitySubsumes WIDER NARROWER) means that the
#$ScalarInterval NARROWER is completely included within the
#$ScalarInterval WIDER. For example, (#$Meter 2 5) subsumes
(#$Meter 3 4) and (#$Meter 3 5), but not (#$Meter 2 6).
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quoted argument
(#$quotedArgument RELATION NUMBER) means that,
whenever an assertion is made with the #$Relation RELATION,
what is being referred to in the argument place NUMBER is
the symbol itself, not what the symbol denotes. For
instance, in the statement (#$myCreator #$PlanetEarth
#$Maeda), we are referring to the Cyc term #$PlanetEarth,
rather than to the thing that it denotes: Maeda created the
Cyc term, not the Earth! This is true of the first argument
of the predicate #$myCreator whenever it is used, so we
should assert (#$quotedArgument #$myCreator 1). On the
other hand, in the statement (#$orbits #$PlanetEarth
#$Sun), each of the terms is being used to refer to what it
denotes: we are saying that the planet Earth, not the cyc
term #$PlanetEarth, orbits the Sun.This is often called the
'use versus mention' distinction. In the
statement 'Bertrand Russell was a philosopher,'
one is using the term 'Bertrand Russell', whereas
in the statement ' 'Bertrand Russell' is a
proper noun,' one is mentioning the term
'Bertrand Russell.' In English, in order to
indicate that one is mentioning rather than using a term,
the term is often enclosed in quote marks: hence the name
of our predicate.
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radius
The radius of an object with a circular shape.
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raininess of region
(#$raininessOfRegion LOC DEGREE) indicates the
intensity with which it is raining at the #$OutdoorLocation
LOC. (If it is not raining at LOC, it will be the case that
(#$raininessOfRegion LOC (#$NoAmountFn #$Raininess)).)
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rate of rotation of object
#$rateOfRotationOfObject relates an instance of
#$PartiallyTangible to the rate of change of its physical
component's angular separation from a reference vector
as measured from a point of origin.
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perceivers
The predicate #$recipientOfInfo is used to
indicate who receives information in a particular
communication event. (#$recipientOfInfo TRANSFER RECIP)
means that the information transferred in the
#$InformationTransferEvent TRANSFER is received by the
#$Agent RECIP. After TRANSFER, RECIP understands or
conceives of the information transferred in TRANSFER; Cyc
does NOT conclude that s/he #$knows the information or
counts it among his/her #$beliefs, because RECIP might not
believe it. In receiving the information transferred, RECIP
may be acting intentionally or unintentionally. Note that
if the communication event used in the first argument slot
of this predicate is a #$CommunicationAct-Single and the
recipient of the information was intended to receive the
information by the originator of the communication event
(see #$communicationTarget) then #$recipientOfInfo-Intended
should probably be used instead of #$recipientOfInfo. See
also #$infoTransferred.
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recipient of service
(#$recipientOfService ACT AGNT) means the #$Agent
AGNT is the recipient of the #$ServiceEvent ACT. The
service is performed on, for, or to AGNT, and AGNT is
correspondingly affected by it.
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reciprocal transfers
(#$reciprocalTransfers T1 T2) means that T1 and T2
are transfers of possession done in exchange for each other.
They are part of some #$ExchangeOfUserRights.
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referred service provider
The agent ARG2 who provides the service ARG1 was
referred by another agent.
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reformulator equals
(#$reformulatorEquals TERM-1 TERM-2), asserted in
the microtheory MT, means that TERM-1 may be reformulated
into TERM-2 or vice versa (based on meta-properties of this
rule and what mode the reformulator is in) in MT or a specMt
thereof. Free variables in TERM-1 and TERM-2 are shared,
and may bind with CycL terms which match the template. Truth
and semantics are not necessarily preserved (see #$TruthPreservingReformulation).
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reformulator equiv
(#$reformulatorEquiv SENTENCE-1 SENTENCE-2),
asserted in the microtheory MT, means that SENTENCE-1 may be
reformulated into SENTENCE-2 or vice versa (based on
meta-properties of this rule and what mode the reformulator
is in) in MT or a specMt thereof. Free variables in
SENTENCE-1 and SENTENCE-2 are shared, and may bind with CycL
sentences which match the template. Truth and semantics are
not necessarily preserved (see #$TruthPreservingReformulation).
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reformulator rule
(#$reformulatorRule EXPR-1 EXPR-2), asserted in
the microtheory MT, means that EXPR-1 may be reformulated
into EXPR-2 (or vice versa, based on meta-properties of this
rule and what mode the reformulator is in) in MT or a specMt
thereof. Free variables in EXPR-1 and EXPR-2 are shared,
and may bind with CycL expressions which match the template.
Truth and semantics are not necessarily preserved (see
#$TruthPreservingReformulation). Use the more specific
predicates #$reformulatorEquiv and $#reformulatorEquals when applicable.
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reformulator rule properties
(#$reformulatorRuleProperties PROP RULE) means
that RULE has the property PROP. Most reformulator
directives express an assertion of the form 'The
reformulator should do X', for some X. In contrast,
#$reformulatorRuleProperties assertions are stronger, in
that they express intrinsic properties of reformulator
rules, and it is a consequence that the reformulator should
do X in order to be correct. For example, a reformulator
directive could say 'For this reformulator rule, if in
tersification mode, the reformulator should reformulate the
second argument into the first argument.', whereas a
reformulator rule property could say 'This reformulator
rule's first argument is more terse than its second
argument.' The latter implies the former.
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relation all
(#$relationAll PRED COL) means that, for every
instance of COL (OBJ) the unary predicate PRED holds for
OBJ. For example, the statement 'calendar dates are
temporally continuous' can be represented as
(#$relationAll #$temporallyContinuous #$Date). Thus,
#$relationAll can be used to express a whole class of rules
about unary predicates as simple GAF assertions. One must
be aware of the implicit quantification underlying this
predicate.
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relation expansion
ARG2 is a CycL expression which indicates the
meaning of expressions in which the relation ARG1 is the
operator (i.e., in which ARG1 is in the 0th argument
position). In ARG2, the variables ?arg1, ?arg2, ?arg3,
?arg4, and ?arg5 correspond to the objects in the argument
positions 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively, in expressions
which have ARG1 as the operator.
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relative
(#$relatives ANIM1 ANIM2) means ANIM2 is some
biological relative of ANIM1.
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reliability of microtheory
(#$reliabilityOfMicrotheory MICROTHEORY NR) means
that NR is a measure of the reliability of the assertions in
the #$Microtheory MICROTHEORY. A reliability of 1 means the
content of MICROTHEORY is entirely reliable; a reliability
of 0 means the content of MICROTHEORY is entirely
unreliable. For example, a microtheory the content of which
is blatantly false would have a reliability of 0, as would a
microtheory each assertion in which was chosen from a pair
consisting of the assertion and its negation by flipping a
coin. There is, of course, a spectrum at one end of which
would be guaranteed falsehoods, at the other guaranteed
truths, and in the middle would be assertions equally likely
true as false. For the purposes for which this predicate is
intended, however, we are interested in a spectrum which is
a proper part of the former one -- the idea is that being as
likely true as false is a minimum threshold.
bf85848e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
rents
The predicate #$rents relates an agent to
something that s/he is renting. (#$rents AGT OBJ) means
that the #$Agent AGT is renting the object (possibly a piece
of real estate) OBJ from another, unspecified agent. AGT
is the borrower, renter, lessee or tenant. AGT has
temporary use and enjoyment of OBJ, for a charge. See also
#$TemporaryUserRightsAgreement,
#$TemporaryChangeOfUserRights, #$Renting.
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required arg 1 pred
(#$requiredArg1Pred COL PRED) means that for every
instance INST of COL, there exists some sequence <X2,
..., Xn> such that (PRED INST X2 .. Xn) holds, where n is
the #$arity of PRED.
bdd50606-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
required arg 2 pred
(#$requiredArg2Pred COL PRED) means that for every
instance INST of COL, there exist some THING1, ..., THINGn-1
such that (PRED THING1 INST THING2 ... THINGn-1) holds,
where n is the #$arity of PRED.
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residence of organization
The predicate #$residenceOfOrganization indicates
the geographical location of a particular
organization's main offices.
(#$residenceOfOrganization ORG GEOGAGENT) means that the
#$Organization ORG has its chief office on the territory of
GEOGAGENT. GEOGAGENT is typically a #$City but may be a
larger or smaller #$GeographicalAgent. For example, the
#$residenceOfOrganization of the
#$UnitedStatesFederalGovernment is the #$CityOfWashingtonDC.
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reside
This predicate relates a person or other sort of
animal to a constructed shelter in which s/he/it lives or
resides. (#$residesInDwelling RESIDENT SHELTER) means that
RESIDENT resides in SHELTER. That is, SHELTER is the place
where RESIDENT usually sleeps, spends much of its time, lays
its eggs; a place it cleans and maintains and repairs; a
place it defends against intrusion; etc. A person or animal
might reside in more than one dwelling at a given time. For
example, a person might #$residesInDwelling some tent during
a camping trip, and at the same time it would still be true
that she #$residesInDwelling her apartment or house. Note
that the dwelling in which a person #$residesInDwelling is
not necessarily her legal domicile, though of course it
often will be. Note also that #$residesInDwelling does not
subsume parasitical or symbiotic relationships, in which one
animal lives in or on another. The more general predicate
#$objectFoundInLocation would be the appropriate one, for
example, for a case of a flea living on a dog. See also
#$occupants and #$residesInRegion.
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inhabitants
This predicate relates a person or other sort of
animal to a geographical region in which s/he/it resides.
(#$residesInRegion RESIDENT REGION) means that RESIDENT
lives or resides primarily in REGION. This obviously does
not entail that RESIDENT is physically in REGION at any
particular time, since people are often away from their
places of residence. Note that a given person/animal (even
with respect to a particular time) is normally related by
#$residesInRegion to many different regions, where each such
region is a sub- or super-region of some of the others. For
example, Karen currently resides in Austin, in Texas, in the
United States, in North America, and so on. See also
#$residesInDwelling, #$hasHabitat, and #$ethnicity.
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resistance
(#$resistanceOfObject OBJ DEGREE) means that the
tangible object OBJ has this DEGREE of
#$ElectricalResistance. A lower value of DEGREE indicates
OBJ is a better conductor, i.e., one that conducts with less
energy lost to heat.
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resistance to bio deterioration
(#$resistanceToBioDeterioration OBJ DEGREE) means
that the tangible object OBJ has the indicated DEGREE of
resistance to biological deterioration.
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resistance to corrosion
(#$resistanceToCorrosion OBJ DEGREE) means that
the tangible object OBJ has the stated DEGREE of
#$CorrosionResistance. The higher DEGREE is, the less
readily OBJ will corrode.
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resistance to radiation
(#$resistanceToRadiation OBJ DEGREE) indicates how
resistant a tangible object OBJ is to radiation. A higher
DEGREE of resistance means that an object is less penetrable
by #$ElectromagneticRadiation.
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result genl
This predicate is used to specify that a certain
collection is a supercollection of any value returned by a
particular collection-denoting function. (#$resultGenl CDF
COL) means that when the #$CollectionDenotingFunction CDF is
applied to any sequence of arguments ARG1, ..., ARGn for
which it is defined, the result will be a subcollection of
COL, i.e. (#$genls (CDF ARG1...ARGn) COL). For example,
(#$resultGenl #$UsingAFn #$Action) means that every using of
a particular kind of object is an action, (#$resultGenl
#$AttemptingFn #$PurposefulAction) means that every attempt
at a specific action is a purposeful act, and (#$resultGenl
#$JointTypeBetweenFn #$Connection) means that every joint
between two specific things is a connection. See also #$resultIsa.
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result genl arg
(#$resultGenlArg FUNC N) states that the value
returned by a use of the function FUNC will be a subset of a
particular collection, in this case argument N of the use of
the function. More precisely, the term (FUNC ARG1 ... ARGN
...), will be a subset of the Nth argument to the use of the
function, ARGN. For example, (#$resultGenlArg #$JuvenileFn
1) indicates that (#$JuvenileFn #$Dog) will be a subset of
#$Dog. See also #$resultIsaArg and #$resultGenl
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result isa
The predicate is used to indicate that any value
returned by a particular denotational function is an
instance of a certain collection. (#$resultIsa FUNC COL)
means that FUNC returns an instance of COL for any sequence
of arguments for which it is defined. Thus, where FUNC is
defined for the sequence ARG1, ..., ARGn, (#$resultIsa FUNC
COL) implies (#$isa (FUNC ARG1...ARGn) COL). For example,
since #$PlusFn only returns quantities, (#$resultIsa
#$PlusFn #$ScalarInterval) is true; and given that
(#$resultIsa #$GovernmentFn #$RegionalGovernment), it
follows that (#$isa (#$GovernmentFn #$France)
#$RegionalGovernment). See also #$resultGenl.
