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SQL language

The page describes the SQL dialect recognized by Calcite’s default SQL parser.

Grammar

SQL grammar in BNF-like form.

statement:
      setStatement
  |   resetStatement
  |   explain
  |   describe
  |   insert
  |   update
  |   merge
  |   delete
  |   query

setStatement:
      [ ALTER ( SYSTEM | SESSION ) ] SET identifier '=' expression

resetStatement:
      [ ALTER ( SYSTEM | SESSION ) ] RESET identifier
  |   [ ALTER ( SYSTEM | SESSION ) ] RESET ALL

explain:
      EXPLAIN PLAN
      [ WITH TYPE | WITH IMPLEMENTATION | WITHOUT IMPLEMENTATION ]
      [ EXCLUDING ATTRIBUTES | INCLUDING [ ALL ] ATTRIBUTES ]
      [ AS JSON | AS XML ]
      FOR ( query | insert | update | merge | delete )

describe:
      DESCRIBE DATABASE databaseName
   |  DESCRIBE CATALOG [ databaseName . ] catalogName
   |  DESCRIBE SCHEMA [ [ databaseName . ] catalogName ] . schemaName
   |  DESCRIBE [ TABLE ] [ [ [ databaseName . ] catalogName . ] schemaName . ] tableName [ columnName ]
   |  DESCRIBE [ STATEMENT ] ( query | insert | update | merge | delete )

insert:
      ( INSERT | UPSERT ) INTO tablePrimary
      [ '(' column [, column ]* ')' ]
      query

update:
      UPDATE tablePrimary
      SET assign [, assign ]*
      [ WHERE booleanExpression ]

assign:
      identifier '=' expression

merge:
      MERGE INTO tablePrimary [ [ AS ] alias ]
      USING tablePrimary
      ON booleanExpression
      [ WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET assign [, assign ]* ]
      [ WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT VALUES '(' value [ , value ]* ')' ]

delete:
      DELETE FROM tablePrimary [ [ AS ] alias ]
      [ WHERE booleanExpression ]

query:
      values
  |   WITH withItem [ , withItem ]* query
  |   {
          select
      |   selectWithoutFrom
      |   query UNION [ ALL | DISTINCT ] query
      |   query EXCEPT [ ALL | DISTINCT ] query
      |   query MINUS [ ALL | DISTINCT ] query
      |   query INTERSECT [ ALL | DISTINCT ] query
      }
      [ ORDER BY orderItem [, orderItem ]* ]
      [ LIMIT [ start, ] { count | ALL } ]
      [ OFFSET start { ROW | ROWS } ]
      [ FETCH { FIRST | NEXT } [ count ] { ROW | ROWS } ONLY ]

withItem:
      name
      [ '(' column [, column ]* ')' ]
      AS '(' query ')'

orderItem:
      expression [ ASC | DESC ] [ NULLS FIRST | NULLS LAST ]

select:
      SELECT [ STREAM ] [ ALL | DISTINCT ]
          { * | projectItem [, projectItem ]* }
      FROM tableExpression
      [ WHERE booleanExpression ]
      [ GROUP BY { groupItem [, groupItem ]* } ]
      [ HAVING booleanExpression ]
      [ WINDOW windowName AS windowSpec [, windowName AS windowSpec ]* ]

selectWithoutFrom:
      SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT ]
          { * | projectItem [, projectItem ]* }

projectItem:
      expression [ [ AS ] columnAlias ]
  |   tableAlias . *

tableExpression:
      tableReference [, tableReference ]*
  |   tableExpression [ NATURAL ] [ ( LEFT | RIGHT | FULL ) [ OUTER ] ] JOIN tableExpression [ joinCondition ]
  |   tableExpression CROSS JOIN tableExpression
  |   tableExpression [ CROSS | OUTER ] APPLY tableExpression

joinCondition:
      ON booleanExpression
  |   USING '(' column [, column ]* ')'

tableReference:
      tablePrimary
      [ matchRecognize ]
      [ [ AS ] alias [ '(' columnAlias [, columnAlias ]* ')' ] ]

tablePrimary:
      [ [ catalogName . ] schemaName . ] tableName
      '(' TABLE [ [ catalogName . ] schemaName . ] tableName ')'
  |   tablePrimary [ EXTEND ] '(' columnDecl [, columnDecl ]* ')'
  |   [ LATERAL ] '(' query ')'
  |   UNNEST '(' expression ')' [ WITH ORDINALITY ]
  |   [ LATERAL ] TABLE '(' [ SPECIFIC ] functionName '(' expression [, expression ]* ')' ')'

columnDecl:
      column type [ NOT NULL ]

values:
      VALUES expression [, expression ]*

groupItem:
      expression
  |   '(' ')'
  |   '(' expression [, expression ]* ')'
  |   CUBE '(' expression [, expression ]* ')'
  |   ROLLUP '(' expression [, expression ]* ')'
  |   GROUPING SETS '(' groupItem [, groupItem ]* ')'

windowRef:
      windowName
  |   windowSpec

windowSpec:
      [ windowName ]
      '('
      [ ORDER BY orderItem [, orderItem ]* ]
      [ PARTITION BY expression [, expression ]* ]
      [
          RANGE numericOrIntervalExpression { PRECEDING | FOLLOWING }
      |   ROWS numericExpression { PRECEDING | FOLLOWING }
      ]
      ')'

In insert, if the INSERT or UPSERT statement does not specify a list of target columns, the query must have the same number of columns as the target table, except in certain conformance levels.

