All official releases of code distributed by the Apache HTTP Server Project are signed by the release manager for the release. PGP signatures and MD5 hashes are available along with the distribution.

You should download the PGP signatures and MD5 hashes directly from the Apache Software Foundation rather than our mirrors. This is to help ensure the integrity of the signature files. However, you are encouraged to download the releases from our mirrors. (Our download page points you at the mirrors for the release and the official site for the signatures, so this happens automatically for you.)

The following example details how signature interaction works. In this example, you are already assumed to have downloaded httpd-2.0.44.tar.gz (the release) and httpd-2.0.44.tar.gz.asc (the detached signature).

This example uses The GNU Privacy Guard. Any OpenPGP-compliant program should work successfully.

First, we will check the detached signature (httpd-2.0.44.tar.gz.asc) against our release (httpd-2.0.44.tar.gz).

% gpg httpd-2.0.44.tar.gz.asc
gpg: Signature made Sat Jan 18 07:21:28 2003 PST using DSA key ID DE885DD3
gpg: Can't check signature: public key not found

We don't have the release manager's public key (DE885DD3) in our local system. You now need to retrieve the public key from a key server. One popular server is pgpkeys.mit.edu (which has a web interface). The public key servers are linked together, so you should be able to connect to any key server.

% gpg --keyserver pgpkeys.mit.edu --recv-key DE885DD3
gpg: requesting key DE885DD3 from HKP keyserver pgpkeys.mit.edu
gpg: trustdb created
gpg: key DE885DD3: public key "Sander Striker <striker@apache.org>" imported
gpg: Total number processed: 1
gpg:               imported: 1

In this example, you have now received a public key for an entity known as 'Sander Striker <striker@apache.org>' However, you have no way of verifying this key was created by the person known as Sander Striker. But, let's try to verify the release signature again.

% gpg httpd-2.0.44.tar.gz.asc
gpg: Signature made Sat Jan 18 07:21:28 2003 PST using DSA key ID DE885DD3
gpg: Good signature from "Sander Striker <striker@apache.org>"
gpg:                 aka "Sander Striker <striker@striker.nl>"
gpg: checking the trustdb
gpg: no ultimately trusted keys found
gpg: WARNING: This key is not certified with a trusted signature!
gpg:          There is no indication that the signature belongs to the owner.
Fingerprint: 4C1E ADAD B4EF 5007 579C  919C 6635 B6C0 DE88 5DD3

At this point, the signature is good, but we don't trust this key. A good signature means that the file has not been tampered. However, due to the nature of public key cryptography, you need to additionally verify that key DE885DD3 was created by the real Sander Striker.

Any attacker can create a public key and upload it to the public key servers. They can then create a malicious release signed by this fake key. Then, if you tried to verify the signature of this corrupt release, it would succeed because the key was not the 'real' key. Therefore, you need to validate the authenticity of this key.

You may download public keys for the Apache HTTP Server developers from our website or retrieve them off the public PGP keyservers (see above). However, importing these keys is not enough to verify the integrity of the signatures. If a release verifies as good, you need to validate that the key was created by an official representative of the Apache HTTP Server Project.

The crucial step to validation is to confirm the key fingerprint of the public key.

% gpg --fingerprint DE885DD3
pub  1024D/DE885DD3 2002-04-10 Sander Striker <striker@apache.org>
     Key fingerprint = 4C1E ADAD B4EF 5007 579C  919C 6635 B6C0 DE88 5DD3
uid                            Sander Striker <striker@striker.nl>
sub  2048g/532D14CA 2002-04-10

A good start to validating a key is by face-to-face communication with multiple government-issued photo identification confirmations. However, each person is free to have their own standards for determining the authenticity of a key. Some people are satisfied by reading the key signature over a telephone (voice verification). For more information on determining what level of trust works best for you, please read the GNU Privacy Handbook section on Validating other keys on your public keyring.

Most of the Apache HTTP Server developers have attempted to sign each others' keys (usually with face-to-face validation). Therefore, in order to enter the web of trust, you should only need to validate one person in our web of trust. (Hint: all of our developers' keys are in the KEYS file.)

For example, the following people have signed the public key for Sander Striker. If you verify any key on this list, you will have a trust path to the DE885DD3 key. If you verify a key that verifies one of the signatories for DE885DD3, then you will have a trust path. (So on, and so on.)

pub  1024D/DE885DD3 2002-04-10 Sander Striker <striker@apache.org>
sig         E2226795 2002-05-01   Justin R. Erenkrantz
sig 3       DE885DD3 2002-04-10   Sander Striker
sig         CD4DF205 2002-05-28   Wolfram Schlich
sig         E005C9CB 2002-11-17   Greg Stein
sig         CC8B0F7E 2002-11-18   Aaron Bannert
sig         DFEAC4B9 2002-11-19   David N. Welton
sig 2       82AB7BD1 2002-11-17   Cliff Woolley
sig 2       13046155 2002-11-28   Thom May
sig 3       19311B00 2002-11-17   Chuck Murcko
sig 3       F894BE12 2002-11-17   Brian William Fitzpatrick
sig 3       5C1C3AD7 2002-11-18   David Reid
sig 3       E04F9A89 2002-11-18   Roy T. Fielding
sig 3       CC78C893 2002-11-19   Rich Bowen
sig 3       08C975E5 2002-11-21   Jim Jagielski
sig 3       F88341D9 2002-11-18   Lars Eilebrecht
sig 3       187BD68D 2002-11-21   Ben Hyde
sig 3       49A563D9 2002-11-23   Mark Cox
...more signatures redacted...

Since the developers are usually quite busy, you may not immediately find success in someone who is willing to meet face-to-face (they may not even respond to your emails because they are so busy!). If you do not have a developer nearby or have trouble locating a suitable person, please send an email to the address of the key you are attempting to verify. They may be able to find someone who will be willing to validate their key or arrange alternate mechanisms for validation.

Once you have entered the web of trust, you should see the following upon verifying the signature of a release.

% gpg httpd-2.0.44.tar.gz.asc
gpg: Signature made Sat Jan 18 07:21:28 2003 PST using DSA key ID DE885DD3
gpg: Good signature from "Sander Striker <striker@apache.org>"
gpg:                 aka "Sander Striker <striker@striker.nl>"