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Hadoop Cluster Setup

Purpose

This document describes how to install, configure and manage non-trivial Hadoop clusters ranging from a few nodes to extremely large clusters with thousands of nodes.

If you are looking to install Hadoop on a single machine to play with it, you can find relevant details here.

Pre-requisites

  1. Make sure all requisite software is installed on all nodes in your cluster.
  2. Get the Hadoop software.

Installation

Installing a Hadoop cluster typically involves unpacking the software on all the machines in the cluster.

Typically one machine in the cluster is designated as the NameNode and another machine the as JobTracker, exclusively. These are the masters. The rest of the machines in the cluster act as both DataNode and TaskTracker. These are the slaves.

The root of the distribution is referred to as HADOOP_HOME. All machines in the cluster usually have the same HADOOP_HOME path.

Configuration

The following sections describe how to configure a Hadoop cluster.

Configuration Files

Hadoop configuration is driven by two important configuration files found in the conf/ directory of the distribution:

  1. hadoop-default.xml - Read-only default configuration.
  2. hadoop-site.xml - Site-specific configuration.

To learn more about how the Hadoop framework is controlled by these configuration files, look here.

Additionally, you can control the Hadoop scripts found in the bin/ directory of the distribution, by setting site-specific values via the conf/hadoop-env.sh.

Site Configuration

To configure the the Hadoop cluster you will need to configure the environment in which the Hadoop daemons execute as well as the configuration parameters for the Hadoop daemons.

The Hadoop daemons are NameNode/DataNode and JobTracker/TaskTracker.

Configuring the Environment of the Hadoop Daemons

Administrators should use the conf/hadoop-env.sh script to do site-specific customization of the Hadoop daemons' process environment.

At the very least you should specify the JAVA_HOME so that it is correctly defined on each remote node.

Other useful configuration parameters that you can customize include:

  • HADOOP_LOG_DIR - The directory where the daemons' log files are stored. They are automatically created if they don't exist.
  • HADOOP_HEAPSIZE - The maximum amount of heapsize to use, in MB e.g. 2000MB.

Configuring the Hadoop Daemons

This section deals with important parameters to be specified in the conf/hadoop-site.xml for the Hadoop cluster.

Parameter Value Notes
fs.default.name Hostname or IP address of NameNode. host:port pair.
mapred.job.tracker Hostname or IP address of JobTracker. host:port pair.
dfs.name.dir Path on the local filesystem where the NameNode stores the namespace and transactions logs persistently. If this is a comma-delimited list of directories then the name table is replicated in all of the directories, for redundancy.
dfs.data.dir Comma separated list of paths on the local filesystem of a DataNode where it should store its blocks. If this is a comma-delimited list of directories, then data will be stored in all named directories, typically on different devices.
mapred.system.dir Path on the HDFS where where the Map-Reduce framework stores system files e.g. /hadoop/mapred/system/. This is in the default filesystem (HDFS) and must be accessible from both the server and client machines.
mapred.local.dir Comma-separated list of paths on the local filesystem where temporary Map-Reduce data is written. Multiple paths help spread disk i/o.
mapred.tasktracker.tasks.maximum The maximum number of map and reduce tasks, which are run simultaneously on a given TaskTracker, individually. Defaults to 2 (2 maps and 2 reduces), but vary it depending on your hardware.
dfs.hosts/dfs.hosts.exclude List of permitted/excluded DataNodes. If necessary, use these files to control the list of allowable datanodes.
mapred.hosts/mapred.hosts.exclude List of permitted/excluded TaskTrackers. If necessary, use these files to control the list of allowable tasktrackers.

Typically all the above parameters are marked as final to ensure that they cannot be overriden by user-applications.

Real-World Cluster Configurations

This section lists some non-default configuration parameters which have been used to run the sort benchmark on very large clusters.

  • Some non-default configuration values used to run sort900, that is 9TB of data sorted on a cluster with 900 nodes:

    Parameter Value Notes
    dfs.block.size 134217728 HDFS blocksize of 128MB for large file-systems.
    dfs.namenode.handler.count 40 More NameNode server threads to handle RPCs from large number of DataNodes.
    mapred.reduce.parallel.copies 20 Higher number of parallel copies run by reduces to fetch outputs from very large number of maps.
    mapred.child.java.opts -Xmx512M Larger heap-size for child jvms of maps/reduces.
    fs.inmemory.size.mb 200 Larger amount of memory allocated for the in-memory file-system used to merge map-outputs at the reduces.
    io.sort.factor 100 More streams merged at once while sorting files.
    io.sort.mb 200 Higher memory-limit while sorting data.
    io.file.buffer.size 131072 Size of read/write buffer used in SequenceFiles.

  • Updates to some configuration values to run sort1400 and sort2000, that is 14TB of data sorted on 1400 nodes and 20TB of data sorted on 2000 nodes:

    Parameter Value Notes
    mapred.job.tracker.handler.count 60 More JobTracker server threads to handle RPCs from large number of TaskTrackers.
    mapred.reduce.parallel.copies 50
    tasktracker.http.threads 50 More worker threads for the TaskTracker's http server. The http server is used by reduces to fetch intermediate map-outputs.
    mapred.child.java.opts -Xmx1024M

Slaves

Typically you choose one machine in the cluster to act as the NameNode and one machine as to act as the JobTracker, exclusively. The rest of the machines act as both a DataNode and TaskTracker and are referred to as slaves.

List all slave hostnames or IP addresses in your conf/slaves file, one per line.

Logging

Hadoop uses the Apache log4j via the Apache Commons Logging framework for logging. Edit the conf/log4j.properties file to customize the Hadoop daemons' logging configuration (log-formats and so on).

Once all the necessary configuration is complete, distribute the files to the HADOOP_CONF_DIR directory on all the machines, typically ${HADOOP_HOME}/conf.

Hadoop Startup

To start a Hadoop cluster you will need to start both the HDFS and Map-Reduce cluster.

Format a new distributed filesystem:
$ bin/hadoop namenode -format

Start the HDFS with the following command, run on the designated NameNode:
$ bin/start-dfs.sh

The bin/start-dfs.sh script also consults the ${HADOOP_CONF_DIR}/slaves file on the NameNode and starts the DataNode daemon on all the listed slaves.

Start Map-Reduce with the following command, run on the designated JobTracker:
$ bin/start-mapred.sh

The bin/start-mapred.sh script also consults the ${HADOOP_CONF_DIR}/slaves file on the JobTracker and starts the TaskTracker daemon on all the listed slaves.

Hadoop Shutdown

Stop HDFS with the following command, run on the designated NameNode:
$ bin/stop-dfs.sh

The bin/stop-dfs.sh script also consults the ${HADOOP_CONF_DIR}/slaves file on the NameNode and stops the DataNode daemon on all the listed slaves.

Stop Map-Reduce with the following command, run on the designated the designated JobTracker:
$ bin/stop-mapred.sh

The bin/stop-mapred.sh script also consults the ${HADOOP_CONF_DIR}/slaves file on the JobTracker and stops the TaskTracker daemon on all the listed slaves.