hbase/util/JenkinsHash.java

/**
 * Copyright 2007 The Apache Software Foundation
 *
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
 * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
 * distributed with this work for additional information
 * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
 * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
 * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
 * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package org.apache.hadoop.hbase.util;

import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.IOException;

/**
 * Produces 32-bit hash for hash table lookup.
 * 
 * <pre>lookup3.c, by Bob Jenkins, May 2006, Public Domain.
 *
 * You can use this free for any purpose.  It's in the public domain.
 * It has no warranty.
 * </pre>
 * 
 * @see <a href="http://burtleburtle.net/bob/c/lookup3.c">lookup3.c</a>
 * @see <a href="http://www.ddj.com/184410284">Hash Functions (and how this
 * function compares to others such as CRC, MD?, etc</a>
 * @see <a href="http://burtleburtle.net/bob/hash/doobs.html">Has update on the
 * Dr. Dobbs Article</a>
 */
public class JenkinsHash extends Hash {
  private static long INT_MASK  = 0x00000000ffffffffL;
  private static long BYTE_MASK = 0x00000000000000ffL;
  
  private static JenkinsHash _instance = new JenkinsHash();
  
  public static Hash getInstance() {
    return _instance;
  }

  private static long rot(long val, int pos) {
    return ((Integer.rotateLeft(
        (int)(val & INT_MASK), pos)) & INT_MASK);
  }

  /**
   * taken from  hashlittle() -- hash a variable-length key into a 32-bit value
   * 
   * @param key the key (the unaligned variable-length array of bytes)
   * @param nbytes number of bytes to include in hash
   * @param initval can be any integer value
   * @return a 32-bit value.  Every bit of the key affects every bit of the
   * return value.  Two keys differing by one or two bits will have totally
   * different hash values.
   * 
   * <p>The best hash table sizes are powers of 2.  There is no need to do mod
   * a prime (mod is sooo slow!).  If you need less than 32 bits, use a bitmask.
   * For example, if you need only 10 bits, do
   * <code>h = (h & hashmask(10));</code>
   * In which case, the hash table should have hashsize(10) elements.
   * 
   * <p>If you are hashing n strings byte[][] k, do it like this:
   * for (int i = 0, h = 0; i < n; ++i) h = hash( k[i], h);
   * 
   * <p>By Bob Jenkins, 2006.  bob_jenkins@burtleburtle.net.  You may use this
   * code any way you wish, private, educational, or commercial.  It's free.
   * 
   * <p>Use for hash table lookup, or anything where one collision in 2^^32 is
   * acceptable.  Do NOT use for cryptographic purposes.
  */
  @Override
  @SuppressWarnings("fallthrough")
  public int hash(byte[] key, int nbytes, int initval) {
    int length = nbytes;
    long a, b, c;       // We use longs because we don't have unsigned ints
    a = b = c = (0x00000000deadbeefL + length + initval) & INT_MASK;
    int offset = 0;
    for (; length > 12; offset += 12, length -= 12) {
      a = (a + (key[offset + 0]    & BYTE_MASK)) & INT_MASK;
      a = (a + (((key[offset + 1]  & BYTE_MASK) <<  8) & INT_MASK)) & INT_MASK;
      a = (a + (((key[offset + 2]  & BYTE_MASK) << 16) & INT_MASK)) & INT_MASK;
      a = (a + (((key[offset + 3]  & BYTE_MASK) << 24) & INT_MASK)) & INT_MASK;
      b = (b + (key[offset + 4]    & BYTE_MASK)) & INT_MASK;
      b = (b + (((key[offset + 5]  & BYTE_MASK) <<  8) & INT_MASK)) & INT_MASK;
      b = (b + (((key[offset + 6]  & BYTE_MASK) << 16) & INT_MASK)) & INT_MASK;
      b = (b + (((key[offset + 7]  & BYTE_MASK) << 24) & INT_MASK)) & INT_MASK;
      c = (c + (key[offset + 8]    & BYTE_MASK)) & INT_MASK;
      c = (c + (((key[offset + 9]  & BYTE_MASK) <<  8) & INT_MASK)) & INT_MASK;
      c = (c + (((key[offset + 10] & BYTE_MASK) << 16) & INT_MASK)) & INT_MASK;
      c = (c + (((key[offset + 11] & BYTE_MASK) << 24) & INT_MASK)) & INT_MASK;
      