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result isa arg
(#$resultIsaArg FUNC N) states that the value
returned by a use of the function FUNC will be an element of
a particular collection, in this case argument N of the use
of the function. More precisely, the term (FUNC ARG1 ...
ARGN ...), will be an element of the Nth argument to the use
of the function, ARGN. For example, (#$resultIsaArg #$The
1) indicates that (#$The #$Dog) will be an element of #$Dog.
See also #$resultGenlArg and #$resultIsa
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resultant mental objects
(#$resultantMentalObjects PEVT PERCEPT) means that
during the #$Perceiving event PEVT, the perceiver acquires,
or begins thinking about some piece of information or
informational thing PERCEPT (i.e., feeling some emotion,
deducing some conclusion, observing some facts, etc.)
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rewrite of
(#$rewriteOf SIMPLE-TERM COMPLEX-TERM) means that
SIMPLE-TERM and COMPLEX-TERM are definitionally or
intensionally equal. Also SIMPLE-TERM is a simpler form of
COMPLEX-TERM. That is, SIMPLE-TERM contains fewer nested
#$Function-Denotationals than does COMPLEX-TERM. Unlike
#$equals, #$rewriteOf is strictly a #$HumanCyclist asserted
form of equality. If the #$CycLAssertion ORIGINAL-ASSERTION
contains a reference to COMPLEX-TERM, this should
automatically result in a second assertion being added to
the KB by the #$CycInferenceEngine. This second assertion
is created by substituting SIMPLE-TERM for COMPLEX-TERM
wherever COMPLEX-TERM occurs in ORIGINAL-ASSERTION. Note
that substitution does not happen in the opposite direction.
That is, assertions added to SIMPLE-TERM will not propagate
to COMPLEX-TERM. <PARAGRAPH> Internally, Cyc will keep
a link between the two forms of a term and allow the
simplified form to unify with (possibly nonground) instances
of the complex form. For example: If (#$rewriteOf
#$UnitedStatesNavy (#$NavyFn #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica)) is
asserted then #$UnitedStatesNavy will unify with (#$NavyFn
?X) and yield ?X = #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica.
<PARAGRAPH> A negative example of an appropriate
#$rewriteOf assertion would be ``the set of biologically
male humans is a rewrite of the set of male humans with one
x and one y chromosone''. That would not be an
appropriate #$rewriteOf assertion because the two sets are
extensionally but not intensionally equal.
<PARAGRAPH> Another negative example assertion
involving #$rewriteOf would be (#$rewriteOf (#$JuvenileFn
(#$MaleFn #$Person))(#$MaleFn (#$JuvenileFn #$Person))).
This is a negative example because first of all neither
(#$JuvenileFn (#$MaleFn #$Person)) nor (#$MaleFn
(#$JuvenileFn #$Person)) are simpler than one another.
Secondly, if a pair of #$Function-Denotationals commute
with each other (an example of such a pair is #$MaleFn and
#$JuvenileFn, see also #$functionCommutesWith) then the
canonicalizer should (in the near term (now=Nov 99)) select
a canonical ordering for the functions. Thus, if #$MaleFn
were to come before #$JuvenileFn, then (#$MaleFn
(#$JuvenileFn #$Person)) would be the canonical form of such
a term. It would be impossible to reify (#$JuvenileFn
(#$MaleFn #$Person)) since it would get canonicalized into
(#$MaleFn (#$JuvenileFn #$Person)), thus it would be
impossible to assert (#$rewriteOf (#$JuvenileFn (#$MaleFn
#$Person))(#$MaleFn (#$JuvenileFn #$Person))).
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grant
This predicate is used to indicate what
#$UserRightsAttributes are acquired in events which bring
about a #$ChangeInUserRights. (#$rightsGranted EVENT URA)
means that in the #$ChangeInUserRights EVENT, the
#$UserRightsAttribute URA is granted (to some agent). For
example, (#$rightsGranted
''LouisianaPurchase''
#$ExclusiveUserRights), since no country other than the USA
could then claim it as one of their territories. If EVENT
is a #$Buying event, then almost always both
(#$rightsGranted EVENT #$FullUseRights) and (#$rightsGranted
EVENT #$ExclusiveUserRights) are true.
bd58d30a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
rigidness
(#$rigidityOfObject OBJ DEGREE) means that the
tangible object OBJ has this DEGREE of #$Rigidity. A higher
DEGREE of #$Rigidity means more force is required to change
the shape of OBJ than for a lower DEGREE.
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rotationally connected to
(#$rotationallyConnectedTo OBJ1 OBJ2) means that
OBJ1 and OBJ2 are connected in such a way that rotational
motion, and only rotational motion, can happen between them.
The rotational motion may be fully or partially rotational.
Non-rotational movement between two rotationally connected
objects at their connection point can occur only if the
connection is broken, deformed, or disassembled. If OBJ1
and OBJ2 do rotate relative to one another, then this may be
due to sliding of their surfaces, articulation of some joint
part, or deformation of OBJ1 or OBJ2 (so long as that
deformation only allows rotation between OBJ1 and OBJ2).
Positive examples: Femurs are rotationally connected to
hips, doors are rotationally connected to door frames,
doorknobs are rotationally connected to doors, and
propellers are rotationally connected to airplanes; in
computer trackballs the ball is rotationally connected to
the housing. Also a book cover is rotationally connected to
its binding (but #$flapHingedTo is more appropriate because
it is more specific). Negative examples: a planet orbiting
around a star (they are not connected). Cf.
#$MovingInACircle. A toothpick stuck in a person's leg
is also a negative exemplar: Although elastic deformation
of flesh allows there to be rotational motion between
toothpick and leg, it also may allow a small amount of
translational motion to occur between toothpick and leg.
#$in-Lodged is more appropriate for describing the case of a
toothpick stuck in a leg.
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rule template direction
(#$ruleTemplateDirection TEMPLATE DIRECTION)
states that all assertions which are instantiations of
TEMPLATE should have a direction of DIRECTION.
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salient assertions
(#$salientAssertions ?TERM ?ASSERTION) means that
some #$Cyclist has deemed it useful to mark ?ASSERTION as
one of the assertions which is most useful to examine when
trying to figure out the intended meaning of ?TERM.
Statements using #$salientAssertions are wholly intended for
human consumption; they are not used by Cyc's inference
engine in any way.
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salutation
(#$salutation PRSN TITLE) means the #$Person
PRSN's name may have the #$CourtesyTitle TITLE attached
to it, such as: Mr., Ms., Mrs., Miss, Dr., etc., when that
person is addressed.
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satisfies standard
The predicate #$satisfiesStandard is used to
identify a product standard that applies to a certain type
of products. (#$satisfiesStandard PRODTYPE STAND) means
that every instance of the #$FormalProductType PRODTYPE
satisfies the #$ProductStandard STAND. STAND will contain a
description of the desired physical form and/or function for
the type of product (or service) denoted by PRODTYPE, and
the instances of PRODTYPE fulfill those specifications. See
also #$ProductStandard.
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school symbol name - female
(#$schoolSymbolName-Female SCHOOL STRING) means
that STRING is a common way to refer to all-women
SCHOOL-affiliated #$SportsTeams, clubs, and other student
organizations. Accordingly, instances of STRING will be
pluralized (e.g. 'the Ohio State Lady Buckeyes').
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school symbol name - male
(#$schoolSymbolName-Male SCHOOL STRING) means that
STRING is a common way to refer to SCHOOL-affiliated
#$SportsTeams, clubs, and other student organizations.
Accordingly, instances of STRING will be pluralized (e.g.
'the Ohio State Buckeyes'). Since the advent of
co-ed higher education, some schools have found that
their symbol-name is exclusionary, and so have gone on
to adopt alternative, 'female' names to
apply to 'female-only' teams, clubs, etc.
When entering lexical info for a school in such a
situation, make sure to use both #$schoolSymbolName-Male
and #$schoolSymbolName-Female.
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scoping arg
(#$scopingArg RELATION N) indicates the Nth
argument of #$ScopingRelation RELATION denotes one or more
scoped variables.
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see
(#$sees AGENT OBJECT) means that the AGENT
perceives the physical object or event OBJECT via the sense
of sight. This implies that AGENT is sensuously aware of at
least some of OBJECT's visible properties, such as its
color, shape, or texture.
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sellers
The predicate #$seller relates an agent to a sales
event. (#$seller EVENT AGENT) means that the #$Agent AGENT
sells something in the #$CommercialActivity EVENT.
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selling agent
A selling agent acts on behalf of a would be
seller to bring about a buying event involving his/her/its
client as the seller.
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sellers
(sellingPerformer COM AGENT) means that the
#$CommercialActivity COM is #$performedBy the #$Agent AGENT,
who in that event actually pursues and attempts to make a
sale. AGENT may also be (and in many cases is) the #$seller
of the goods or services sold, or s/he may be the
#$sellingAgent representing the #$seller.
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sell
This predicate relates an agent to a specific type
of product s/he sells. (#$sellsProductType AGENT PRODTYPE)
means that AGENT sells PRODTYPE. For example, the
Wendy's in the UT Student Union sells hamburgers. The
implication is AGENT typically and often sells products of
PRODTYPE. See also #$ProductProviderFn-Seller.
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sender of info
The predicate #$senderOfInfo is used to indicate
the sending agent in a particular transfer of information.
(#$senderOfInfo TRANSFER SENDER) means that SENDER is an
agent who is the source of information transferred in the
#$InformationTransferEvent TRANSFER. At the time of
TRANSFER (and typically for some period beforehand), SENDER
conceives of the information transferred in TRANSFER.
It's not the case that SENDER necessarily #$knows the
`information' or has it among his/her #$beliefs,
because TRANSFER could involve lying; e.g.,
#$GeorgeWashington's telling his father, `I didn't
chop down the cherry tree'. SENDER normally performs
TRANSFER intentionally, but some transfers may be
unintentional; e.g., when one repeats some gossip
unwittingly within earshot of the person being discussed,
the transfer to the overhearer is unintentional. See also #$infoTransferred.
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senior executives
The predicate #$seniorExecutives is used to
identify the upper-level managers in a particular
organization. (#$seniorExecutives ORG PERSON) means PERSON
is an employee with a high executive position in the
#$Organization ORG. #$seniorExecutives relates an
organization to the people who hold its principal corporate
offices (CEO, President, etc.) and also positions like Chief
of Staff, General, Admiral, Chief Corporate Counsel,
Managing Partner, Chief Scientist, Chief Engineer, etc.
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sentence designation argnum
Used to specify which argument of a given
#$MicrotheoryDesignatingRelation designates the CycL
sentence to be interpreted in a specific microtheory.
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sentence equiv
(#$sentenceImplies FORMULA-1 FORMULA-2) means that
the formula FORMULA-1 is logically equivalent to the formula
FORMULA-2. This predicate is very similar to #$equiv.
However, #$equiv is part of the syntax of CycL, whereas
#$sentenceEquiv is merely a predicate between formulas.
#$sentenceEquiv is primarily intended to be used for rules
that quantify over CycL formulas.
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sentence implies
(#$sentenceImplies ANTE CONSEQ) means that either
the formula ANTE is false, or the formula CONSEQ is true
(possibly both); equivalently, it is not the case that ANTE
is true and CONSEQ is false. This predicate is very similar
to #$implies. However, #$implies is part of the syntax of
CycL, whereas #$sentenceImplies is merely a predicate
between formulas. #$sentenceImplies is primarily intended
to be used for rules that quantify over CycL formulas.
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series length
(#$seriesLength SER LEN) means that the series,
SER, is LEN members long. Note that some #$Series have an
unknown or infinite number of members.
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series ordered by
This predicate relates series to relations that
order them linearly. (#$seriesOrderedBy SERIES PRED) means
that PRED is a relation that imposes a linear, or total,
ordering (see #$TotalOrdering) on the #$seriesMembers of
SERIES. PRED is both a #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate and a
#$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate, and each member of SERIES
stands in the relation PRED to all of the succeeding
members. For example, if SERIES is a line of cars driving
north, it might be ordered by #$northOf (and perhaps also by
ahead of ).
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series ordered by inverse
(#$seriesOrderedByInverse SER PRED) means that
PRED is the relation that imposes an order on the members of
SER. Each member of the series stands in the relation PRED
to the series members that come before it. For example, if
SER is a line of cars driving south, the ordering relation
might be #$northOf (or ''behind''). See
also #$seriesOrderedBy.
