An index is a database structure that provides quick lookup of data in a column or columns of a table.

For example, a Flights table in a travelDB database has three indexes:

• An index on the orig_airport column (called OrigIndex)
• An index on the dest_airport column (called DestIndex)
• An index enforcing the primary key constraint on the flight_id and segment_number columns (which has a system-generated name)

This means there are three separate structures that provide shortcuts into the Flights table. Let's look at one of those structures, OrigIndex.

OrigIndex stores every value in the orig_airport column, plus information on how to retrieve the entire corresponding row for each value.

• For every row in Flights, there is an entry in OrigIndex that includes the value of the orig_airport column and the address of the row itself. The entries are stored in ascending order by the orig_airport values.

When an index includes more than one column, the first column is the main one by which the entries are ordered. For example, the index on (flight_id, segment_number) is ordered first by flight_id. If there is more than one flight_id of the same value, those entries are then ordered by segment_number. An excerpt from the entries in the index might look like this: 'AA1111' 1 'AA1111' 2 'AA1112' 1 'AA1113' 1 'AA1113' 2

Indexes are helpful only sometimes. This particular index is useful when a statement's WHERE clause is looking for rows for which the value of orig_airport is some specific value or range of values. SELECTs, UPDATEs, and DELETEs can all have WHERE clauses.

For example, OrigIndex is helpful for statements such as the following: SELECT * FROM Flights WHERE orig_airport = 'SFO' SELECT * FROM Flights WHERE orig_airport < 'BBB' SELECT * FROM Flights WHERE orig_airport >= 'MMM'

DestIndex is helpful for statements such as the following: SELECT * FROM Flights WHERE dest_airport = 'SCL'

The primary key index (on flight_id and segment_number) is helpful for statements such as the following: SELECT * FROM Flights WHERE flight_id = 'AA1111' SELECT * FROM Flights WHERE flight_id BETWEEN 'AA1111' AND 'AA1115' SELECT * FROM FlightAvailability AS fa, Flights AS fts WHERE flight_date > CURRENT_DATE AND fts.flight_id = fa.flight_id AND fts.segment_number = fa.segment_number

The next section discusses why the indexes are helpful for these statements but not for others.