      /*
       * mix -- mix 3 32-bit values reversibly.
       * This is reversible, so any information in (a,b,c) before mix() is
       * still in (a,b,c) after mix().
       * 
       * If four pairs of (a,b,c) inputs are run through mix(), or through
       * mix() in reverse, there are at least 32 bits of the output that
       * are sometimes the same for one pair and different for another pair.
       * 
       * This was tested for:
       * - pairs that differed by one bit, by two bits, in any combination
       *   of top bits of (a,b,c), or in any combination of bottom bits of
       *   (a,b,c).
       * - "differ" is defined as +, -, ^, or ~^.  For + and -, I transformed
       *   the output delta to a Gray code (a^(a>>1)) so a string of 1's (as
       *    is commonly produced by subtraction) look like a single 1-bit
       *    difference.
       * - the base values were pseudorandom, all zero but one bit set, or
       *   all zero plus a counter that starts at zero.
       * 
       * Some k values for my "a-=c; a^=rot(c,k); c+=b;" arrangement that
       * satisfy this are
       *     4  6  8 16 19  4
       *     9 15  3 18 27 15
       *    14  9  3  7 17  3
       * Well, "9 15 3 18 27 15" didn't quite get 32 bits diffing for 
       * "differ" defined as + with a one-bit base and a two-bit delta.  I
       * used http://burtleburtle.net/bob/hash/avalanche.html to choose
       * the operations, constants, and arrangements of the variables.
       * 
       * This does not achieve avalanche.  There are input bits of (a,b,c)
       * that fail to affect some output bits of (a,b,c), especially of a.
       * The most thoroughly mixed value is c, but it doesn't really even
       * achieve avalanche in c.
       * 
       * This allows some parallelism.  Read-after-writes are good at doubling
       * the number of bits affected, so the goal of mixing pulls in the
       * opposite direction as the goal of parallelism.  I did what I could.
       * Rotates seem to cost as much as shifts on every machine I could lay
       * my hands on, and rotates are much kinder to the top and bottom bits,
       * so I used rotates.
       *
       * #define mix(a,b,c) \
       * { \
       *   a -= c;  a ^= rot(c, 4);  c += b; \
       *   b -= a;  b ^= rot(a, 6);  a += c; \
       *   c -= b;  c ^= rot(b, 8);  b += a; \
       *   a -= c;  a ^= rot(c,16);  c += b; \
       *   b -= a;  b ^= rot(a,19);  a += c; \
       *   c -= b;  c ^= rot(b, 4);  b += a; \
       * }
       * 
       * mix(a,b,c);
       */
      a = (a - c) & INT_MASK;  a ^= rot(c, 4);  c = (c + b) & INT_MASK;
      b = (b - a) & INT_MASK;  b ^= rot(a, 6);  a = (a + c) & INT_MASK;
      c = (c - b) & INT_MASK;  c ^= rot(b, 8);  b = (b + a) & INT_MASK;
      a = (a - c) & INT_MASK;  a ^= rot(c,16);  c = (c + b) & INT_MASK;
      b = (b - a) & INT_MASK;  b ^= rot(a,19);  a = (a + c) & INT_MASK;
      c = (c - b) & INT_MASK;  c ^= rot(b, 4);  b = (b + a) & INT_MASK;
    }