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shape of object
This predicate is used to describe the predominant
shape of an object. For example, (#$shapeOfObject OBJECT
#$SquareShaped) means that OBJECT has the attribute of being square-shaped.
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shared notes
#$sharedNotes is a predicate belonging to the Cyc
collection #$DocumentationConstant. Often KB builders wish
to repeat the same documentation in the #$comment of many
constants. Rather than actually duplicating text in the KB,
it is possible to create a special constant to
'hold' the documentation; this constant will be an
instance of #$SharedNote. (#$sharedNotes X N) means that N
is an element of #$SharedNote whose #$comment contains
shared documentation about the constant X. Since
#$sharedNotes are usually shared, it is reasonable to expect
other axioms, such as (#$sharedNotes Y N) and (#$sharedNotes
Z N) to be in the KB as well.
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shareholders
The predicate #$shareholders identifies particular
agents as owners of shares in a particular organization.
(#$shareholders ORG AGENT) means AGENT owns one or more
shares of #$Stock in the company ORG and hence is an owner
of the company and may receive dividends from the company.
#$shareholders indicates owners of a company's stock
generically, whether they hold common or preferred shares.
Voting shareholders may vote (one vote per share) for the
Board of Directors. Shareholders do not normally
participate in the operation of a company, and they are not
personally liable for the debts of the company.
bd58c345-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
shear strength of object
(#$shearStrengthOfObject OBJ DEGREE) means that
the tangible object OBJ has a DEGREE amount of
#$ShearStrength, i.e., resistance to shearing stress.
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sheet surface connected
(#$sheetSurfaceConnected MEMBRANE OBJ2) means that
MEMBRANE is connected all over most of one surface to a
surface of OBJ2. For example, a bi-layer membrane would
have two parts #$sheetSurfaceConnected to each other. Or, a
membrane could be attached over most of its surface to an
object's surface, as the #$VisceralPleura is attached
to the surface of the #$Lung in the body. The membrane(s)
may be flexible, but the surface connection is firm (i.e. no
sliding can occur without a separation, tearing, or breaking occurring).
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short time interval after
(shortTimeIntervalAfter INTER TEMP-OBJ) means that
the instance of #$TimeInterval INTER is the short time
interval after the instance of #$TemporalThing TEMP-OBJ.
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short time interval before
(shortTimeIntervalBefore INTER TEMP-OBJ) means
that the instance of #$TimeInterval INTER is the short time
interval before the instance of #$TemporalThing TEMP-OBJ.
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sibling disjoint exceptions
The predicate #$siblingDisjointExceptions is used
to state exceptions to constraints normally imposed from
#$SiblingDisjointCollection. (#$siblingDisjointExceptions
COL1 COL2) means that the relationship between the
collections COL1 and COL2 is exempt from the disjointness
constraint which would otherwise be imposed because COL1 and
COL2 are both instances of some element of
#$SiblingDisjointCollection. (See
#$SiblingDisjointCollection for a full explanation of the
constraints.) For example, #$Killing-Biological and
#$PhysicallyAttackingAnAgent are both elements of
#$DefaultDisjointScriptType, which in turn is an element of
#$SiblingDisjointCollection. The exception is useful in
this case because it lifts the constraint that physically
attacking and killing an agent must be disjoint from each
other, while letting us continue to conclude that killing
and attacking are each disjoint from many other kinds of
actions. By asserting (#$siblingDisjointExceptions
#$Killing-Biological #$PhysicallyAttackingAnAgent), we block
the disjointness constraint between those two collections,
without disturbing the constraints between each of those
collections and all the other instances of their parent
(disjoint) collection, #$DefaultDisjointScriptType. In
other words, (#$siblingDisjointExceptions COL1 COL2)
prevents COL1 and COL2 from being considered disjoint if
they would otherwise be disjoint due to their being both
instances of the same #$SiblingDisjointCollection.
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sibling organizations
The predicate #$siblingOrganizations relates two
organizations which are immediate #$subOrganizations of a
common (unspecified) parent organization.
(#$siblingOrganizations ORG1 ORG2) means that the
#$Organizations ORG1 and ORG2 are sister organizations
within some hierarchically structured organization; ORG1 and
ORG2 are at the same `level' from the top.
bd58d154-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
sibling
(#$siblings ANIM1 ANIM2) means that ANIM1 and
ANIM2 are siblings. Either they share one or more
biological parents, or are siblings by adoption, marriage,
or some other social arrangement. Generally siblings are
reasonably close in age (within 15 years or so) and have
grown up together in the same family.
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simultaneous with
(#$simultaneousWith T1 T2) means that #$TimePoints
T1 and T2 occur at exactly the same time (and therefore T1
#$equals T2). Note that individual #$TimePoints are seldom
mentioned in axioms. Rather, an axiom is more likely to use
some #$ComplexTemporalRelation, such as #$cotemporal or
#$temporalBoundsIdentical, which holds between two
#$TemporalThings. These #$ComplexTemporalRelations are
themselves usually defined in terms of
#$PrimitiveTemporalRelations, such as #$after and
#$simultaneousWith, which relate one #$TimePoint to another.
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singular
(#$singular WORD STRING) means that STRING is the
singular noun form of WORD. For example, the #$singular
form of #$Hit-TheWord is `hit'.
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skin color
(#$skinColor PERSON SKINCOL) means #$Person PERSON
has the #$HumanSkinColor SKINCOL.
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smell
(#$smells AGENT OBJECT) means that AGENT perceives
the physical object or event OBJECT via the sense of smell.
This implies that OBJECT releases (or involves the release
of) a scent (see #$Odor) of which AGENT is sensuously aware.
In the situation described by Joe smells the coffee brewing
, both of the following are true: (#$smells Joe Coffee01)
and (#$smells Joe CoffeeBrewingEvent09).
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social class
(#$socialClass PRSN CLS) means that in the
surrounding culture, the #$Person PRSN has the
#$SocialClass-Lifestyle CLS. As the name suggests, this
predicate indicates PRSN's approximate social status as
determined by his or her style of life -- quality of life,
access to material goods and services, and social
associations. It may also depend on a cultural non-material
system of social rank, based on birth, office, manners,
vocal accent or other factors. E.g., (#$socialClass
#$DonaldTrump #$UpperClass) was true even when he lost his
fortune and was (temporarily) bankrupt; and (#$socialClass
#$BillGates #$UpperMiddleClass) was true, at least for a
while, after he became a billionaire. This is a good
example of a predicate whose precise meaning, and associated
heuristic rules, vary quite a bit from context to context,
such as from country to country, from century to century, etc.
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participants
(#$socialParticipants SO AGT) means that the
#$Agent AGT participates --- in some social role --- in the
#$SocialOccurrence SO. In every culture there are many
specializations of this #$ActorSlot; some
#$SocialOccurrences have very elaborate role structures
(e.g., a lawsuit in 1990's America), and some are
fairly simple (e.g., rudely bumping into someone.) See #$SocialOccurrence.
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soluble in
(#$solubleIn SOLUTE SOLVENT) means that the piece
of #$PartiallyTangible stuff SOLUTE will ordinarily dissolve
if placed into the #$LiquidTangibleThing SOLVENT. See also #$Solubility.
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solute
The predicate #$solute indicates a particular
#$TangibleThing in a #$Solution which is dissolved in the
#$solvent of that #$Solution.
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solvent
The predicate #$solvent indicates a particular
liquid in a #$Solution in which the #$solute is dissolved.
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space region portals
(spaceRegionPortals REGION HOLE) means that HOLE
is a #$Portal into the interior region REGION. All the
portals of this #$Interior space region are related to it by spaceRegionPortals.
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spatially intersects
(#$spatiallyIntersects THING1 THING2) means that
the spatial extent of the #$SpatialThing THING1 overlaps the
spatial extent of the #$SpatialThing THING2. Note that
spatial intersection doesn't imply that THING1 and
THING2 have any parts in common. (For example, a wall and
the magnetic field surrounding an outlet in the wall
spatially intersect without sharing any common parts. For
other examples, see the comment for #$cospatial.) See also #$spatiallySubsumes.
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spatially intrinsic arg
(#$spatiallyIntrinsicArg PRED N) means that the
Cyc predicate PRED expresses a property that is spatially
intrinsic for its argument position N. That means, if a
formula using PRED is true for some object OBJ (in
the Nth argument position), we can assume the truth of every
similar formula in which any spatial part of OBJ is
substituted in for OBJ. For example, since
(#$spatiallyIntrinsicArg #$temperatureOfObject 1) is true,
if we know (#$temperatureOfObject `Coffee007'
(#$DegreeCelsius 90)), we can expect that any spatial part
of `Coffee007' will also have that temperature. An
example of a property that is NOT spatially intrinsic is
#$massOfObject; though a whole rock may weigh two pounds,
there are spatial parts of the rock that don't.
Another example of a relation that is not spatially
intrinsic, but might at first seem to be, is #$constituents.
In (#$constituents `ChocolateMilk37' `Milk36'), it
is not the case that every spatial part of
`ChocolateMilk37' has `Milk36' among its
#$constituents. #$constituents means, rather, that every
part of its first argument has some part of the second
argument among its components, but that is different from
the intended meaning of #$spatiallyIntrinsicArg.
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spectator
(#$spectators E AGT) means that in the #$Event E,
the #$Agent AGT is an onlooker of E but not actively acting
in it in any other way. AGT will observe all or part of E.
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speed
The predicate #$speedOfObject-Translation is used
to give the speed with which an object is moving in a
particular translational motion. Velocity has a speed and
direction. Speed is a scalar quantity, i.e., it has no
direction, only magnitude. Thus, `100 miles per hour
straight up' is a velocity, and `100 miles per
hour' is the corresponding speed.
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spouse
(#$spouse PERSON1 PERSON2) means the two #$Persons
PERSON1 and PERSON2 are married. Note: in some contexts
(cultures), a person is not restricted to having only one
cotemporal spouse.
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starting date
(#$startingDate X Y) indicates that Y is a #$Date
such that (#$temporallySubsumes Y (#$StartFn X)). This is
NOT the same as #$startingPoint (qv). Rather, it means that
X happened (started to happen, came into existence, etc.)
sometime on that date. Note: the date is tied to a time
interval on a calendar, but need not be a particular day; it
might be a particular calendar month, a particular calendar
year, etc.
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beginning
This predicate relates a temporal thing to the
time point at which it starts or begins to exist.
(#$startingPoint THING POINT) means that THING begins at
POINT, which is the earliest moment of its temporal extent.
See also #$endingPoint.
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starts after ending of
(#$startsAfterEndingOf AFTER BEFORE) means
(#$after (#$StartFn AFTER) (#$EndFn BEFORE)). That is, the
#$startingPoint of AFTER is later than the #$endingPoint of
BEFORE. Note: Cyc's #$startsAfterEndingOf relation
is equivalent to what James Allen independently dubbed the
AFTER relation.
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starts after starting of
(#$startsAfterStartingOf LATER-START
EARLIER-START) means (#$after (#$StartFn LATER-START)
(#$StartFn EARLIER-START)). That is, the #$startingPoint of
LATER-START is later than the #$startingPoint of
EARLIER-START. This implies nothing about whether
LATER-START and EARLIER-START overlap, or how much they
overlap, except that they can't be fully #$cotemporal.
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starts during
(#$startsDuring X Y) means Y covers the start of
X, i.e. the #$startingPoint of X is properly contained
(#$temporalBoundsContain) within Y. Note that X and Y do
not necessarily intersect in time, however, they would if Y
were #$temporallyContinuous.
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state of address
(#$stateOfAddress LOC STATE) means that the
#$ContactLocation LOC is found in the STATE, where STATE is
either a #$State-UnitedStates or another
#$CountrySubsidiary. For example, as #$CycorpHeadquarters
is a #$ContactLocation for #$Cycorp, then
(#$stateOfAddress #$CycorpHeadquarters #$Texas-State) means
that the Cycorp Headquarters building is located in Texas.
Note that the arg-constraint on the first argument should
be an instance of #$ContactLocation which serves as a
#$pointsOfContact for an agent and not the agent itself.
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state of device
This predicate is used to identify the state of
operation that a particular device is in. (#$stateOfDevice
DEV STATE) means that the #$PhysicalDevice DEV is in the
#$DeviceState STATE. Thus, (#$stateOfDevice HAL
#$DeviceOff) says that the computer HAL is switched off.
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state of matter
The predicate #$stateOfMatter is used to indicate
the physical state of a tangible thing. (#$stateOfMatter
SUBST STATE) means that the tangible substance SUBST is in
the physical state STATE. STATE is an element of
#$StateOfMatter-SolidLiquidGaseous (solid, semi-solid,
liquid, or gaseous).
