Expressions in Apache HTTP Server

Grammar in Backus–Naur Form notation

Backus–Naur Form (BNF) is a notation technique for context-free grammars, often used to describe the syntax of languages used in computing.

expr        ::= "true" | "false"
              | "!" expr
              | expr "&&" expr
              | expr "||" expr
              | "(" expr ")"
              | comp

comp        ::= stringcomp
              | integercomp
              | unaryop word
              | word binaryop word
              | word "in" "{" wordlist "}"
              | word "in" listfunction
              | word "=~" regex
              | word "!~" regex


stringcomp  ::= word "==" word
              | word "!=" word
              | word "<"  word
              | word "<=" word
              | word ">"  word
              | word ">=" word

integercomp ::= word "-eq" word | word "eq" word
              | word "-ne" word | word "ne" word
              | word "-lt" word | word "lt" word
              | word "-le" word | word "le" word
              | word "-gt" word | word "gt" word
              | word "-ge" word | word "ge" word

wordlist    ::= word
              | wordlist "," word

word        ::= word "." word
              | digit
              | "'" string "'"
              | """ string """
              | variable
              | rebackref
              | function

string      ::= stringpart
              | string stringpart

stringpart  ::= cstring
              | variable
              | rebackref

cstring     ::= ...
digit       ::= [0-9]+

variable    ::= "%{" varname "}"
              | "%{" funcname ":" funcargs "}"

rebackref   ::= "$" [0-9]

function     ::= funcname "(" word ")"

listfunction ::= listfuncname "(" word ")"

Variables

The expression parser provides a number of variables of the form %{HTTP_HOST}. Note that the value of a variable may depend on the phase of the request processing in which it is evaluated. For example, an expression used in an <If > directive is evaluated before authentication is done. Therefore, %{REMOTE_USER} will not be set in this case.

The following variables provide the values of the named HTTP request headers. The values of other headers can be obtained witht the req function.

Name
HTTP_ACCEPT
HTTP_FORWARDED
HTTP_HOST
HTTP_PROXY_CONNECTION
HTTP_REFERER
HTTP_USER_AGENT

Other request related variables

Name	Description
REQUEST_METHOD	The HTTP method of the incoming request (e.g. GET)
REQUEST_SCHEME	The scheme part of the request's URI
REQUEST_URI	The URI of the request
DOCUMENT_URI	Same as REQUEST_URI
REQUEST_FILENAME	The full local filesystem path to the file or script matching the request, if this has already been determined by the server at the time REQUEST_FILENAME is referenced. Otherwise, such as when used in virtual host context, the same value as REQUEST_URI
SCRIPT_FILENAME	Same as REQUEST_FILENAME
LAST_MODIFIED	The date and time of last modification of the file in the format 20101231235959, if this has already been determined by the server at the time LAST_MODIFIED is referenced.
SCRIPT_USER	The user name of the owner of the script.
SCRIPT_GROUP	The group name of the group of the script.
PATH_INFO	The trailing path name information, see AcceptPathInfo
QUERY_STRING	The query string of the current request
IS_SUBREQ	"true" if the current request is a subrequest, "false" otherwise
THE_REQUEST	The complete request line (e.g., "GET /index.html HTTP/1.1")
REMOTE_ADDR	The IP address of the remote host
REMOTE_HOST	The host name of the remote host
REMOTE_USER	The name of the authenticated user (if any)
REMOTE_IDENT	The user name set by mod_ident
SERVER_NAME	The ServerName of the current vhost
SERVER_PORT	The server port of the current vhost, see ServerName
SERVER_ADMIN	The ServerAdmin of the current vhost
SERVER_PROTOCOL	The protocol used by the request
DOCUMENT_ROOT	The DocumentRoot of the current vhost
AUTH_TYPE	The configured AuthType (e.g. "basic")
CONTENT_TYPE	The content type of the response
HANDLER	The name of the handler creating the response
HTTPS	"on" if the request uses https, "off" otherwise
IPV6	"on" if the connection uses IPv6, "off" otherwise
REQUEST_LOG_ID	The error log id of the request (see ErrorLogFormat)
CONN_LOG_ID	The error log id of the connection (see ErrorLogFormat)

Misc variables

Name	Description
TIME_YEAR	The current year (e.g. 2010)
TIME_MON	The current month (1, ..., 12)
TIME_DAY	The current day of the month
TIME_HOUR	The hour part of the current time (0, ..., 23)
TIME_MIN	The minute part of the current time
TIME_SEC	The second part of the current time
TIME_WDAY	The day of the week (starting with 0 for Sunday)
TIME	The date and time in the format 20101231235959
SERVER_SOFTWARE	The server version string
API_VERSION	The date of the API version (module magic number)

Some modules register additional variables, see e.g. mod_ssl.