In merge, at least one of the WHEN MATCHED and WHEN NOT MATCHED clauses must be present.

tablePrimary may only contain an EXTEND clause in certain conformance levels; in those same conformance levels, any column in insert may be replaced by columnDecl, which has a similar effect to including it in an EXTEND clause.

In orderItem, if expression is a positive integer n, it denotes the nth item in the SELECT clause.

In query, count and start may each be either an unsigned integer literal or a dynamic parameter whose value is an integer.

An aggregate query is a query that contains a GROUP BY or a HAVING clause, or aggregate functions in the SELECT clause. In the SELECT, HAVING and ORDER BY clauses of an aggregate query, all expressions must be constant within the current group (that is, grouping constants as defined by the GROUP BY clause, or constants), or aggregate functions, or a combination of constants and aggregate functions. Aggregate and grouping functions may only appear in an aggregate query, and only in a SELECT, HAVING or ORDER BY clause.

A scalar sub-query is a sub-query used as an expression. If the sub-query returns no rows, the value is NULL; if it returns more than one row, it is an error.

IN, EXISTS and scalar sub-queries can occur in any place where an expression can occur (such as the SELECT clause, WHERE clause, ON clause of a JOIN, or as an argument to an aggregate function).

An IN, EXISTS or scalar sub-query may be correlated; that is, it may refer to tables in the FROM clause of an enclosing query.

selectWithoutFrom is equivalent to VALUES, but is not standard SQL and is only allowed in certain conformance levels.

MINUS is equivalent to EXCEPT, but is not standard SQL and is only allowed in certain conformance levels.

CROSS APPLY and OUTER APPLY are only allowed in certain conformance levels.

“LIMIT start, count” is equivalent to “LIMIT count OFFSET start” but is only allowed in certain conformance levels.

Keywords

The following is a list of SQL keywords. Reserved keywords are bold.