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address
The predicate #$streetAddressText maps from a
particular place to a string representing its street
address. (#$streetAddressText LOC STREET) means that LOC is
found at the number and street given in the string STREET.
See also #$ContactLocation.
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structure member isa
(#$structureMemberIsa SIT COL) means that each of
the #$structureMembers of the situation SIT is an element of
the collection COL.
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structure members
#$structureMembers is a very general predicate,
encompassing all the ways a #$Situation's structure can
be composed out of parts. In (#$structureMembers WHOLE
PART), PART could be either a member or subgroup/subseries
of WHOLE (if WHOLE is a #$Group or #$Series), any
#$subEvents of an #$Event (if WHOLE is an #$Event), and so on.
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structure relations
(#$structureRelations STRUCT REL) means that the
situation or structure STRUCT has REL as one of its
associated relations between its #$structureMembers. This
is very general and it could be an abstract predicate,
relation or function, defined on the structureMembers.
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adhere
(#$stuckTo OBJ1 OBJ2) means that OBJ1 and OBJ2 are
held together by an adhesive force that is at least strong
enough to support the whole weight of (the lighter of) OBJ1
or OBJ2. Either OBJ1 or OBJ2 must be `sticky' or have
a sticky surface; e.g., duct tape, honey, chewing gum, and
perhaps magnetism. #$stuckTo may represent a weak form of
connection, one that may be separated by manual force.
Note: If a third object (such as glue) supplies the adhesive
force holding OBJ1 and OBJ2 together, or if OBJ1 or OBJ2
were acted on non-trivially (e.g., welding, not simply
contact or pressure), then see #$bondedTo and its specializations.
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stuff used
The predicate #$stuffUsed relates an event to some
tangible substance which facilitates that event.
(#$stuffUsed EVENT STUFF) means that STUFF is a portion of
an element of #$ExistingStuffType which plays an
instrumental role in EVENT. STUFF may or may not be
consumed in the course of EVENT. Examples: portions of
#$Water are #$stuffUsed in instances of #$WashingDishes,
#$WashingHair, #$WashingClothesInAMachine, etc.; portions of
#$EdibleOil are #$stuffUsed in some instances of #$Frying
food and #$BakingBread.
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sub abstrac
(#$subAbstrac WHOLE SUB) means SUB is a temporal
part (one of the #$timeSlices) of WHOLE, where WHOLE and
SUB are both elements of #$SomethingExisting. Both
entities and subabstractions are subabstractions of
themselves. So the predicate #$subAbstrac is the
restriction of the predicate #$timeSlices to the domain,
and hence also range, #$SomethingExisting.
`AlbertEinsteinWhileAtPrinceton' is a #$subAbstrac of
`AlbertEinsteinAsAnAdult', which in turn is a
#$subAbstrac of 'AlbertEinstein', which in turn is
a #$subAbstrac only of itself (hence
'AlbertEinstein' is an element of #$Entity (q.v.)).
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sub agreements
The predicate #$subAgreements relates a particular
agreement to the subordinate agreements it comprises.
(#$subAgreements AGR SUB) means that both AGR and SUB are
elements of #$Agreement, and AGR has SUB as a sub-part.
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sub belief system
(#$subBeliefSystem BSYS SUB) indicates that SUB is
a more specialized `branch' of belief system BSYS.
Thus the #$beliefStatements of SUB will be a superset of the
#$beliefStatements of BSYS (sometimes with a few changes and
deletions.) Some examples of this are: (#$subBeliefSystem
#$Islam #$ShiiteIslam), (#$subBeliefSystem
#$ProtestantReligion #$PresbyterianReligion), and
(#$subBeliefSystem #$MilesianSchoolBeliefs
#$AnaximandersPhilosophy).--KM Smith, Sep 16, 1997
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subevent
(#$subEvents WHOLE PART) means that the event PART
is a meaningful part of the event WHOLE. So both WHOLE and
PART are elements of #$Event. The predicate #$subEvents can
be used to decompose events in time, in space, and/or in
other ways. Following a recipe often has this property:
the task is broken down into several sub-tasks, some of
which happen before others, and some of which happen
simultaneously but involve different ingredients. One could
also decompose `making dinner' into #$subEvents
according to how dangerous they are, which might be useful
if one had kids of various ages helping. Often, a more
specialized relation than #$subEvents can be used; e.g., if
you have subevents that decompose an action in time only,
then the more specialized predicate #$subProcesses should be used.
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sub goals
(#$subGoals G SUB) means that SUB is a subordinate
goal of G. In other words, SUB is an intermediate objective
or milestone to be accomplished in the course of pursuing
the overall #$Goal G.
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subgroup
This predicate relates a group to its subgroups.
(#$subGroups GROUP SUBGROUP) means that (1) all
#$groupMembers of SUBGROUP are members of GROUP and (2) if
SUBGROUP is different from GROUP, then the members of
SUBGROUP constitute a #$Group in their own right that is
some sort of specialization within GROUP. Examples: the
stars in #$BigDipper-Asterism constitute one of the
#$subGroups of #$MilkyWay-Galaxy; the Democrats in the House
of Representatives in a given year constitute a subgroup of
the group of #$USRepresentatives for that year.
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sub organizations
The predicate #$subOrganizations relates a
particular organization to one of its sub-organizations.
(#$subOrganizations ORG SUBORG) means SUBORG is a
sub-organization of ORG, whether it is at the very next
organizational level down, e.g., (#$subOrganizations
#$NationalLeague-Baseball #$NationalLeagueEast-Baseball), or
several levels down the hierarchy, e.g., (#$subOrganizations
#$NationalLeague-Baseball #$NewYorkMets).--Foxvog, Feb 2, 1998
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sub path systems
(#$subPathSystems SYS SUBSYS) means that the path
system SUBSYS is a subsystem of the path system SYS.
Technically, this means the following: (i) Every point in
SUBSYS is a point in SYS, (ii) every node in SUBSYS is a
node in SYS, (iii) every link in SUBSYS is a link in SYS,
and (iv) every loop in SUBSYS is a loop in SYS. Some
consequences of these conditions are as follows. (a) Every
point in SUBSYS that is a node in SYS is a node in SUBSYS.
(b) For any nodes X and Y in SUBSYS and each link LINK in
SUBSYS, LINK is between X and Y in SYS iff it is between X
and Y in SUBSYS. (c) For each point X in SYS that is not a
node in SYS, if X is on a link in SYS that is not in SUBSYS,
X is not in SUBSYS. (d) Isolated points and deadends in
SUBSYS must be nodes in SYS. (e) For each loop LOOP in
SUBSYS, the only node in SYS on LOOP must be a node in
SUBSYS. (f) If SYS is a #$SimpleGraph-GraphTheoretic (or a
#$Multigraph), all subsystems of SYS are
#$SimpleGraph-GraphTheoretics (or #$Multigraphs).
Predicates concerning particular kinds of subsystems of path
systems, i.e., predicates that take #$subPathSystems as
#$genlPreds, include #$linkClosedSubSystems,
#$pointClosedSubSystems, and #$maximalConnectedSubSystems,
etc. Predicates whose #$genlInverse are #$subPathSystems
includes #$underlyingGraph.
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sub paths
(#$subPaths PATH SUBPATH) means that SUBPATH is a
sub-path of PATH, such that any 'point' on SUBPATH
must also be on PATH. PATH and SUBPATH are both instances
of #$Path-Simple.
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sub regions
(#$subRegions SUPER SUB) means that SUPER and SUB
are both (effectively) two-dimensional regions, and the area
SUB lies wholly within the region SUPER (see inRegion).
SUPER may or may not completely surround SUB. To relate two
instances of #$GeopoliticalEntity, use the predicate,
#$geopoliticalSubdivision, if it applies, and for other
instances of #$GeographicalRegion use #$geographicalSubRegions.
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sub series
(#$subSeries SER1 SER2) means that SER2 is a
sub-series of SER1. This means that all the members of SER2
are members of SER1, that SER1 and SER2 share the same
ordering principle, and that, if the first member of SER2 is
the Mth member of SER1, the Nth member of SER2 is the (N + M
- 1)th member of SER1. So a subseries is an uninterrupted
''slice'' of the whole.
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sub traversals
(#$subTraversals TRAV SUBTRAV) means that TRAV is
a #$Traversal along some path or paths and SUBTRAV is a
subtraversal of TRAV. The subtraversal SUBTRAV is within
the same paths as the traversal TRAV, but it is 'shorter'.
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sublists
(#$sublists LIST SUB) means that SUB is a sublist
of LIST, both being instances of #$List. Formally, SUB is a
sublist of LIST iff for some #$Lists X and Y, (#$JoinListsFn
X SUB Y) = LIST. Note that by this definition and our
definition of #$JoinListsFn, every list is a sublist of
itself, and #$TheEmptyList is a sublist of every #$List. As
examples, the following are all sublists of (#$TheList A B C
D A B): #$TheEmptyList, (#$TheList A), (#$TheList A B),
(#$TheList A B C), (#$TheList B C), (#$TheList B C D A), and
LIST itself, etc. Note also that the sublist (#$TheList A B)
of LIST above 'occurs' in LIST as a segment more
than once--one is an initial segment, and the other is a
final segment, of LIST. See #$PositionsInListFn.
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subset
(#$subsetOf SUB SUPER) means that every element of
the mathematical set or collection SUB is an element of the
mathematical set or collection SUPER.
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substring
(#$substring SUBSTRING STRING) means that
SUBSTRING is a substring of STRING.
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substring - case insensitive
(#$substring-CaseInsensitive SUBSTRING STRING)
means that SUBSTRING is a substring of STRING with case
ignored in both SUBSTRING and STRING. For case-sensitive
tagging use the more specialized predicate, #$substring.
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subsumed by interval type
(#$subsumedByIntervalType ?X ?Y) means that a time
interval of type ?Y (i.e., something which #$isa ?Y)
#$temporallySubsumes ?X. For example,
(#$subsumedByIntervalType FredsBirth #$Wednesday) means that
Fred was born on a Wednesday. As another example, Cyc
contains an axiom which says, in a typical modern
service-providing context, that each instance of
#$HairCuttingEvent is #$subsumedByIntervalType
#$DaytimeWorkingHours -- i.e., it is true as a default that
the typical professional haircut is given during normal
daytime working hours.
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subsumes interval type
(#$subsumesIntervalType X Y) indicates that every
instance of X #$temporallySubsumes some instance of Y. For
example, one of Cyc's axioms states that in the
#$NorthernHemisphereMt (the context in which the location is
assumed to be somewhere north of the equator) it is true
that (#$subsumesIntervalType #$CalendarWinter #$January).
That is, in that micro-theory, each Winter contains a
January. In the base KB -- that is, independent of context
-- it is true that (#$subsumesIntervalType #$CalendarQuarter
#$CalendarMonth), which means that every calendar quarter
contains at least one entire calendar month.
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successful for agents
The predicate #$successfulForAgents is used to
indicate that a particular agent achieves its goal in a
particular action. (#$successfulForAgents ENDEAVOR AGT)
means that the #$Agent AGT is successful in accomplishing
the #$PurposefulAction ENDEAVOR. This means that each of
the purposes AGT had in doing ENDEAVOR has come true. See
also #$purposeInEvent.
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succession - r s t
The discourse relation that holds between two
segments of text when they describe events which are related
to one another by succession.
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super taxons
The predicate #$superTaxons is used to relate
elements of #$BiologicalTaxon. (#$superTaxons TAXON
GEN-TAXON) means that GEN-TAXON is a #$BiologicalTaxon above
(i.e., more general and inclusive than) the more specific
#$BiologicalTaxon TAXON. Every instance of TAXON must
therefore also be an instance of GEN-TAXON; the same holds
for the #$taxonMembers relation. Example: (#$superTaxons
#$DomesticCat #$FelisGenus). See also #$taxonMembers.
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providers
The predicate relates two generic agents.
(#$suppliers SUPPLIER SUPPLIEE) means that SUPPLIER supplies
some goods or services to SUPPLIEE, usually on an ongoing
basis. When payment is returned for the supplying, consider
using the inverse specialization #$customers.
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supported by
(#$supportedBy OBJECT SUPPORT) means that
SUPPORT is at least partially responsible for holding OBJECT
up and maintaining its vertical position. If SUPPORT were
to be removed, then (everything else being equal) either
OBJECT would fall or at least part of OBJECT would move
downward. See also #$supportedObject, #$supportingObject,
and #$SupportingSomething.
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surface attribute of surf
(surfaceAttributeOfSurf SURF SURFATT) means that
the particular individual #$Surface-Physical SURF has the
#$SurfaceAttribute SURFATT over most or all of its area. It
may have more than one such surface attribute.