    //-------------------------------- last block: affect all 32 bits of (c)
    switch (length) {                   // all the case statements fall through
    case 12:
      c = (c + (((key[offset + 11] & BYTE_MASK) << 24) & INT_MASK)) & INT_MASK;
    case 11:
      c = (c + (((key[offset + 10] & BYTE_MASK) << 16) & INT_MASK)) & INT_MASK;
    case 10:
      c = (c + (((key[offset + 9]  & BYTE_MASK) <<  8) & INT_MASK)) & INT_MASK;
    case  9:
      c = (c + (key[offset + 8]    & BYTE_MASK)) & INT_MASK;
    case  8:
      b = (b + (((key[offset + 7]  & BYTE_MASK) << 24) & INT_MASK)) & INT_MASK;
    case  7:
      b = (b + (((key[offset + 6]  & BYTE_MASK) << 16) & INT_MASK)) & INT_MASK;
    case  6:
      b = (b + (((key[offset + 5]  & BYTE_MASK) <<  8) & INT_MASK)) & INT_MASK;
    case  5:
      b = (b + (key[offset + 4]    & BYTE_MASK)) & INT_MASK;
    case  4:
      a = (a + (((key[offset + 3]  & BYTE_MASK) << 24) & INT_MASK)) & INT_MASK;
    case  3:
      a = (a + (((key[offset + 2]  & BYTE_MASK) << 16) & INT_MASK)) & INT_MASK;
    case  2:
      a = (a + (((key[offset + 1]  & BYTE_MASK) <<  8) & INT_MASK)) & INT_MASK;
    case  1:
      a = (a + (key[offset + 0]    & BYTE_MASK)) & INT_MASK;
      break;
    case  0:
      return (int)(c & INT_MASK);
    }
    /*
     * final -- final mixing of 3 32-bit values (a,b,c) into c
     * 
     * Pairs of (a,b,c) values differing in only a few bits will usually
     * produce values of c that look totally different.  This was tested for
     * - pairs that differed by one bit, by two bits, in any combination
     *   of top bits of (a,b,c), or in any combination of bottom bits of
     *   (a,b,c).
     * 
     * - "differ" is defined as +, -, ^, or ~^.  For + and -, I transformed
     *   the output delta to a Gray code (a^(a>>1)) so a string of 1's (as
     *   is commonly produced by subtraction) look like a single 1-bit
     *   difference.
     * 
     * - the base values were pseudorandom, all zero but one bit set, or
     *   all zero plus a counter that starts at zero.
     * 
     * These constants passed:
     *   14 11 25 16 4 14 24
     *   12 14 25 16 4 14 24
     * and these came close:
     *    4  8 15 26 3 22 24
     *   10  8 15 26 3 22 24
     *   11  8 15 26 3 22 24
     * 
     * #define final(a,b,c) \
     * { 
     *   c ^= b; c -= rot(b,14); \
     *   a ^= c; a -= rot(c,11); \
     *   b ^= a; b -= rot(a,25); \
     *   c ^= b; c -= rot(b,16); \
     *   a ^= c; a -= rot(c,4);  \
     *   b ^= a; b -= rot(a,14); \
     *   c ^= b; c -= rot(b,24); \
     * }
     * 
     */
    c ^= b; c = (c - rot(b,14)) & INT_MASK;
    a ^= c; a = (a - rot(c,11)) & INT_MASK;
    b ^= a; b = (b - rot(a,25)) & INT_MASK;
    c ^= b; c = (c - rot(b,16)) & INT_MASK;
    a ^= c; a = (a - rot(c,4))  & INT_MASK;
    b ^= a; b = (b - rot(a,14)) & INT_MASK;
    c ^= b; c = (c - rot(b,24)) & INT_MASK;