A, ABS, ABSENT, ABSOLUTE, ACTION, ADA, ADD, ADMIN, AFTER, ALL, ALLOCATE, ALLOW, ALTER, ALWAYS, AND, ANY, APPLY, ARE, ARRAY, ARRAY_MAX_CARDINALITY, AS, ASC, ASENSITIVE, ASSERTION, ASSIGNMENT, ASYMMETRIC, AT, ATOMIC, ATTRIBUTE, ATTRIBUTES, AUTHORIZATION, AVG, BEFORE, BEGIN, BEGIN_FRAME, BEGIN_PARTITION, BERNOULLI, BETWEEN, BIGINT, BINARY, BIT, BLOB, BOOLEAN, BOTH, BREADTH, BY, C, CALL, CALLED, CARDINALITY, CASCADE, CASCADED, CASE, CAST, CATALOG, CATALOG_NAME, CEIL, CEILING, CENTURY, CHAIN, CHAR, CHARACTER, CHARACTERISTICS, CHARACTERS, CHARACTER_LENGTH, CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG, CHARACTER_SET_NAME, CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA, CHAR_LENGTH, CHECK, CLASSIFIER, CLASS_ORIGIN, CLOB, CLOSE, COALESCE, COBOL, COLLATE, COLLATION, COLLATION_CATALOG, COLLATION_NAME, COLLATION_SCHEMA, COLLECT, COLUMN, COLUMN_NAME, COMMAND_FUNCTION, COMMAND_FUNCTION_CODE, COMMIT, COMMITTED, CONDITION, CONDITIONAL, CONDITION_NUMBER, CONNECT, CONNECTION, CONNECTION_NAME, CONSTRAINT, CONSTRAINTS, CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_NAME, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, CONSTRUCTOR, CONTAINS, CONTINUE, CONVERT, CORR, CORRESPONDING, COUNT, COVAR_POP, COVAR_SAMP, CREATE, CROSS, CUBE, CUME_DIST, CURRENT, CURRENT_CATALOG, CURRENT_DATE, CURRENT_DEFAULT_TRANSFORM_GROUP, CURRENT_PATH, CURRENT_ROLE, CURRENT_ROW, CURRENT_SCHEMA, CURRENT_TIME, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, CURRENT_TRANSFORM_GROUP_FOR_TYPE, CURRENT_USER, CURSOR, CURSOR_NAME, CYCLE, DATA, DATABASE, DATE, DATETIME_INTERVAL_CODE, DATETIME_INTERVAL_PRECISION, DAY, DEALLOCATE, DEC, DECADE, DECIMAL, DECLARE, DEFAULT, DEFAULTS, DEFERRABLE, DEFERRED, DEFINE, DEFINED, DEFINER, DEGREE, DELETE, DENSE_RANK, DEPTH, DEREF, DERIVED, DESC, DESCRIBE, DESCRIPTION, DESCRIPTOR, DETERMINISTIC, DIAGNOSTICS, DISALLOW, DISCONNECT, DISPATCH, DISTINCT, DOMAIN, DOUBLE, DOW, DOY, DROP, DYNAMIC, DYNAMIC_FUNCTION, DYNAMIC_FUNCTION_CODE, EACH, ELEMENT, ELSE, EMPTY, ENCODING, END, END-EXEC, END_FRAME, END_PARTITION, EPOCH, EQUALS, ERROR, ESCAPE, EVERY, EXCEPT, EXCEPTION, EXCLUDE, EXCLUDING, EXEC, EXECUTE, EXISTS, EXP, EXPLAIN, EXTEND, EXTERNAL, EXTRACT, FALSE, FETCH, FILTER, FINAL, FIRST, FIRST_VALUE, FLOAT, FLOOR, FOLLOWING, FOR, FOREIGN, FORMAT, FORTRAN, FOUND, FRAC_SECOND, FRAME_ROW, FREE, FROM, FULL, FUNCTION, FUSION, G, GENERAL, GENERATED, GEOMETRY, GET, GLOBAL, GO, GOTO, GRANT, GRANTED, GROUP, GROUPING, GROUPS, HAVING, HIERARCHY, HOLD, HOUR, IDENTITY, IMMEDIATE, IMMEDIATELY, IMPLEMENTATION, IMPORT, IN, INCLUDING, INCREMENT, INDICATOR, INITIAL, INITIALLY, INNER, INOUT, INPUT, INSENSITIVE, INSERT, INSTANCE, INSTANTIABLE, INT, INTEGER, INTERSECT, INTERSECTION, INTERVAL, INTO, INVOKER, IS, ISODOW, ISOLATION, ISOYEAR, JAVA, JOIN, JSON, JSON_ARRAY, JSON_ARRAYAGG, JSON_EXISTS, JSON_OBJECT, JSON_OBJECTAGG, JSON_QUERY, JSON_VALUE, K, KEY, KEY_MEMBER, KEY_TYPE, LABEL, LAG, LANGUAGE, LARGE, LAST, LAST_VALUE, LATERAL, LEAD, LEADING, LEFT, LENGTH, LEVEL, LIBRARY, LIKE, LIKE_REGEX, LIMIT, LN, LOCAL, LOCALTIME, LOCALTIMESTAMP, LOCATOR, LOWER, M, MAP, MATCH, MATCHED, MATCHES, MATCH_NUMBER, MATCH_RECOGNIZE, MAX, MAXVALUE, MEASURES, MEMBER, MERGE, MESSAGE_LENGTH, MESSAGE_OCTET_LENGTH, MESSAGE_TEXT, METHOD, MICROSECOND, MILLENNIUM, MILLISECOND, MIN, MINUS, MINUTE, MINVALUE, MOD, MODIFIES, MODULE, MONTH, MORE, MULTISET, MUMPS, NAME, NAMES, NANOSECOND, NATIONAL, NATURAL, NCHAR, NCLOB, NESTING, NEW, NEXT, NO, NONE, NORMALIZE, NORMALIZED, NOT, NTH_VALUE, NTILE, NULL, NULLABLE, NULLIF, NULLS, NUMBER, NUMERIC, OBJECT, OCCURRENCES_REGEX, OCTETS, OCTET_LENGTH, OF, OFFSET, OLD, OMIT, ON, ONE, ONLY, OPEN, OPTION, OPTIONS, OR, ORDER, ORDERING, ORDINALITY, OTHERS, OUT, OUTER, OUTPUT, OVER, OVERLAPS, OVERLAY, OVERRIDING, PAD, PARAMETER, PARAMETER_MODE, PARAMETER_NAME, PARAMETER_ORDINAL_POSITION, PARAMETER_SPECIFIC_CATALOG, PARAMETER_SPECIFIC_NAME, PARAMETER_SPECIFIC_SCHEMA, PARTIAL, PARTITION, PASCAL, PASSING, PASSTHROUGH, PAST, PATH, PATTERN, PER, PERCENT, PERCENTILE_CONT, PERCENTILE_DISC, PERCENT_RANK, PERIOD, PERMUTE, PLACING, PLAN, PLI, PORTION, POSITION, POSITION_REGEX, POWER, PRECEDES, PRECEDING, PRECISION, PREPARE, PRESERVE, PREV, PRIMARY, PRIOR, PRIVILEGES, PROCEDURE, PUBLIC, QUARTER, RANGE, RANK, READ, READS, REAL, RECURSIVE, REF, REFERENCES, REFERENCING, REGR_AVGX, REGR_AVGY, REGR_COUNT, REGR_INTERCEPT, REGR_R2, REGR_SLOPE, REGR_SXX, REGR_SXY, REGR_SYY, RELATIVE, RELEASE, REPEATABLE, REPLACE, RESET, RESTART, RESTRICT, RESULT, RETURN, RETURNED_CARDINALITY, RETURNED_LENGTH, RETURNED_OCTET_LENGTH, RETURNED_SQLSTATE, RETURNING, RETURNS, REVOKE, RIGHT, ROLE, ROLLBACK, ROLLUP, ROUTINE, ROUTINE_CATALOG, ROUTINE_NAME, ROUTINE_SCHEMA, ROW, ROWS, ROW_COUNT, ROW_NUMBER, RUNNING, SAVEPOINT, SCALAR, SCALE, SCHEMA, SCHEMA_NAME, SCOPE, SCOPE_CATALOGS, SCOPE_NAME, SCOPE_SCHEMA, SCROLL, SEARCH, SECOND, SECTION, SECURITY, SEEK, SELECT, SELF, SENSITIVE, SEQUENCE, SERIALIZABLE, SERVER, SERVER_NAME, SESSION, SESSION_USER, SET, SETS, SHOW, SIMILAR, SIMPLE, SIZE, SKIP, SMALLINT, SOME, SOURCE, SPACE, SPECIFIC, SPECIFICTYPE, SPECIFIC_NAME, SQL, SQLEXCEPTION, SQLSTATE, SQLWARNING, SQL_BIGINT, SQL_BINARY, SQL_BIT, SQL_BLOB, SQL_BOOLEAN, SQL_CHAR, SQL_CLOB, SQL_DATE, SQL_DECIMAL, SQL_DOUBLE, SQL_FLOAT, SQL_INTEGER, SQL_INTERVAL_DAY, SQL_INTERVAL_DAY_TO_HOUR, SQL_INTERVAL_DAY_TO_MINUTE, SQL_INTERVAL_DAY_TO_SECOND, SQL_INTERVAL_HOUR, SQL_INTERVAL_HOUR_TO_MINUTE, SQL_INTERVAL_HOUR_TO_SECOND, SQL_INTERVAL_MINUTE, SQL_INTERVAL_MINUTE_TO_SECOND, SQL_INTERVAL_MONTH, SQL_INTERVAL_SECOND, SQL_INTERVAL_YEAR, SQL_INTERVAL_YEAR_TO_MONTH, SQL_LONGVARBINARY, SQL_LONGVARCHAR, SQL_LONGVARNCHAR, SQL_NCHAR, SQL_NCLOB, SQL_NUMERIC, SQL_NVARCHAR, SQL_REAL, SQL_SMALLINT, SQL_TIME, SQL_TIMESTAMP, SQL_TINYINT, SQL_TSI_DAY, SQL_TSI_FRAC_SECOND, SQL_TSI_HOUR, SQL_TSI_MICROSECOND, SQL_TSI_MINUTE, SQL_TSI_MONTH, SQL_TSI_QUARTER, SQL_TSI_SECOND, SQL_TSI_WEEK, SQL_TSI_YEAR, SQL_VARBINARY, SQL_VARCHAR, SQRT, START, STATE, STATEMENT, STATIC, STDDEV_POP, STDDEV_SAMP, STREAM, STRUCTURE, STYLE, SUBCLASS_ORIGIN, SUBMULTISET, SUBSET, SUBSTITUTE, SUBSTRING, SUBSTRING_REGEX, SUCCEEDS, SUM, SYMMETRIC, SYSTEM, SYSTEM_TIME, SYSTEM_USER, TABLE, TABLESAMPLE, TABLE_NAME, TEMPORARY, THEN, TIES, TIME, TIMESTAMP, TIMESTAMPADD, TIMESTAMPDIFF, TIMEZONE_HOUR, TIMEZONE_MINUTE, TINYINT, TO, TOP_LEVEL_COUNT, TRAILING, TRANSACTION, TRANSACTIONS_ACTIVE, TRANSACTIONS_COMMITTED, TRANSACTIONS_ROLLED_BACK, TRANSFORM, TRANSFORMS, TRANSLATE, TRANSLATE_REGEX, TRANSLATION, TREAT, TRIGGER, TRIGGER_CATALOG, TRIGGER_NAME, TRIGGER_SCHEMA, TRIM, TRIM_ARRAY, TRUE, TRUNCATE, TYPE, UESCAPE, UNBOUNDED, UNCOMMITTED, UNCONDITIONAL, UNDER, UNION, UNIQUE, UNKNOWN, UNNAMED, UNNEST, UPDATE, UPPER, UPSERT, USAGE, USER, USER_DEFINED_TYPE_CATALOG, USER_DEFINED_TYPE_CODE, USER_DEFINED_TYPE_NAME, USER_DEFINED_TYPE_SCHEMA, USING, UTF16, UTF32, UTF8, VALUE, VALUES, VALUE_OF, VARBINARY, VARCHAR, VARYING, VAR_POP, VAR_SAMP, VERSION, VERSIONING, VIEW, WEEK, WHEN, WHENEVER, WHERE, WIDTH_BUCKET, WINDOW, WITH, WITHIN, WITHOUT, WORK, WRAPPER, WRITE, XML, YEAR, ZONE.