Binary operators

With the exception of some built-in comparison operators, binary operators have the form "-[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9_]+", i.e. a minus and at least two characters. The name is not case sensitive. Modules may register additional binary operators.

Comparison operators

Name	Alternative	Description
==	=	String equality
!=		String inequality
<		String less than
<=		String less than or equal
>		String greater than
>=		String greater than or equal
-eq	eq	Integer equality
-ne	ne	Integer inequality
-lt	lt	Integer less than
-le	le	Integer less than or equal
-gt	gt	Integer greater than
-ge	ge	Integer greater than or equal

Other binary operators

Name	Description
-ipmatch	IP address matches address/netmask
-strmatch	left string matches pattern given by right string (containing wildcards *, ?, [])
-strcmatch	same as -strmatch, but case insensitive
-fnmatch	same as -strmatch, but slashes are not matched by wildcards

Unary operators

Unary operators take one argument and have the form "-[a-zA-Z]", i.e. a minus and one character. The name is case sensitive. Modules may register additional unary operators.

Name	Description	Restricted
-d	The argument is treated as a filename. True if the file exists and is a directory	yes
-e	The argument is treated as a filename. True if the file (or dir or special) exists	yes
-f	The argument is treated as a filename. True if the file exists and is regular file	yes
-L	The argument is treated as a filename. True if the file exists and is symlink	yes
-h	The argument is treated as a filename. True if the file exists and is symlink (same as -L)	yes
-F	True if string is a valid file, accessible via all the server's currently-configured access controls for that path. This uses an internal subrequest to do the check, so use it with care - it can impact your server's performance!
-U	True if string is a valid URL, accessible via all the server's currently-configured access controls for that path. This uses an internal subrequest to do the check, so use it with care - it can impact your server's performance!
-A	Alias for -U
-n	True if string is not empty
-z	True if string is empty
-T	False if string is empty, "0", "off", "false", or "no" (case insensitive). True otherwise.
-R	Same as "%{REMOTE_ADDR} -ipmatch ...", but more efficient

The operators marked as "restricted" are not available in some modules like mod_include.

Functions

Normal string-valued functions take one string as argument and return a string. Functions names are not case sensitive. Modules may register additional functions.

Name	Description	Restricted
req, http	Get HTTP request header
resp	Get HTTP response header
reqenv	Lookup request environment variable
osenv	Lookup operating system environment variable
note	Lookup request note
env	Return first match of note, reqenv, osenv
tolower	Convert string to lower case
toupper	Convert string to uppser case
escape	Escape special characters in %hex encoding
unescape	Unescape %hex encoded string, leaving URL-special characters encoded (XXX: describe better)
file	Read contents from a file	yes
filesize	Return size of a file (or 0 if file does not exist or is not regular file)	yes

The functions marked as "restricted" are not available in some modules like mod_include.

In addition to string-valued functions, there are also list-valued functions which take one string as argument and return a wordlist, i.e. a list of strings. The wordlist can be used with the special -in operator. Functions names are not case sensitive. Modules may register additional functions.

There are no built-in list-valued functions. mod_ssl provides PeerExtList. See the description of SSLRequire for details (but PeerExtList is also usable outside of SSLRequire).

Other

Name	Alternative	Description
-in	in	string contained in string list
/regexp/	m#regexp#	Regular expression (the second form allows different delimiters than /)
/regexp/i	m#regexp#i	Case insensitive regular expression
$0 ... $9		Regular expression backreferences

Regular expression backreferences

The strings $0 ... $9 allow to reference the capture groups from a previously executed, successfully matching regular expressions. They can normally only be used in the same expression as the matching regex, but some modules allow special uses.