    return (int)(c & INT_MASK);
  }
  
  /**
   * Compute the hash of the specified file
   * @param args name of file to compute hash of.
   * @throws IOException
   */
  public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
    if (args.length != 1) {
      System.err.println("Usage: JenkinsHash filename");
      System.exit(-1);
    }
    FileInputStream in = new FileInputStream(args[0]);
    byte[] bytes = new byte[512];
    int value = 0;
    JenkinsHash hash = new JenkinsHash();
    for (int length = in.read(bytes); length > 0 ; length = in.read(bytes)) {
      value = hash.hash(bytes, length, value);
    }
    System.out.println(Math.abs(value));
  }
}
1	/**
2	* Copyright 2007 The Apache Software Foundation
3	*
4	* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
5	* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
6	* distributed with this work for additional information
7	* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
8	* to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
9	* "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
10	* with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
11	*
12	* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
13	*
14	* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
15	* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
16	* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
17	* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
18	* limitations under the License.
19	*/
20
21	package org.apache.hadoop.hbase.util;
22
23	import java.io.FileInputStream;
24	import java.io.IOException;
25
26	/**
27	* Produces 32-bit hash for hash table lookup.
28	*
29	* <pre>lookup3.c, by Bob Jenkins, May 2006, Public Domain.
30	*
31	* You can use this free for any purpose. It's in the public domain.
32	* It has no warranty.
33	* </pre>
34	*
35	* @see <a href="http://burtleburtle.net/bob/c/lookup3.c">lookup3.c</a>
36	* @see <a href="http://www.ddj.com/184410284">Hash Functions (and how this
37	* function compares to others such as CRC, MD?, etc</a>
38	* @see <a href="http://burtleburtle.net/bob/hash/doobs.html">Has update on the
39	* Dr. Dobbs Article</a>
40	*/
41	public class JenkinsHash extends Hash {
42	private static long INT_MASK = 0x00000000ffffffffL;
43	private static long BYTE_MASK = 0x00000000000000ffL;
44
45	private static JenkinsHash _instance = new JenkinsHash();
46
47	public static Hash getInstance() {
48	return _instance;
49	}
50
51	private static long rot(long val, int pos) {
52	return ((Integer.rotateLeft(
53	(int)(val & INT_MASK), pos)) & INT_MASK);
54	}
55
56	/**
57	* taken from hashlittle() -- hash a variable-length key into a 32-bit value
58	*
59	* @param key the key (the unaligned variable-length array of bytes)
60	* @param nbytes number of bytes to include in hash
61	* @param initval can be any integer value
62	* @return a 32-bit value. Every bit of the key affects every bit of the
63	* return value. Two keys differing by one or two bits will have totally
64	* different hash values.
65	*
66	* <p>The best hash table sizes are powers of 2. There is no need to do mod
67	* a prime (mod is sooo slow!). If you need less than 32 bits, use a bitmask.
68	* For example, if you need only 10 bits, do
69	* <code>h = (h & hashmask(10));</code>
70	* In which case, the hash table should have hashsize(10) elements.
71	*
72	* <p>If you are hashing n strings byte[][] k, do it like this:
73	* for (int i = 0, h = 0; i < n; ++i) h = hash( k[i], h);
74	*
75	* <p>By Bob Jenkins, 2006. bob_jenkins@burtleburtle.net. You may use this
76	* code any way you wish, private, educational, or commercial. It's free.
77	*
78	* <p>Use for hash table lookup, or anything where one collision in 2^^32 is