Identifiers

Identifiers are the names of tables, columns and other metadata elements used in a SQL query.

Unquoted identifiers, such as emp, must start with a letter and can only contain letters, digits, and underscores. They are implicitly converted to upper case.

Quoted identifiers, such as "Employee Name", start and end with double quotes. They may contain virtually any character, including spaces and other punctuation. If you wish to include a double quote in an identifier, use another double quote to escape it, like this: "An employee called ""Fred"".".

In Calcite, matching identifiers to the name of the referenced object is case-sensitive. But remember that unquoted identifiers are implicitly converted to upper case before matching, and if the object it refers to was created using an unquoted identifier for its name, then its name will have been converted to upper case also.

Data types

Scalar types

Data type Description Range and example literals
BOOLEAN Logical values Values: TRUE, FALSE, UNKNOWN
TINYINT 1 byte signed integer Range is -128 to 127
SMALLINT 2 byte signed integer Range is -32768 to 32767
INTEGER, INT 4 byte signed integer Range is -2147483648 to 2147483647
BIGINT 8 byte signed integer Range is -9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807
DECIMAL(p, s) Fixed point Example: 123.45 is a DECIMAL(5, 2) value.
NUMERIC Fixed point  
REAL, FLOAT 4 byte floating point 6 decimal digits precision
DOUBLE 8 byte floating point 15 decimal digits precision
CHAR(n), CHARACTER(n) Fixed-width character string ‘Hello’, ‘’ (empty string), _latin1’Hello’, n’Hello’, _UTF16’Hello’, ‘Hello’ ‘there’ (literal split into multiple parts)
VARCHAR(n), CHARACTER VARYING(n) Variable-length character string As CHAR(n)
BINARY(n) Fixed-width binary string x’45F0AB’, x’’ (empty binary string), x’AB’ ‘CD’ (multi-part binary string literal)
VARBINARY(n), BINARY VARYING(n) Variable-length binary string As BINARY(n)
DATE Date Example: DATE ‘1969-07-20’
TIME Time of day Example: TIME ‘20:17:40’
TIMESTAMP [ WITHOUT TIME ZONE ] Date and time Example: TIMESTAMP ‘1969-07-20 20:17:40’
TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE Date and time with local time zone Example: TIMESTAMP ‘1969-07-20 20:17:40 America/Los Angeles’
TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE Date and time with time zone Example: TIMESTAMP ‘1969-07-20 20:17:40 America/Los Angeles’
INTERVAL timeUnit [ TO timeUnit ] Date time interval Examples: INTERVAL ‘1-5’ YEAR TO MONTH, INTERVAL ‘45’ DAY, INTERVAL ‘1 2:34:56.789’ DAY TO SECOND
GEOMETRY Geometry Examples: ST_GeomFromText(‘POINT (30 10)’)

Where:

timeUnit:
  MILLENNIUM | CENTURY | DECADE | YEAR | QUARTER | MONTH | WEEK | DOY | DOW | DAY | HOUR | MINUTE | SECOND | EPOCH

Note:

  • DATE, TIME and TIMESTAMP have no time zone. For those types, there is not even an implicit time zone, such as UTC (as in Java) or the local time zone. It is left to the user or application to supply a time zone. In turn, TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE does not store the time zone internally, but it will rely on the supplied time zone to provide correct semantics.
  • GEOMETRY is allowed only in certain conformance levels.

Non-scalar types

Type Description
ANY A value of an unknown type
ROW Row with 1 or more columns
MAP Collection of keys mapped to values
MULTISET Unordered collection that may contain duplicates
ARRAY Ordered, contiguous collection that may contain duplicates
CURSOR Cursor over the result of executing a query

Spatial types

Spatial data is represented as character strings encoded as well-known text (WKT) or binary strings encoded as well-known binary (WKB).

Where you would use a literal, apply the ST_GeomFromText function, for example ST_GeomFromText('POINT (30 10)').

Data type Type code Examples in WKT
GEOMETRY 0 generalization of Point, Curve, Surface, GEOMETRYCOLLECTION
POINT 1 ST_GeomFromText(​'POINT (30 10)') is a point in 2D space; ST_GeomFromText(​'POINT Z(30 10 2)') is point in 3D space
CURVE 13 generalization of LINESTRING
LINESTRING 2 ST_GeomFromText(​'LINESTRING (30 10, 10 30, 40 40)')
SURFACE 14 generalization of Polygon, PolyhedralSurface
POLYGON 3 ST_GeomFromText(​'POLYGON ((30 10, 40 40, 20 40, 10 20, 30 10))') is a pentagon; ST_GeomFromText(​'POLYGON ((35 10, 45 45, 15 40, 10 20, 35 10), (20 30, 35 35, 30 20, 20 30))') is a pentagon with a quadrilateral hole
POLYHEDRALSURFACE 15  
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION 7 a collection of zero or more GEOMETRY instances; a generalization of MULTIPOINT, MULTILINESTRING, MULTIPOLYGON
MULTIPOINT 4 ST_GeomFromText(​'MULTIPOINT ((10 40), (40 30), (20 20), (30 10))') is equivalent to ST_GeomFromText(​'MULTIPOINT (10 40, 40 30, 20 20, 30 10)')
MULTICURVE - generalization of MULTILINESTRING
MULTILINESTRING 5 ST_GeomFromText(​'MULTILINESTRING ((10 10, 20 20, 10 40), (40 40, 30 30, 40 20, 30 10))')
MULTISURFACE - generalization of MULTIPOLYGON
MULTIPOLYGON 6 ST_GeomFromText(​'MULTIPOLYGON (((30 20, 45 40, 10 40, 30 20)), ((15 5, 40 10, 10 20, 5 10, 15 5)))')

Operators and functions

Operator precedence

The operator precedence and associativity, highest to lowest.