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surface parts
(#$surfaceParts BIG LITTLE) means that LITTLE is
an external physical part (see #$externalParts) of a surface
of BIG, or that LITTLE is a physical part of BIG itself and
a surface of LITTLE is part of a surface of BIG. LITTLE is
also something which 'does not go all the way
through' BIG. In other words, there is no line
segment spatially subsumed by LITTLE that goes from a point
at the surface of one side of BIG to a point of the surface
on the opposite side of BIG. Positive exemplars: the skin of
an orange is a #$surfaceParts of the orange, a window of a
house is a #$surfaceParts of that house. Borderline
positive exemplars: the inside surface of a coffee cup is
one of the #$surfaceParts of the cup; the inside surface of
a beer-can in some contexts is a #$surfaceParts of the can.
Negative exemplars: the brain is not a #$surfaceParts of a
person. A person's head is also a negative exemplar of
a #$surfaceParts. There is a line that can go, for example,
from the front side to the back side of that person.
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surround
(#$surroundsCompletely OUTSIDE INSIDE) means that
OUTSIDE completely surrounds INSIDE. In other words, all
rays with origins at INSIDE pass through OUTSIDE by default
(with some exceptions). OUTSIDE is not a part of INSIDE (or
vice versa). Holes in OUTSIDE are permitted. Examples: a
candy bar inside its wrapper; the body of a pregnant
mammalian female containing a foetus; a fish in water.
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surrounds horizontally
(#$surroundsHorizontally OUTSIDE INSIDE) means
that OUTSIDE surrounds a horizontal slice of INSIDE. That
is, there is some horizontal cross section of INSIDE such
that all rays drawn horizontally from points in that cross
section pass through OUTSIDE, and along each of those rays
there are points which are in OUTSIDE and beyond all points
of INSIDE. Thus, (#$surroundsHorizontally OUTSIDE INSIDE)
is NOT true if INSIDE shares a boundary with OUTSIDE; e.g.,
Texas is not surrounded by the USA. Positive cases: water
surrounds islands; foothills may surround a mountain range.
See also #$surroundsCompletely.
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suspended in
(#$suspendedIn OBJ FLUID) means that OBJ is fully
immersed in FLUID (see #$in-ImmersedFully), and FLUID
provides a significant supporting or upward force via fluid
dynamics of FLUID. That is, OBJ does not undergo rapid
falling. Note that a rapidly rising object such as a
released helium ballon or a submarine on its way towards the
surface is #$suspendedIn the fluid surround it. Buoyancy or
fluid dynamic forces are strong enough that the net upward
force acting on OBJ is positive, zero, or slightly negative.
A feather in free fall is a borderline negative example of
#$suspendedIn. An airborne (see #$Airborne) soap bubble
slowly drifting towards the ground is a borderline positive
example of #$suspendedIn (in typical contexts). An
underwater bubble floating to the surface is a positive
exemple usage of #$suspendedIn. A rock in free fall is a
clear negative exemplar. An air bubble rising to the
surface is a positive exemplar of #$suspendedIn. Birds,
airplanes, and cruise missiles flying are positive examples
of #$suspendedIn because fluid dynamics of the surrounding
air plays a major role in keeping them aloft. Rockets or
blasting blasting off, on the other hand, are negative
examples of #$suspendedIn because the dynamics of FLUID
(i.e. the air surrounding them) does not play a major role
in the forces keeping them aloft. A floating (see
#$in-Floating) ship, although #$supportedBy the water, is
not #$suspendedIn the water because it is only
#$in-ImmersedPartly the water. See also #$Suspension,
#$suspendedPart, #$suspendingFluid.
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suspended part
The predicate #$suspendedPart indicates an
individual particle of #$TangibleThing which is suspended in
a particular instance of #$Suspension. Thus,
(#$suspendedPart SUS PART) means that PART is a #$Particle
suspended in the #$suspendingFluid of the #$Suspension SUS.
Examples: in an instance of #$CloudOfH2O, the (typical)
#$suspendedPart is a #$Particle of water; in muddy water,
the (typical) #$suspendedPart is a #$Particle of soil.
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suspending fluid
The predicate #$suspendingFluid indicates the
particular fluid in which particles are suspended in a
particular instance of #$Suspension. Thus,
(#$suspendingFluid SUS FLU) means that FLU is among the
#$constituents of the #$Suspension SUS, FLU is a fluid
(i.e., liquid OR gas), and FLU is the fluid constituent
which suspends the particles in SUS. For example, in an
instance of #$CloudlikeObject, the #$suspendingFluid is the
portion of #$Air that is surrounding and supporting the
droplets of water vapour in the cloud. In muddy water, the
#$suspendingFluid is that instance of #$Water which is
supporting the particles of soil.
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symbolize
(#$symbolizes SYMBOL OBJ) means that the
#$SymbolicObject SYMBOL represents the thing OBJ for some
abstract agent. E.g., the US flag #$symbolizes the USA. It
is usually true that (#$symbolizes x y) implies (#$connotes
x y #$High). Note that the 'abstract agent' may be
context-specific -- a given object may represent one thing
in one culture, and nothing at all or a different thing in
another culture.
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symmetric part types
(#$symmetricPartTypes BIG SMALL) means that every
instance of BIG has exactly two, symmetrically positioned,
instance of SMALL as parts.
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target
(#$target TRANS PLACE) means that the
#$performedBy (or #$directingAgent) of the event TRANS
intends that the #$transferredThing end up at PLACE.
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taste
(#$tastes AGENT OBJECT) means that AGENT perceives
the (partially) tangible object or physical event OBJECT
via the sense of taste. We can taste certain objects (such
as lollipops) as well as, arguably, certain events (such as
the finish of a wine).
bd58b29e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
temperature of object
(#$temperatureOfObject OBJECT TEMPERATURE) means
that the individual OBJECT has the #$Temperature
TEMPERATURE. Note that OBJECT may be a piece of stuff -- for
example, a particular spot in the ocean.
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temporal bounds contain
(#$temporalBoundsContain LONGER SHORTER) means
that LONGER strictly contains SHORTER. There is a positive
non-zero time after LONGER starts before SHORTER starts, and
there is a positive non-zero time after SHORTER ends before
LONGER ends. That is, the #$startingPoint of LONGER is a
finite amount of time earlier than the #$startingPoint of
SHORTER, and the #$endingPoint of LONGER is a finite amount
of time later than the #$endingPoint of SHORTER.
Naturally, #$temporalBoundsContain is a stronger relation
than #$temporalBoundsIntersect. If LONGER is
#$temporallyContinuous, then (#$temporalBoundsContain LONGER
SHORTER) further implies (#$temporallySubsumes LONGER
SHORTER). Note: This Cyc temporal relation is equivalent
to what James Allen independently dubbed the CONTAINS relation.
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temporal bounds identical
(#$temporalBoundsIdentical X Y) means that X and Y
are both #$temporallyCooriginating and
#$temporallyCoterminal. That is, X and Y have the same
#$startingPoints and also have the same #$endingPoints.
Note that if X and Y are continuous temporal objects, such
as a pair of ashtrays, then this means that they must in
fact be completely #$cotemporal.
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temporal bounds intersect
(#$temporalBoundsIntersect ?X ?Y) means that the
closed solid time interval between from the start of ?X to
the end of ?X, inclusive, intersects the solid time interval
from the start of ?Y and the end of ?Y, inclusive. Clearly,
if ?X and ?Y are continuous events, then the stronger
assertion (#$temporallyIntersects ?X ?Y) must also hold.
But if either is a discontinuous event, it is possible to
have a situation where their bounds intersect but where
there is no time point in common. For example, the
discontinuous event of `Fred sleeping this week' could
intersects the bounds of `Fred driving this week' even
though the two events share no time points (we hope).
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temporally contains
(#$temporallyContains LONG SHORT) means that SHORT
#$startsDuring LONG, #$endsDuring LONG, and is temporally
subsumed by LONG. This is equivalent to James Allen's
CONTAINS relation and the inverse of his DURING relation.
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temporally cooriginating
(#$temporallyCooriginating X Y) means
(#$simultaneousWith (#$StartFn X) (#$StartFn Y)). That is,
the #$startingPoint of X is the same as the #$startingPoint
of Y. This implies that X and Y overlap, in at least one
point (namely, their #$startingPoints are the same.)
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temporally coterminal
(#$temporallyCoterminal X Y) means
(#$simultaneousWith (#$EndFn X) (#$EndFn Y)). That is, the
#$endingPoint of X is the same as the #$endingPoint of Y.
This implies that X and Y overlap, in at least one point
(namely, their #$endingPoints are the same.)
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temporally disjoint
(#$temporallyDisjoint X Y) means that there are no
time points in common between X and Y. If you view each of
them as a set of #$TimePoints, the two sets are disjoint.
For example, consider the discontinuous events `Fred
sleeping this week' and `Fred driving this week'.
These are presumably #$temporallyDisjoint even if they
`interlock' during the week.
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conclusion
(#$temporallyFinishedBy PERIOD FINISH) means that
PERIOD and FINISH are #$temporallyCoterminal, and that
FINISH starts within the bounds of PERIOD. That is, the
#$endingPoint of PERIOD and FINISH are the same element of
#$TimePoint, and the #$startingPoint of FINISH is later than
the #$startingPoint of PERIOD. Note: This Cyc
temporal relation is equivalent to what James Allen dubbed
the FINISHED-BY relation. We liked his name better than the
one we had been using, and so we renamed this predicate accordingly.
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temporally intersects
(#$temporallyIntersects X Y) means that there is
at least one #$TimePoint which X #$temporallySubsumes and Y
#$temporallySubsumes. If you think of X and Y as sets of
#$TimePoints, then those two sets intersect.
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temporally intrinsic arg
(#$temporallyIntrinsicArg PRED N) means that PRED
expresses a property that is temporally intrinsic for its
argument position N. That means, if a formula using PRED
is true for some object OBJ (in the Nth argument position),
we can assume the truth of every similar formula in which
any temporal part of OBJ is substituted in for OBJ. For
example, since (#$temporallyIntrinsicArg #$massOfObject 1)
is true, if we know (#$massOfObject `Rock37' (#$Gram
37)), we can expect that any temporal part of `Rock37',
such as `Rock37Today', will also have a mass of
37 grams. An example of a property which is not temporally
intrinsic would be `average speed'. The average speed
of a car on a drive from Austin to Dallas might be 50
mph, but during particular sub-intervals of that drive the
average speed could vary from 0 to 75 mph. The collection
#$CotemporalPredicate is a class of relations which
are not temporally intrinsic but might at first seem to be,
e.g., #$physicalParts. In (#$physicalParts `Joe'
`JoesHead'), it is not the case that every
temporal part of `Joe' (such as `JoeToday') has
`JoesHead' as a physical part. Rather, `JoeToday'
would have `JoesHeadToday' among its #$physicalParts.
With #$physicalParts, as with all other elements of
#$CotemporalPredicate, every time-slice of the first
argument is related to a cotemporal time-slice of the second
argument, but that is not covered by
#$temporallyIntrinsicArg and its associated axioms.
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temporally overlaps
(#$temporallyOverlaps FIRST SECOND) means that
SECOND #$startsAfterStartingOf FIRST and SECOND
#$endsAfterEndingOf FIRST. It does not require that all
#$TimePoints from the #$startingPoint of SECOND through the
#$endingPoint of FIRST are in the temporal extent of both
FIRST and SECOND. Note: #$temporallyOverlaps is
equivalent to what James Allen dubbed the OVERLAPS relation
and is the inverse of what James Allen dubbed the
OVERLAPPED-BY relation.
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temporally started by
(#$temporallyStartedBy PERIOD START) means that
PERIOD and START are #$temporallyCooriginating and that
START ends within the bounds of PERIOD. That is, the
#$startingPoint of PERIOD and START are the same
#$TimePoint, and the #$endingPoint of START is before the
#$endingPoint of PERIOD. Note: This Cyc
temporal relation is equivalent to what James Allen dubbed
the STARTED-BY relation. We liked his name better than the
one we had been using, and so we renamed this predicate accordingly.
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temporally subsumes
(#$temporallySubsumes LONG SHORT) means that all
time points of SHORT are contained in LONG. This implies
that SHORT does not start before LONG, nor end after LONG.
And if there's some time point or interval when LONG is
not happening, then neither is SHORT. Note: This
relation is weaker than #$cotemporal, which can be thought
of as requiring that LONG and SHORT #$temporallySubsumes
each other. Note: This relation is a strictly temporal
relationship between LONG and SHORT; it is weaker than
#$subEvents, which can be thought of as requiring that LONG
not only #$temporallySubsumes SHORT but also contains SHORT
as a `part'.