79	* acceptable. Do NOT use for cryptographic purposes.
80	*/
81	@Override
82	@SuppressWarnings("fallthrough")
83	public int hash(byte[] key, int nbytes, int initval) {
84	int length = nbytes;
85	long a, b, c; // We use longs because we don't have unsigned ints
86	a = b = c = (0x00000000deadbeefL + length + initval) & INT_MASK;
87	int offset = 0;
88	for (; length > 12; offset += 12, length -= 12) {
89	a = (a + (key[offset + 0] & BYTE_MASK)) & INT_MASK;
90	a = (a + (((key[offset + 1] & BYTE_MASK) << 8) & INT_MASK)) & INT_MASK;
91	a = (a + (((key[offset + 2] & BYTE_MASK) << 16) & INT_MASK)) & INT_MASK;
92	a = (a + (((key[offset + 3] & BYTE_MASK) << 24) & INT_MASK)) & INT_MASK;
93	b = (b + (key[offset + 4] & BYTE_MASK)) & INT_MASK;
94	b = (b + (((key[offset + 5] & BYTE_MASK) << 8) & INT_MASK)) & INT_MASK;
95	b = (b + (((key[offset + 6] & BYTE_MASK) << 16) & INT_MASK)) & INT_MASK;
96	b = (b + (((key[offset + 7] & BYTE_MASK) << 24) & INT_MASK)) & INT_MASK;
97	c = (c + (key[offset + 8] & BYTE_MASK)) & INT_MASK;
98	c = (c + (((key[offset + 9] & BYTE_MASK) << 8) & INT_MASK)) & INT_MASK;
99	c = (c + (((key[offset + 10] & BYTE_MASK) << 16) & INT_MASK)) & INT_MASK;
100	c = (c + (((key[offset + 11] & BYTE_MASK) << 24) & INT_MASK)) & INT_MASK;
101
102	/*
103	* mix -- mix 3 32-bit values reversibly.
104	* This is reversible, so any information in (a,b,c) before mix() is
105	* still in (a,b,c) after mix().
106	*
107	* If four pairs of (a,b,c) inputs are run through mix(), or through
108	* mix() in reverse, there are at least 32 bits of the output that
109	* are sometimes the same for one pair and different for another pair.
110	*
111	* This was tested for:
112	* - pairs that differed by one bit, by two bits, in any combination
113	* of top bits of (a,b,c), or in any combination of bottom bits of
114	* (a,b,c).
115	* - "differ" is defined as +, -, ^, or ~^. For + and -, I transformed
116	* the output delta to a Gray code (a^(a>>1)) so a string of 1's (as
117	* is commonly produced by subtraction) look like a single 1-bit
118	* difference.
119	* - the base values were pseudorandom, all zero but one bit set, or
120	* all zero plus a counter that starts at zero.
121	*
122	* Some k values for my "a-=c; a^=rot(c,k); c+=b;" arrangement that
123	* satisfy this are
124	* 4 6 8 16 19 4
125	* 9 15 3 18 27 15
126	* 14 9 3 7 17 3
127	* Well, "9 15 3 18 27 15" didn't quite get 32 bits diffing for
128	* "differ" defined as + with a one-bit base and a two-bit delta. I
129	* used http://burtleburtle.net/bob/hash/avalanche.html to choose
130	* the operations, constants, and arrangements of the variables.
131	*
132	* This does not achieve avalanche. There are input bits of (a,b,c)
133	* that fail to affect some output bits of (a,b,c), especially of a.
134	* The most thoroughly mixed value is c, but it doesn't really even
135	* achieve avalanche in c.
136	*
137	* This allows some parallelism. Read-after-writes are good at doubling
138	* the number of bits affected, so the goal of mixing pulls in the
139	* opposite direction as the goal of parallelism. I did what I could.
140	* Rotates seem to cost as much as shifts on every machine I could lay
141	* my hands on, and rotates are much kinder to the top and bottom bits,
142	* so I used rotates.
143	*
144	* #define mix(a,b,c) \
145	* { \
146	* a -= c; a ^= rot(c, 4); c += b; \
147	* b -= a; b ^= rot(a, 6); a += c; \
148	* c -= b; c ^= rot(b, 8); b += a; \
149	* a -= c; a ^= rot(c,16); c += b; \
150	* b -= a; b ^= rot(a,19); a += c; \
151	* c -= b; c ^= rot(b, 4); b += a; \
152	* }
153	*
154	* mix(a,b,c);
155	*/
156	a = (a - c) & INT_MASK; a ^= rot(c, 4); c = (c + b) & INT_MASK;
157	b = (b - a) & INT_MASK; b ^= rot(a, 6); a = (a + c) & INT_MASK;