Operator Associativity
. left
[ ] (array element) left
+ - (unary plus, minus) right
* / % left
+ - left
BETWEEN, IN, LIKE, SIMILAR, OVERLAPS, CONTAINS etc. -
< > = <= >= <> != left
IS NULL, IS FALSE, IS NOT TRUE etc. -
NOT right
AND left
OR left

Comparison operators

Operator syntax Description
value1 = value2 Equals
value1 <> value2 Not equal
value1 != value2 Not equal (only available at some conformance levels)
value1 > value2 Greater than
value1 >= value2 Greater than or equal
value1 < value2 Less than
value1 <= value2 Less than or equal
value IS NULL Whether value is null
value IS NOT NULL Whether value is not null
value1 IS DISTINCT FROM value2 Whether two values are not equal, treating null values as the same
value1 IS NOT DISTINCT FROM value2 Whether two values are equal, treating null values as the same
value1 BETWEEN value2 AND value3 Whether value1 is greater than or equal to value2 and less than or equal to value3
value1 NOT BETWEEN value2 AND value3 Whether value1 is less than value2 or greater than value3
string1 LIKE string2 [ ESCAPE string3 ] Whether string1 matches pattern string2
string1 NOT LIKE string2 [ ESCAPE string3 ] Whether string1 does not match pattern string2
string1 SIMILAR TO string2 [ ESCAPE string3 ] Whether string1 matches regular expression string2
string1 NOT SIMILAR TO string2 [ ESCAPE string3 ] Whether string1 does not match regular expression string2
value IN (value [, value]*) Whether value is equal to a value in a list
value NOT IN (value [, value]*) Whether value is not equal to every value in a list
value IN (sub-query) Whether value is equal to a row returned by sub-query
value NOT IN (sub-query) Whether value is not equal to every row returned by sub-query
value comparison SOME (sub-query) Whether value comparison at least one row returned by sub-query
value comparison ANY (sub-query) Synonym for SOME
value comparison ALL (sub-query) Whether value comparison every row returned by sub-query
EXISTS (sub-query) Whether sub-query returns at least one row 
comp:
      =
  |   <>
  |   >
  |   >=
  |   <
  |   <=

Logical operators

Operator syntax Description
boolean1 OR boolean2 Whether boolean1 is TRUE or boolean2 is TRUE
boolean1 AND boolean2 Whether boolean1 and boolean2 are both TRUE
NOT boolean Whether boolean is not TRUE; returns UNKNOWN if boolean is UNKNOWN
boolean IS FALSE Whether boolean is FALSE; returns FALSE if boolean is UNKNOWN
boolean IS NOT FALSE Whether boolean is not FALSE; returns TRUE if boolean is UNKNOWN
boolean IS TRUE Whether boolean is TRUE; returns FALSE if boolean is UNKNOWN
boolean IS NOT TRUE Whether boolean is not TRUE; returns TRUE if boolean is UNKNOWN
boolean IS UNKNOWN Whether boolean is UNKNOWN
boolean IS NOT UNKNOWN Whether boolean is not UNKNOWN

Arithmetic operators and functions

Operator syntax Description
+ numeric Returns numeric
- numeric Returns negative numeric
numeric1 + numeric2 Returns numeric1 plus numeric2
numeric1 - numeric2 Returns numeric1 minus numeric2
numeric1 * numeric2 Returns numeric1 multiplied by numeric2
numeric1 / numeric2 Returns numeric1 divided by numeric2
numeric1 % numeric2 As MOD(numeric1, numeric2) (only in certain conformance levels)
POWER(numeric1, numeric2) Returns numeric1 raised to the power of numeric2
ABS(numeric) Returns the absolute value of numeric
MOD(numeric1, numeric2) Returns the remainder (modulus) of numeric1 divided by numeric2. The result is negative only if numeric1 is negative
SQRT(numeric) Returns the square root of numeric
LN(numeric) Returns the natural logarithm (base e) of numeric
LOG10(numeric) Returns the base 10 logarithm of numeric
EXP(numeric) Returns e raised to the power of numeric
CEIL(numeric) Rounds numeric up, returning the smallest integer that is greater than or equal to numeric
FLOOR(numeric) Rounds numeric down, returning the largest integer that is less than or equal to numeric
RAND([seed]) Generates a random double between 0 and 1 inclusive, optionally initializing the random number generator with seed
RAND_INTEGER([seed, ] numeric) Generates a random integer between 0 and numeric - 1 inclusive, optionally initializing the random number generator with seed
ACOS(numeric) Returns the arc cosine of numeric
ASIN(numeric) Returns the arc sine of numeric
ATAN(numeric) Returns the arc tangent of numeric
ATAN2(numeric, numeric) Returns the arc tangent of the numeric coordinates
COS(numeric) Returns the cosine of numeric
COT(numeric) Returns the cotangent of numeric
DEGREES(numeric) Converts numeric from radians to degrees
PI() Returns a value that is closer than any other value to pi
RADIANS(numeric) Converts numeric from degrees to radians
ROUND(numeric1 [, numeric2]) Rounds numeric1 to optionally numeric2 (if not specified 0) places right to the decimal point
SIGN(numeric) Returns the signum of numeric
SIN(numeric) Returns the sine of numeric
TAN(numeric) Returns the tangent of numeric
TRUNCATE(numeric1 [, numeric2]) Truncates numeric1 to optionally numeric2 (if not specified 0) places right to the decimal point

Character string operators and functions

Operator syntax Description
string || string Concatenates two character strings
CHAR_LENGTH(string) Returns the number of characters in a character string
CHARACTER_LENGTH(string) As CHAR_LENGTH(string)
UPPER(string) Returns a character string converted to upper case
LOWER(string) Returns a character string converted to lower case
POSITION(string1 IN string2) Returns the position of the first occurrence of string1 in string2
POSITION(string1 IN string2 FROM integer) Returns the position of the first occurrence of string1 in string2 starting at a given point (not standard SQL)
TRIM( { BOTH | LEADING | TRAILING } string1 FROM string2) Removes the longest string containing only the characters in string1 from the start/end/both ends of string1
OVERLAY(string1 PLACING string2 FROM integer [ FOR integer2 ]) Replaces a substring of string1 with string2
SUBSTRING(string FROM integer) Returns a substring of a character string starting at a given point
SUBSTRING(string FROM integer FOR integer) Returns a substring of a character string starting at a given point with a given length
INITCAP(string) Returns string with the first letter of each word converter to upper case and the rest to lower case. Words are sequences of alphanumeric characters separated by non-alphanumeric characters.