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tensile strength of substance
(#$tensileStrengthOfSubstance OBJ DEGREE)
indicates the relative force needed to pull the tangible OBJ
apart. A higher DEGREE of #$TensileStrength indicates more
force is required to pull the object apart.
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term depends on
(#$termDependsOn DEP-TERM INDEP-TERM) states that
the existence of the term DEP-TERM is completely dependent
on the continued existence of the term INDEP-TERM. As a
consequence, if INDEP-TERM should ever be removed from the
knowledge base, then DEP-TERM should also be immediately
removed. This relationship is automatically maintained
between reified NATs and the terms from which they are constructed.
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term of unit
#$termOfUnit is an inference-related Cyc predicate
which appears in system-generated assertions; #$termOfUnit
represents a mapping between a non-atomic term (NAT) and a
Cyc constant that was reified by the system especially for
that NAT. Assertions with #$termOfUnit are created by the
system when a certain kind of non-atomic term (NAT) first
appears in a Cyc formula; such a NAT consists of a Cyc
function that is an element of #$ReifiableFunction, together
with the correct number and type of arguments. When such a
NAT is first used in a formula, the Cyc system automatically
creates a Cyc-constant data-structure to reify the NAT. A
name is automatically assigned to the new constant (i.e.,
the data-structure) by the Cyc system; currently (1997), the
system is using for most of those constant names a string
which is identical to the NAT. One should not be misled by
that into thinking that #$termOfUnit is a specialization of
#$equals. The predicate #$termOfUnit maps between the
system-generated data-structure and the original non-atomic
term. (#$termOfUnit NAT-CONSTANT NAT-EXPRESSION) tells us
that the constant data-structure NAT-CONSTANT was created to
reify the value of the non-atomic term NAT-EXPRESSION. From
now on, NAT-EXPRESSION will refer to the constant
NAT-CONSTANT. Examples of non-atomic terms (NATs)
include: (#$Giga #$DollarsPerYear), (#$RepairingFn
#$Automobile), and (#$TheScriptFn
#$WashingClothesInAMachine). See also
#$Function-Denotational, #$CycLReifiableDenotationalTerm.
Note: #$termOfUnit assertions are entered in the #$BaseKB
because the mapping between a NAT and the constant that was
reified for it holds universally. One should view
#$termOfUnit assertions as bits of bookkeeping knowledge
which are very rarely, if ever, entered into the KB by hand.
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terrain attributes
The predicate #$terrainAttributes is used to
describe the type of terrain in a particular geographical
region. (#$terrainAttributes REGION ATTRIB) means that
#$GeographicalRegion REGION has the #$TerrainAttribute
ATTRIB. For example, the #$Matterhorn-Mount has
#$terrainAttributes, #$RuggedTerrain.
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territories controlled
(#$territoriesControlled AGENT TERRITORY) means
the TERRITORY is a #$GeographicalThing under the political
control of AGENT. This refers to actual practical
political control, not mere legal or unenforced territorial claims.
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there exist at least
The predicate #$thereExistAtLeast is a specialized
form of #$thereExists (q.v.). (#$thereExistAtLeast 5 X
FORM) means that there are at least five distinct objects in
the Cyc universe which, when substituted for the
#$ELVariable X in the #$ELSentence-Assertible FORM, make
FORM true. See #$thereExists for more information about
existential quantification.
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there exist at most
The predicate #$thereExistAtMost is a specialized
form of #$thereExists (q.v.). (#$thereExistAtMost 5 X FORM)
means that there are no more than five distinct objects in
the (relevant) universe of discourse which, when
substituted for the #$ELVariable X in the
#$ELSentence-Assertible FORM, make FORM true. See
#$thereExists for more information about existential quantification.
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there exist exactly
The predicate #$thereExistExactly is a specialized
form of #$thereExists (q.v.). (#$thereExistExactly 5 X
FORM) means that there are no more and no less than five
distinct objects in the (relevant) universe of discourse
which, when substituted for the #$ELVariable X in the
#$ELSentence-Assertible FORM, make FORM true. See
#$thereExists for more information about existential quantification.
c10ae7b8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
there exists
The predicate #$thereExists is Cyc's version
of the existential quantifier of predicate calculus (i.e.,
the operator symbolized in one common notation by a
backwards 'E'). As its two arguments,
#$thereExists takes a variable (which is an element of
#$ELVariable) and an element of #$ELSentence-Assertible,
respectively. (#$thereExists VAR FORM) means that FORM is
true in at least one case (and possibly more) in which all
occurrences of the variable VAR in FORM are replaced by an
object in the Cyc universe. For example, to say that every
person has a mother, we could assert: (#$forAll ?X
(#$implies (#$isa ?X #$Person) (#$thereExists ?Y (#$mother
?X ?Y)))). [Developer-level footnote: There are many
`flavors' of quantification `on the market' these
days; here is how the Cyc system currently handles axioms
that involve #$thereExists: When processing an FI-ASK
about whether (#$thereExists VAR FORM) is true or not, Cyc
determines extensionally whether or not any known VAR
(anything in the knowledge base) satisfies FORM (makes it
true.) When processing an FI-PROVE about whether
(#$thereExists VAR FORM) is true or not, Cyc tries to
construct an intensional proof (at least at a default-true
level) that there must exist some value of VAR --- which may
or may not already be known in the KB -- for which FORM must
be true. When processing an FI-ASSERT in which a user or
program tells Cyc that (#$thereExists VAR FORM) is true, Cyc
records the assertion intensionally so that it can later
serve as part of an intensional proof, when some future
FI-PROVE request is processed. It does this by creating a
new #$SkolemFunction (q.v.). When modus ponens is used
with a rule of the form (#$implies ANTECEDENT (#$thereExists
VAR FORM)), and the formula ANTECEDENT is true, then Cyc
will generate a new term for VAR, add that to its language,
and assert that the new term satisfies FORM.]
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thermal conductivity of object
(#$thermalConductivityOfObject OBJ DEGREE) means
that the tangible object OBJ has the #$ThermalConductivity
attribute DEGREE. Objects with higher values of DEGREE
conduct heat faster and better (i.e., with less heat loss)
than those with a lower #$ThermalConductivity.
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three way junction in system
(#$threeWayJunctionInSystem JUNCT SYS) means that
JUNCT is a 3-way junction in the specified #$PathSystem SYS.
Formally, a 3-way junction in SYS is any point (actually,
any node) X in SYS such that either there are exactly 3
links and no loops in SYS that X is on, or there are exactly
1 link and 1 loop in SYS that X is on. See
#$junctionInSystem. When the junction is is simply a
customary junction not based on a specified #$PathSystem,
use #$ThreeWayJunctionOfPaths.
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time constraint of action
(#$timeConstraintOfAction ACT DUR) means that in
the planning context of the assertion, ACT should take no
longer than the #$Time-Quantity DUR.
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time interval between
This predicate relates two temporally disjoint
things to the (longest) time interval between them.
(#$timeIntervalBetween BETWEEN EARLIER LATER) means that
BETWEEN is the time interval that starts immediately after
EARLIER ends and ends immediately before LATER begins.
LATER, of course, must begin after EARLIER ends.
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time slices
(#$timeSlices WHOLE PART) means that PART is one
of the temporal decompositions of WHOLE. PART is part of
WHOLE and is thus temporally included in WHOLE (see
#$temporallySubsumes). There is no other part of WHOLE that
happens at the same time but is not included in PART.
Unlike #$subEvents, which can divide up an #$Event both in
space and time, #$timeSlices divides up its first argument
in time only. So #$timeSlices is more specialized than
#$subEvents. On the other hand, it has broader application;
#$timeSlices makes sense for any #$TemporalThing, not just
#$Events; e.g., one can talk about year-long #$timeSlices of
a rock.
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title of person - string
(#$titleOfPerson-String PRSN STRNG) relates the
#$Person PRSN to a #$CharacterString, STRNG, which is a word
for a title PRSN has. E.g., (#$titleOfPerson-String #$Lenat
``Dr.''). A person may have more than one title,
even cotemporally.
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to achieve in event - sit type
(#$toAchieveInEvent-SitType EVT SIT_TYPE) means
that, in the planning context, a situation of type SIT_TYPE
is supposed to become true in EVT but not hold true for the
duration of EVT.
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to achieve in plan - sit type
(#$toAchieveInPlan-SitType PLAN SIT_TYPE) means
that a situation of type SIT_TYPE is supposed to become true
in the execution of PLAN but not hold true for the duration
of the plan execution.
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to insure in event - sit type
(#$toInsureInEvent-SitType SIT SITTYPE) means that
SIT isa a #$Situation whose success in a planning context
is contingent on a situation of type SITTYPE 'happening'.
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to insure in plan - sit type
(toInsureInPlan-SitType PLAN SITTYPE) means that
the success of the plan represented by the
SupposedToBeMicrotheory PLAN is contingent upon a situation
of type SITTYPE 'happening' at some time in the
course of the exectution of PLAN. It is presupposed that no
situation of type SITTYPE obtains at the start of the
execution of PLAN and that the situation should persist
after its inception.
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to interrupt in event - sit type
(#$toInterruptInEvent-SitType EVT SIT_TYPE) means
that, in the planning context, a situation of type SIT_TYPE
is supposed to cease to obtain at some point in EVENT but
that a situation of type SIT_TYPE should become true again
sometime before the end of EVENT.
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to interrupt in plan - sit type
(#$toInterruptInPlan-SitType PLAN SIT_TYPE) means
that a situation of type SIT_TYPE is supposed to cease to
obtain at some point in the execution of PLAN but that a
situation of type SIT_TYPE should become true again sometime
before the end of the plan execution.
bfd4e8bf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
destination
The predicate #$toLocation is used to indicate the
ending point of a particular movement. (#$toLocation MOVE
LOC) means that LOC is where the #$objectMoving in MOVE (a
#$Movement-TranslationEvent) is found when the event MOVE
ends; the final location of the #$objectMoving in that event
is LOC. The #$objectMoving may or may not be #$Stationary
at LOC. If MOVE is a single-pathway translation (see
#$Translation-SingleTrajectory), then every #$objectMoving
in it is found at LOC when MOVE ends. If MOVE has multiple
movers and multiple pathways (see
#$Translation-MultiTrajectory), then at least some of the
#$objectMoving(s) can be found at LOC at the end of MOVE.
If MOVE is a fluid flow (see #$Translation-Flow), then at
least some portion of the fluid #$objectMoving can be found
at location LOC at the end of MOVE. See also
#$motionPathway-Complete, #$pathConnects.
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to maintain in event - sit type
(#$toMaintainInEvent-SitType EVT SIT_TYPE) means
that, in the planning context, the maintainance of a
pre-existing #$Situation satisfying the description of
SIT_TYPE throughout the course of EVT is a criterion of
EVT's success.
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to maintain in plan - sit type
(#$toMaintainInPlan-SitType PLAN SIT_TYPE) means
that the maintainance of a pre-existing #$Situation
satisfying the description of SIT_TYPE throughout the course
of PLAN is a criterion of PLAN's success.
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to orientation
This predicate indicates, for the particular
rotational motion ROT, the orientation that the
#$primaryObjectMoving in that event has after that motion.
(#$toOrientation ROT ORIENT) means that when ROT ends, the
object that moved in ROT has the final position ORIENT, with
respect to the current frame of reference. Examples of
orientations include: #$HorizontalOrientation,
#$VerticalOrientation, #$UpSideDown. See also
#$fromOrientation, #$OrientationAttribute.
bfcf393f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
recipient
This predicate identifies an #$Agent who gains
some right to use an object. (#$toPossessor GAIN AGENT)
means that after the event GAIN (a #$GainingUserRights),
AGENT enjoys some #$UserRightsAttribute over the
#$objectOfPossessionTransfer which that agent did not have
at the start of GAIN.
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to prevent in event - sit type
(#$toPreventInEvent-SitType EVT SITTYPE) means
that, in the planning context, a #$Situation satisfying the
description of SITTYPE must NOT come about at any time
during the course of EVT in order for EVT to count as
'successful'. It is presupposed that no
#$Situation of type SITTYPE obtains at the start of SIT.
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to prevent in plan - sit type
(#$toPreventInPlan-SitType PLAN SITTYPE) means
that a #$Situation satisfying the description of SITTYPE
must NOT come about at any time during the course of an
execution of PLAN in order for PLAN to count as
'successful'. It is presupposed that no
#$Situation of type SITTYPE obtains at the start of the
execution of PLAN.
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to state
This predicate is used in connection with
#$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent, to identify the
#$AttributeValue a thing has immediately after the change.
(#$toState EVENT VALUE) means that following the
intrinsic-state-changing action, EVENT, the object
undergoing the change is characterized by the the value
VALUE of the relevant attribute. For example, after any X
which is a #$TurningOnAnElectricalSwitch, the switch
involved has (#$toState X #$DeviceOn).