158	c = (c - b) & INT_MASK; c ^= rot(b, 8); b = (b + a) & INT_MASK;
159	a = (a - c) & INT_MASK; a ^= rot(c,16); c = (c + b) & INT_MASK;
160	b = (b - a) & INT_MASK; b ^= rot(a,19); a = (a + c) & INT_MASK;
161	c = (c - b) & INT_MASK; c ^= rot(b, 4); b = (b + a) & INT_MASK;
162	}
163
164	//-------------------------------- last block: affect all 32 bits of (c)
165	switch (length) { // all the case statements fall through
166	case 12:
167	c = (c + (((key[offset + 11] & BYTE_MASK) << 24) & INT_MASK)) & INT_MASK;
168	case 11:
169	c = (c + (((key[offset + 10] & BYTE_MASK) << 16) & INT_MASK)) & INT_MASK;
170	case 10:
171	c = (c + (((key[offset + 9] & BYTE_MASK) << 8) & INT_MASK)) & INT_MASK;
172	case 9:
173	c = (c + (key[offset + 8] & BYTE_MASK)) & INT_MASK;
174	case 8:
175	b = (b + (((key[offset + 7] & BYTE_MASK) << 24) & INT_MASK)) & INT_MASK;
176	case 7:
177	b = (b + (((key[offset + 6] & BYTE_MASK) << 16) & INT_MASK)) & INT_MASK;
178	case 6:
179	b = (b + (((key[offset + 5] & BYTE_MASK) << 8) & INT_MASK)) & INT_MASK;
180	case 5:
181	b = (b + (key[offset + 4] & BYTE_MASK)) & INT_MASK;
182	case 4:
183	a = (a + (((key[offset + 3] & BYTE_MASK) << 24) & INT_MASK)) & INT_MASK;
184	case 3:
185	a = (a + (((key[offset + 2] & BYTE_MASK) << 16) & INT_MASK)) & INT_MASK;
186	case 2:
187	a = (a + (((key[offset + 1] & BYTE_MASK) << 8) & INT_MASK)) & INT_MASK;
188	case 1:
189	a = (a + (key[offset + 0] & BYTE_MASK)) & INT_MASK;
190	break;
191	case 0:
192	return (int)(c & INT_MASK);
193	}
194	/*
195	* final -- final mixing of 3 32-bit values (a,b,c) into c
196	*
197	* Pairs of (a,b,c) values differing in only a few bits will usually
198	* produce values of c that look totally different. This was tested for
199	* - pairs that differed by one bit, by two bits, in any combination
200	* of top bits of (a,b,c), or in any combination of bottom bits of
201	* (a,b,c).
202	*
203	* - "differ" is defined as +, -, ^, or ~^. For + and -, I transformed
204	* the output delta to a Gray code (a^(a>>1)) so a string of 1's (as
205	* is commonly produced by subtraction) look like a single 1-bit
206	* difference.
207	*
208	* - the base values were pseudorandom, all zero but one bit set, or
209	* all zero plus a counter that starts at zero.
210	*
211	* These constants passed:
212	* 14 11 25 16 4 14 24
213	* 12 14 25 16 4 14 24
214	* and these came close:
215	* 4 8 15 26 3 22 24
216	* 10 8 15 26 3 22 24
217	* 11 8 15 26 3 22 24
218	*
219	* #define final(a,b,c) \
220	* {
221	* c ^= b; c -= rot(b,14); \
222	* a ^= c; a -= rot(c,11); \
223	* b ^= a; b -= rot(a,25); \
224	* c ^= b; c -= rot(b,16); \
225	* a ^= c; a -= rot(c,4); \
226	* b ^= a; b -= rot(a,14); \
227	* c ^= b; c -= rot(b,24); \
228	* }
229	*
230	*/
231	c ^= b; c = (c - rot(b,14)) & INT_MASK;
232	a ^= c; a = (a - rot(c,11)) & INT_MASK;
233	b ^= a; b = (b - rot(a,25)) & INT_MASK;
234	c ^= b; c = (c - rot(b,16)) & INT_MASK;
235	a ^= c; a = (a - rot(c,4)) & INT_MASK;
236	b ^= a; b = (b - rot(a,14)) & INT_MASK;
237	c ^= b; c = (c - rot(b,24)) & INT_MASK;
238
239	return (int)(c & INT_MASK);
240	}
241
242	/**
243	* Compute the hash of the specified file
244	* @param args name of file to compute hash of.
245	* @throws IOException
246	*/
247	public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
248	if (args.length != 1) {
249	System.err.println("Usage: JenkinsHash filename");
250	System.exit(-1);
251	}
252	FileInputStream in = new FileInputStream(args[0]);
253	byte[] bytes = new byte[512];
254	int value = 0;
255	JenkinsHash hash = new JenkinsHash();
256	for (int length = in.read(bytes); length > 0 ; length = in.read(bytes)) {
257	value = hash.hash(bytes, length, value);
258	}
259	System.out.println(Math.abs(value));
260	}
261	}