Not implemented:

  • SUBSTRING(string FROM regexp FOR regexp)

Binary string operators and functions

Operator syntax Description
binary || binary Concatenates two binary strings
POSITION(binary1 IN binary2) Returns the position of the first occurrence of binary1 in binary2
POSITION(binary1 IN binary2 FROM integer) Returns the position of the first occurrence of binary1 in binary2 starting at a given point (not standard SQL)
OVERLAY(binary1 PLACING binary2 FROM integer [ FOR integer2 ]) Replaces a substring of binary1 with binary2
SUBSTRING(binary FROM integer) Returns a substring of binary starting at a given point
SUBSTRING(binary FROM integer FOR integer) Returns a substring of binary starting at a given point with a given length

Date/time functions

Operator syntax Description
LOCALTIME Returns the current date and time in the session time zone in a value of datatype TIME
LOCALTIME(precision) Returns the current date and time in the session time zone in a value of datatype TIME, with precision digits of precision
LOCALTIMESTAMP Returns the current date and time in the session time zone in a value of datatype TIMESTAMP
LOCALTIMESTAMP(precision) Returns the current date and time in the session time zone in a value of datatype TIMESTAMP, with precision digits of precision
CURRENT_TIME Returns the current time in the session time zone, in a value of datatype TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE
CURRENT_DATE Returns the current date in the session time zone, in a value of datatype DATE
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP Returns the current date and time in the session time zone, in a value of datatype TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE
EXTRACT(timeUnit FROM datetime) Extracts and returns the value of a specified datetime field from a datetime value expression
FLOOR(datetime TO timeUnit) Rounds datetime down to timeUnit
CEIL(datetime TO timeUnit) Rounds datetime up to timeUnit
YEAR(date) Equivalent to EXTRACT(YEAR FROM date). Returns an integer.
QUARTER(date) Equivalent to EXTRACT(QUARTER FROM date). Returns an integer between 1 and 4.
MONTH(date) Equivalent to EXTRACT(MONTH FROM date). Returns an integer between 1 and 12.
WEEK(date) Equivalent to EXTRACT(WEEK FROM date). Returns an integer between 1 and 53.
DAYOFYEAR(date) Equivalent to EXTRACT(DOY FROM date). Returns an integer between 1 and 366.
DAYOFMONTH(date) Equivalent to EXTRACT(DAY FROM date). Returns an integer between 1 and 31.
DAYOFWEEK(date) Equivalent to EXTRACT(DOW FROM date). Returns an integer between 1 and 7.
HOUR(date) Equivalent to EXTRACT(HOUR FROM date). Returns an integer between 0 and 23.
MINUTE(date) Equivalent to EXTRACT(MINUTE FROM date). Returns an integer between 0 and 59.
SECOND(date) Equivalent to EXTRACT(SECOND FROM date). Returns an integer between 0 and 59.
TIMESTAMPADD(timeUnit, integer, datetime) Returns datetime with an interval of (signed) integer timeUnits added. Equivalent to datetime + INTERVAL 'integer' timeUnit
TIMESTAMPDIFF(timeUnit, datetime, datetime2) Returns the (signed) number of timeUnit intervals between datetime and datetime2. Equivalent to (datetime2 - datetime) timeUnit

Calls to niladic functions such as CURRENT_DATE do not accept parentheses in standard SQL. Calls with parentheses, such as CURRENT_DATE() are accepted in certain conformance levels.

Not implemented:

  • CEIL(interval)
  • FLOOR(interval)
  • + interval
  • - interval
  • interval + interval
  • interval - interval
  • interval / interval

System functions

Operator syntax Description
USER Equivalent to CURRENT_USER
CURRENT_USER User name of current execution context
SESSION_USER Session user name
SYSTEM_USER Returns the name of the current data store user as identified by the operating system
CURRENT_PATH Returns a character string representing the current lookup scope for references to user-defined routines and types
CURRENT_ROLE Returns the current active role

Conditional functions and operators

Operator syntax Description
CASE value
WHEN value1 [, value11 ]* THEN result1
[ WHEN valueN [, valueN1 ]* THEN resultN ]*
[ ELSE resultZ ]
END		 Simple case
CASE
WHEN condition1 THEN result1
[ WHEN conditionN THEN resultN ]*
[ ELSE resultZ ]
END		 Searched case
NULLIF(value, value) Returns NULL if the values are the same.

For example, NULLIF(5, 5) returns NULL; NULLIF(5, 0) returns 5.
COALESCE(value, value [, value ]*) Provides a value if the first value is null.

For example, COALESCE(NULL, 5) returns 5.

Type conversion

Operator syntax Description
CAST(value AS type) Converts a value to a given type.