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to stop in event - sit type
(toStopInEvent-SitType EVT SITTYPE) means that, in
the planning context, the success of EVT is contingent upon
a pre-existing situation of type SITTYPE ceasing to obtain
at some time in the course of SIT.
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to stop in plan - sit type
(toStopInPlan-SitType PLAN SITTYPE) means that the
success of the plan represented by the
SupposedToBeMicrotheory PLAN is contingent upon a
pre-existing situation of type SITTYPE ceasing to obtain at
some time in the course of the exectution of PLAN. It is
presupposed that a situation of the type SITTYPE obtains at
the start of the execution of PLAN.
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to thwart in event - sit type
(#$toThwartInEvent-SitType EVENT SIT_TYPE) means
that if a #$Situation of type SIT_TYPE obtains at the start
of EVENT, then it must be stopped some time in the course of
EVENT, and if a #$Situation of type SIT_TYPE does not obtain
at the start of EVENT, then it must be prevented throughout
EVENT, in order for EVENT to count as successful. The
predicate is defined in terms of #$toStopInEvent-SitType and #$toPreventInEvent-SitType.
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to thwart in plan - sit type
(#$toThwartInPlan-SitType PLAN SIT_TYPE) means
that if a #$Situation of type SIT_TYPE obtains at the start
of the execution of PLAN, then it must be stopped some time
in the course of PLAN, and if a #$Situation of type SIT_TYPE
does not obtain at the start the execution of PLAN, then
such a situation must be prevented throughout PLAN, in order
for PLAN to count as successful. The predicate is defined in
terms of #$toStopInPlan-SitType and #$toPreventInPlan-SitType.
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to uphold in event - sit type
(#$toUpholdInEvent-SitType EVT SIT_TYPE) means
that if a #$Situation of type SIT_TYPE does not obtain at
the start of EVT, then it must be brought about some time in
the course of SIT, and if a #$Situation of type SIT_TYPE
does obtain at the start of EVT, then it must be maintained
throughout EVT, in order for EVT to count as successful in
the planning context. The predicate is defined in terms of
#$toMaintainInEvent-SitType and #$toInsureInEvent-SitType.
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to uphold in plan - sit type
(#$toUpholdInPlan-SitType PLAN SIT_TYPE) means
that if a #$Situation of type SIT_TYPE does not obtain at
the start of the execution ofPLAN, then it must be brought
about some time in the course of the execution of PLAN, and
if a #$Situation of type SIT_TYPE does obtain at the start
of the execution ofPLAN, then it must be maintained
throughout PLAN, in order for PLAN to count as successful.
The predicate is defined in terms of
#$toMaintainInPlan-SitType and #$toInsureInPlan-SitType.
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topic
The predicate #$topicOfInfoTransfer is used to
indicate what a particular communication is about.
(#$topicOfInfoTransfer TRANS TOPIC) means that TOPIC is a
primary topic of the information communicated in the
#$InformationTransferEvent TRANS. For example, a result
reported after an instance of #$BloodTest will contain
information about the #$objectTested (viz., the blood
sample); the patient's blood is thus a
#$topicOfInfoTransfer of that report.
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total displacement
The accumulated total displacement along the
trajectory at any point in time during the duration of the
moving process
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touches
(#$touches THIS THAT) means that THIS and THAT are
in contact, directly or indirectly. THIS #$touchesDirectly
on THAT if and only if there is nothing between them. THIS
#$touches THAT indirectly if there is some very thin object
or substance between them. `Very thin' means that the
distance between the surfaces of THIS and THAT is very much
less than the distance between their center points. Some
examples of #$touches: an airplane touches the air around
it; my feet touch the floor (even though I am wearing
shoes); a blanket touches the person sleeping under it (even
if there is a sheet); a hovercraft touches the water (even
though a cushion of air is between them). For cases where
immediate surface contact needs to be indicated, use
#$touchesDirectly (q.v.).
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contact
(#$touchesDirectly THIS THAT) means that THIS and
THAT are in direct physical contact. That is, there exists
a region on both objects where the distance between their
surfaces is zero. If in doubt, use #$touches rather than #$touchesDirectly.
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trajectory - complete
(#$trajectory-Complete MOVE TRAJ) means that the
#$Movement-TranslationEvent MOVE has the #$Trajectory TRAJ
as its entire trajectory. Suppose OBJ is the #$objectMoving
in TRAJ. TRAJ is a line or curve in space (technically a
one-manifold) traced out by some reference point (probably
the centroid) of OBJ. See also #$trajectory-Partial.
Contrast #$trajectory-Complete with #$motionPathway-Complete
and with #$traverses-Complete. The trajectory of the motion
may cross itself, zig-zag back and forth along the same
path, repeat several cycles, etc., and the trajectory need
not be confined to any pre-existing #$Path-Generics or
#$Traversals of paths.
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trajectory - partial
(#$trajectory-Partial MOVE TRAJ) means that the
#$Movement-TranslationEvent MOVE has at least part of its
entire trajectory, i.e., the line or curve in space traced
out by the whole motion, in common with a sub-trajectory of
the #$Trajectory TRAJ where the motion along the shared
segment moves in the same direction as TRAJ goes. See also
#$trajectory-Complete. Contrast #$trajectory-Partial with
#$motionPathway-Partial and with #$traverses-Partial. The
trajectory of the motion may cross itself, zig-zag back and
forth along the same path, repeat several cycles, etc.,
(like a #$Traversal and unlike a #$Path-Generic), and the
trajectory need not be confined to any pre-existing
#$Path-Generics or #$Traversals of paths.
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trajectory passes through
(#$trajectoryPassesThrough MOVE LOC) means that
the #$trajectory-Complete of the
#$Translation-SingleTrajectory MOVE passes through LOC,
which is an instance of #$SpatialThing-Localized, and thus
can be a location, a portal, a river, a path, the equator,
etc. More formally, the #$objectMoving which undergoes MOVE
from the #$fromLocation to the #$toLocation passes through
LOC. Here `passes through LOC' means that the
#$objectMoving OBJ both arrives in and leaves LOC. Thus,
LOC can not be a super region of any #$fromLocation nor any
#$toLocations of MOVE. Otherwise it would be possible to
state (#$trajectoryPassesThrough TripToTheStore01
TheUniverse). On the other hand, LOC can be a sub region of
some #$toLocation or some #$fromLocation.
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transfer in sub event
The Cyc predicate #$transferInSubEvent indicates
the final stage of a particular #$GeneralizedTransfer in
which the #$transferredThing reaches the destination. For
example, (#$transferInSubEvent COMM LISTENING) means that
LISTENING is the final stage (see #$lastSubEvents) of the
#$CommunicationAct-Single COMM.
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initial transfer-out subevent
The Cyc predicate #$transferOutSubEvent indicates
the initial stage of a particular #$GeneralizedTransfer in
which the #$transferredThing leaves the point of origin.
For example, (#$transferOutSubEvent TRANSLOC EMISSION) means
that EMISSION is the initial stage (see #$firstSubEvents) of
the #$Translocation TRANSLOC. (The #$emitter in EMISSION is
a #$fromLocation of TRANSLOC.)
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transferred thing
The Cyc predicate #$transferredThing is used to
identify the object whose external relationships change in
some event considered generically as a `transfer'.
(#$transferredThing TRANSFER OBJ) means that OBJ is being
moved, transferred, exchanged, etc., in the
#$GeneralizedTransfer event TRANSFER. In general, and if
possible, it is preferable to use a more specialized
instance of #$ActorSlot than #$transferredThing (e.g.,
#$objectMoving for physical transfer of an object;
#$objectOfPossessionTransfer for an object that changes
possession but not necessarily location; and so on).
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transformed into
(#$transformedInto ?X ?Y) means that ?X stops
existing at the instant that ?Y is created. Furthermore,
the material which made up ?X when it ceased to exist will
generally make up ?Y when it is created, which in turn
implies things about the location of ?Y at that moment, etc.
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transparency of object
(#$transparencyOfObject OBJ DEGREE) means that the
tangible object OBJ has an intrinsic #$Transparency to light
of the specified DEGREE. Higher values indicate that more
light will pass through the substance and with less distortion.
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transportee
The predicate #$transportees relates a
translational motion event to the object(s) transported by a
separate object, i.e. a distinctly separate other
participant in the event. (#$transportees MOVE OBJ) means
that some #$conveyor-Generic facilitates the conveyance of
OBJ in MOVE. For example, in a dumptruck driving event, the
dirt in the back of the truck is a #$transportees. Any
humans in the truck cab (or truck bed) during the trip are
also #$transportees; however, a more precise role
designation for humans riding in the truck would be either
#$passengers or (for the driver) #$driverActor. Borderline
positive example #$transportees include the clothes worn by
a person walking, or a horseshoe worn by a horse walking.
A negative exemplar of a #$transportees is the ear of the
person walking. This is because #$transporters do not
transport their parts when they move. In other words,
#$transporters only transport separate objects.
#$translatesFromTo on the other hand, does apply to parts
of #$transportees. Note also that parts of #$transportees
are not necessarily #$transportees themselves. See also
the comments on #$TransportationEvent and #$transporter.
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transporters
(#$transporter MOVE OBJ) means that OBJ enables or
facilitates the conveyance of the #$transportees in the
#$TransportationEvent MOVE. OBJ is an #$objectMoving in
MOVE that moves along with the #$transportees. OBJ will
generally hold, support, contain, pull, or push the
#$transportees throughout the MOVE #$Event. OBJ may or may
not be the #$providerOfMotiveForce in the event MOVE. If
OBJ stays with each #$primaryObjectMoving from the
#$fromLocation to the #$toLocation, moving along the same
trajectory, then it is also a #$primaryObjectMoving. If
OBJ facilitates the motion of the #$primaryObjectMoving but
does not itself engage in translational motion it is merely
the conveyor of the action, and the role
#$conveyor-Stationary should be asserted. If it is unclear
whether the conveyor is stationary or not, the role
#$conveyor-Generic is used. Specializations of the role
#$transporter should be used when possible: although
automobiles are #$transporters in many events, they should
normally have the more specific role designation of
#$vehicle because they are also #$SelfPoweredDevices. When
a car is being towed by a towtruck, the car is just a
#$transporter of any of its contents while the towtruck is
the #$vehicle of that event. An additional role designation
for some #$transporters -- those which are #$PhysicalDevices
-- is #$deviceUsed; e.g., the use of crutches in hobbling or
ice skates in skating. See the #$comment on
#$TransportationEvent. Note that an organism may be a
#$transportees in a #$Bicycle riding or #$Skating event as
well as being the #$providerOfMotiveForce in such cases.
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traversal from
(#$traversalFrom TRAV POINT) means that POINT is a
starting point of the #$Traversal TRAV along some paths.
Note that (#$traversalFrom TRAV A) and (#$traversalFrom TRAV
B) may both be true even when A and B are different. This
can happen when, e.g., A is a part of B and a path goes from
both. This is why we did not call POINT, in the context
above, THE starting point of TRAV.
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traversal in system
(#$traversalInSystem TRAV SYS) means that TRAV is
a #$Traversal of some paths in the #$PathSystem SYS. Let
TRAV be represented by (#$TraversalFn (#$TheList X(1)
PATH(1) ... X(n) PATH(n) X(n+1))). To say that TRAV is a
#$Traversal in SYS we mean that (i) TRAV is a #$Traversal
(and thus (#$TheList X(1) PATH(1) ... X(n) PATH(n) X(n+1))
is a #$PathChain), and (ii) each X(k) is a point in SYS and
each PATH(k) is either a link or a loop in SYS, or a subpath
of a loop in SYS. Our favorate description of a traversal
in SYS is such a list that all X(k) are nodes in SYS except
X(1) and X(n+1), and all PATH(k)s are links or loops in SYS
except PATH(1) and PATH(n).
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traversal in system - order observed
(#$traversalInSystem-OrderObserved TRAV SYS) means
that TRAV is a #$Traversal of some paths in the
#$Semi-DirectedPathSystem SYS, which observes the orders or
directions of links (and paths) in SYS. To say that TRAV
observes the orders or directions of links in SYS, we mean
that for each link LINK in SYS between X and Y,
(#$TraversalFn (#$TheList X LINK Y)) is a subtraversal of
TRAV only if (#$linkFromToInSystem LINK X Y SYS) holds, and
for each subpath SUB between A and B of a link LINK in SYS
between X and Y, (#$TraversalFn (#$TheList A SUB B)) is a
subtraversal of TRAV only if (#$linkFromToInSystem LINK X Y
SYS) holds.
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traversal of
(#$traversalOf TRAV CHAIN) means that TRAV is the
#$Traversal of the #$PathChain CHAIN.
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traversal passes through
(#$traversalPassesThrough TRAV POINT) means that
POINT is a point that the #$Traversal TRAV passes through.
Note that when TRAV passes through POINT, POINT cannot be a
mere endpoint of TRAV. This means that a traversal does not
pass through its starting point if it does not go back to
the point and then leave it, nor does it pass through its
ending point if it does not meet the point twice.
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traversal to
(#$traversalTo TRAV POINT) means that POINT is an
ending point of the #$Traversal TRAV along some paths. Note
that (#$traversalTo TRAV A) and (#$traversalTo TRAV B) may
both be true even when A and B are different. This can
happen when, e.g., A is a part of B and a path goes to both.
This is why we did not call POINT, in the context above, THE
ending point of TRAV.
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traverses - complete
(#$traverses-Complete MOVE TRAVER) means that the
#$Movement-TranslationEvent MOVE traverses a path or series
of paths (#$Path-Generics forming the #$Traversal TRAVER)
during its motion, and that TRAVER is the entire traversal
from beginning to end of the movement. The traversal may
cross itself, go back and forth along the same path, or
repeat cycles of paths (unlike the #$ActorSlot
#$motionPathway-Complete, which can follow only one,
non-self-crossing, pre-existing #$Path-Generic.) See also
#$traverses-Partial. Contrast #$traverses-Complete with
#$motionPathway-Complete, that relates to one existing
#$Path-Generic, and with #$trajectory-Complete that relates
to the pure #$Trajectory of the motion.
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traverses - partial
(#$traverses-Partial MOVE TRAV) means that the
moving object OBJ in the #$Translation-SingleTrajectory MOVE
(see #$objectMoving) is partially confined to the
#$Traversal TRAV during EVENT, i.e., one of MOVE's
subevent has the #$traverses-Complete relation to a
sub-traversal of TRAV. To say that MOVE is partially
confined to TRAV during EVENT, we mean that (1) there is a
subevent SUBEVENT of MOVE such that
(#$subTranslations-SingleTrajectory MOVE SUBEVENT) holds,
and (2) there is a sub-Traversal SUBTRAV of TRAV (see
#$subTraversals) such that SUBEVENT is confined to SUBTRAV,
i.e., (#$traverses-Complete SUBEVENT SUBTRAV) holds.
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true rule
(#$trueRule TEMPLATE FORMULA) states that FORMULA
is both true and an instantiation of the rule template TEMPLATE.
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typed genl preds
(#$typedGenlPreds NARROW BROAD) means that
predicate BROAD is a more general version of predicate
NARROW that allows for more general argument types. If the
predicate BROAD applies to a set of arguments which meet the
argument restrictions of NARROW, the predicate NARROW also
applies to those same arguments. For example,
(#$typedGenlPreds #$sisters #$siblings) means that if
(#$siblings John Alex) is in the KB and Alex is an instance
of #$FemaleAnimal (the arg2 restriction of #$sisters) then
(#$sisters John Alex) is true.
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unchanged actors
(#$unchangedActors EV OBJ) means that the object
OBJ remains virtually unchanged by its participation in the
event EV. This means that OBJ does not appreciably move, nor
does it undergo some internal change in its properties, nor
is it created or destroyed in the course of EV.
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underground of
(#$undergroundOf OBJ GROUND) means that OBJ is
beneath the surface of ground and has the #$locationState #$Underground.
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underlying graph
(#$underlyingGraph RED SYS) means that (i) every
node in SYS is a node in RED, (ii) every point in RED is a
node in RED (and hence a node in SYS), and (iii)
(#$linkClosedSubSystems SYS RED) holds. It is easy to see
that when (#$underlyingGraph RED SYS) holds, RED must be an
instance of #$Multigraph. But RED is not only a
multi-graph, it is THE multi-graph that underlies the path
system SYS, i.e., the only difference between SYS and RED is
that SYS is obtainable by adding to RED some points that are
on a link in RED between the end-nodes.
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unique part types
(#$uniquePartTypes BIG SMALL) means that every
instance of BIG has exactly one instance of SMALL as a part.
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unit expansions
The Cyc predicate #$unitExpansions is used to
express the relationship between a derived unit of
measurement and the units from which it is derived, e.g.,
miles per second from miles and seconds. (#$unitExpansions
UNIT FACTOR-LIST) means that UNIT is derived from the
factors on the list UNIT-FACTOR. UNIT-FACTOR is an instance
of #$SubLList. There are two kinds of items in the
UNIT-FACTOR list: (1) all items except the last are
themselves lists that consist of an element of
#$UnitOfMeasure followed by an exponent for that unit; (2)
the last element is the constant multiplier. Some examples:
(#$unitExpansions #$MilesPerHour (((#$Mile
1)(#$HoursDuration -1)) 1), (#$unitExpansions
#$SpeedOfLight (((#$Mile 1)(#$SecondsDuration -1)) 186000)),
(#$unitExpansions #$MetersPerSecondPerSecond (((#$Meter
1)(#$SecondsDuration -2)) 1). The first of these examples is
included only because it makes a clear example; the
definition of #$MilesPerHour in terms of #$Mile and
#$HoursDuration should actually be done with the simpler
#$multiplicationUnits. In general, any relationship among
units that can be expressed with #$multiplicationUnits
should be, and #$unitExpansions should be reserved for those
relationships that can't be expressed with the simpler vocabulary.
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up axis points
(#$upAxisPoints OBJ DIR) means OBJ's
intrinsic up-axis points in the direction DIR. An object
has an intrinsic up-axis only if it has an intrisic top by
virtue of its design or function. People, rockets, cars,
and cups are examples of objects with intrinsic tops. A
sphere has no intrinsic top, due to its symmetry. If an
object with an intrinsic up-axis, OBJ, is on its side, one
asserts (#$upAxisPoints OBJ #$HorizontalDirection). If OBJ
is upside-down, one asserts (#$upAxisPoints OBJ
#$Down-Directly) or (#$upAxisPoints OBJ #$Down-Generally),
depending on how precise one wishes to be.
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urge satisfied
(#$urgeSatisfied EVT URGETYPE) means that the
sensory event EVT satisfies an instance of a physical urge
of type URGETYPE. Use the predicate, #$urgeTypeSatisfied,
to stateg rules about what sorts of actions relieve what
sorts of urges. E.g., scratching relieves an #$UrgeToScratch.
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urge type satisfied
The urge of type arg2 is satisfied in the event of
type arg1.
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vehicle
(#$vehicle EVENT VEHICLE) means that VEHICLE is a
#$TransportationDevice-Vehicle which is both the
#$providerOfMotiveForce and the #$transporter in EVENT. If
an object is a #$TransportationDevice-Vehicle and plays the
role of #$transporter in some moving event, then it
generally will play the role of #$vehicle in that event.
Examples: a car plays the role of #$vehicle in driving.
Note, however, that a bicycle does not play the role of
#$vehicle in bike riding since it is not a provider of
motive force. A borderline non-example is someone sitting
in their car while it's being pulled by a towtruck;
their car is not playing the role of #$vehicle in that event.
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victim
The #$Agent(s) most directly harmed by this
possibly criminal act. In so-called victimless crimes, some
would consider the state to be the victim, but we will not
follow that convention here.
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thicken
(#$viscosityOfSubstance LIQ VISC) means that the
#$LiquidTangibleThing LIQ has the #$Viscosity VISC.
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represent
(#$visuallyDepicts ?IBT ?OBJ) means the object
?OBJ is depicted by the visual information source ?IBT.
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volatility
(#$volatilityOfSubstance SUBST DEGREE) indicates
how volatile SUBST is. Objects with a higher DEGREE of
#$Volatility evaporate more readily than objects with a
lower DEGREE.
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volitional cause - r s t
The discourse relation that holds between two
segments of text when ARG2 specifies something which could
be a cause of the volitional action described in ARG1.
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volitional result - r s t
The discourse relation that holds between two
segments of text when ARG1 specifies something which could
be a volitional cause of ARG2.
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volume contained
Indicates the total volume enclosed by a given
container. (#$volumeContained ?CONT ?VOL) means that the
total available volume of ?CONT is ?VOL.
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volume
(#$volumeOfObject OBJ VOL) means that the
#$TangibleThing OBJ has the #$Volume VOL.
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waste products
(#$wasteProducts EV OBJ) means that OBJ is one of
the by-products of EV which is disposed of, rather than used
or sold. See also #$unwantedMatter.
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water solubility
(#$waterSolubility OBJ DEGREE) means that the
tangible OBJ has this DEGREE of #$Solubility in water. A
higher value of DEGREE indicates that a substance dissolves
more readily and completely than one with a lower solubility.
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wavelength
(#$wavelength WAVE LENGTH) means that the
#$WavePropagation WAVE consists of waves having the length
LENGTH. LENGTH is a #$Distance measuring one complete wave
in a #$WavePropagation event.
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wearer
The predicate #$wearer is used to indicate an
individual who is wearing some article of clothing (or other
wearable item) in a particular situation. (#$wearer WEARING
ANIMAL) means that ANIMAL is the wearer during WEARING, an
element of #$WearingSomething (q.v.).
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wear
(#$wearsClothing ANIMAL ITEM) means that ANIMAL is
wearing ITEM, an element of #$SomethingToWear. The first
argument of #$wearsClothing is loosely constrained (by
#$PartiallyTangible), so that this predicate may be used to
describe mannequins, animals, and other individuals (of
whatever kinds) that might wear clothes, as well as humans;
however, by default Cyc assumes that an individual who
#$wearsClothing is an element of #$Person. See also
#$wornOn, which relates the item worn to the body part on
which it is worn.
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weather attributes
The predicate #$weatherAttributes is used to
describe the weather at a particular outdoor location.
(#$weatherAttributes LOC WEATHER) means that the
#$OutdoorLocation LOC has the #$WeatherAttribute WEATHER.
For example, to say that it's snowy in Lake Tahoe, we
would say: (#$weatherAttributes #$LakeTahoe #$Snowy). See
also #$WeatherAttribute.
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width
(#$widthOfObject OBJECT WIDTH) means that the
#$Distance across OBJECT from one side boundary to the
opposite side boundary is WIDTH. Side boundaries are
roughly perpendicular to the top and bottom of the object.
Note that some objects have widths by virtue of having one
or more intrinsic default orientations (see
#$BilateralObject and its specializations), while some
objects have widths by virtue of having orientations
determined only in relation to their environments. In any
case, having a width requires being at least
two-dimensional (see #$TwoOrHigherDimensionalShape). See
also #$lengthOfObject, #$heightOfObject, and #$depthOfObject.
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window has covering
A restriction of #$portalHasCovering. This
predicate can take as it's arg1 any instance of
#$WindowPortal, eg., a car window, or a window in a #$ModernHumanResidence.
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works with
The predicate #$worksWith relates two agents who
in some way work together. The two #$Agents may be people
or organizations. (#$worksWith AGENT1 AGENT2) means that
AGENT1 and AGENT2 work together or cooperate in some
activity for mutual benefit. They may or may not work for
the same employer. Some types of relationships that provide
a basis for assertions using #$worksWith include: coworkers
in a company, an employee and his boss, organizations
affiliated in some endeavor, a professional and her client,
professionals and their representatives. Examples: a
research organization #$worksWith its shareholding
companies; a #$Novelist #$worksWith his or her
#$PublishingCompany; an #$EntertainmentOrArtsProfessional
#$worksWith his or her agent (i.e., #$ArtistOrEntertainerRepresentative).
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worn on
The predicate #$wornOn is used to describe on what
part of an individual's body a particular device or
garment is worn. (#$wornOn ITEM BODYPART) means that ITEM
is being worn on the body part BODYPART. #$wornOn can apply
to human or animal wearers, and the items worn can include
clothing, jewelry, medical devices, harnesses, carrying
devices, wigs--basically, anything which can be attached to
or borne upon a body part without intentionally holding or
carrying it. See #$SomethingToWear for its subsets of things
that can be worn. See also #$wearsClothing, which relates
the wearer, rather than the body part, to the item worn.
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xor
The logical connective #$xor represents
exclusive-or. #$xor takes two arguments, each of which
must be an element of ELSentence-Assertible. (#$xor
FORMULA-1 FORMULA-2) means that formula FORMULA-1 is true
precisely when formula FORMULA-2 is false; in other
words, one but not both of FORMULA-1 and FORMULA-2 is
true. An EL formula that mentions #$xor is translated
during canonicalization into an equivalent (though less
compact) formula that mentions #$or, #$and, and #$not
and does not mention #$xor (see the expansion gaf for #$xor).
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