Value constructors

Operator syntax Description
ROW (value [, value ]*) Creates a row from a list of values.
(value [, value ]* ) Creates a row from a list of values.
map ‘[’ key ‘]’ Returns the element of a map with a particular key.
array ‘[’ index ‘]’ Returns the element at a particular location in an array.
ARRAY ‘[’ value [, value ]* ‘]’ Creates an array from a list of values.
MAP ‘[’ key, value [, key, value ]* ‘]’ Creates a map from a list of key-value pairs.

Collection functions

Operator syntax Description
ELEMENT(value) Returns the sole element of a array or multiset; null if the collection is empty; throws if it has more than one element.
CARDINALITY(value) Returns the number of elements in an array or multiset.
value MEMBER OF multiset Returns whether the value is a member of multiset.
multiset IS A SET Whether multiset is a set (has no duplicates).
multiset IS NOT A SET Whether multiset is not a set (has duplicates).
multiset IS EMPTY Whether multiset contains zero elements.
multiset IS NOT EMPTY Whether multiset contains one or more elements.
multiset SUBMULTISET OF multiset2 Whether multiset is a submultiset of multiset2.
multiset NOT SUBMULTISET OF multiset2 Whether multiset is not a submultiset of multiset2.
multiset MULTISET UNION [ ALL | DISTINCT ] multiset2 Returns the union multiset and multiset2, eliminating duplicates if DISTINCT is specified (ALL is the default).
multiset MULTISET INTERSECT [ ALL | DISTINCT ] multiset2 Returns the intersection of multiset and multiset2, eliminating duplicates if DISTINCT is specified (ALL is the default).
multiset MULTISET EXCEPT [ ALL | DISTINCT ] multiset2 Returns the difference of multiset and multiset2, eliminating duplicates if DISTINCT is specified (ALL is the default).

See also: the UNNEST relational operator converts a collection to a relation.

Period predicates

Operator syntax Description
period1 CONTAINS dateTime
period1 CONTAINS period2
period1 OVERLAPS period2
period1 EQUALS period2
period1 PRECEDES period2
period1 IMMEDIATELY PRECEDES period2
period1 SUCCEEDS period2
period1 IMMEDIATELY SUCCEEDS period2

Where period1 and period2 are period expressions:

period:
      (dateTime, dateTime)
  |   (dateTime, interval)
  |   PERIOD (dateTime, dateTime)
  |   PERIOD (dateTime, interval)

JDBC function escape

Numeric

Operator syntax Description
{fn ABS(numeric)} Returns the absolute value of numeric
{fn ACOS(numeric)} Returns the arc cosine of numeric
{fn ASIN(numeric)} Returns the arc sine of numeric
{fn ATAN(numeric)} Returns the arc tangent of numeric
{fn ATAN2(numeric, numeric)} Returns the arc tangent of the numeric coordinates
{fn CEILING(numeric)} Rounds numeric up, and returns the smallest number that is greater than or equal to numeric
{fn COS(numeric)} Returns the cosine of numeric
{fn COT(numeric)} Returns the cotangent of numeric
{fn DEGREES(numeric)} Converts numeric from radians to degrees
{fn EXP(numeric)} Returns e raised to the power of numeric
{fn FLOOR(numeric)} Rounds numeric down, and returns the largest number that is less than or equal to numeric
{fn LOG(numeric)} Returns the natural logarithm (base e) of numeric
{fn LOG10(numeric)} Returns the base-10 logarithm of numeric
{fn MOD(numeric1, numeric2)} Returns the remainder (modulus) of numeric1 divided by numeric2. The result is negative only if numeric1 is negative
{fn PI()} Returns a value that is closer than any other value to pi
{fn POWER(numeric1, numeric2)} Returns numeric1 raised to the power of numeric2
{fn RADIANS(numeric)} Converts numeric from degrees to radians
{fn RAND(numeric)} Returns a random double using numeric as the seed value
{fn ROUND(numeric1, numeric2)} Rounds numeric1 to numeric2 places right to the decimal point
{fn SIGN(numeric)} Returns the signum of numeric
{fn SIN(numeric)} Returns the sine of numeric
{fn SQRT(numeric)} Returns the square root of numeric
{fn TAN(numeric)} Returns the tangent of numeric
{fn TRUNCATE(numeric1, numeric2)} Truncates numeric1 to numeric2 places right to the decimal point

String

Operator syntax Description
{fn CONCAT(character, character)} Returns the concatenation of character strings
{fn INSERT(string1, start, length, string2)} Inserts string2 into a slot in string1
{fn LCASE(string)} Returns a string in which all alphabetic characters in string have been converted to lower case
{fn LENGTH(string)} Returns the number of characters in a string
{fn LOCATE(string1, string2 [, integer])} Returns the position in string2 of the first occurrence of string1. Searches from the beginning of string2, unless integer is specified.
{fn LTRIM(string)} Returns string with leading space characters removed
{fn RTRIM(string)} Returns string with trailing space characters removed
{fn SUBSTRING(string, offset, length)} Returns a character string that consists of length characters from string starting at the offset position
{fn UCASE(string)} Returns a string in which all alphabetic characters in string have been converted to upper case
{fn REPLACE(string, search, replacement)} Returns a string in which all the occurrences of search in string are replaced with replacement; if replacement is the empty string, the occurrences of search are removed

Not implemented:

  • {fn ASCII(string)} - Convert a single-character string to the corresponding ASCII code, an integer between 0 and 255
  • {fn CHAR(string)}
  • {fn DIFFERENCE(string, string)}
  • {fn LEFT(string, integer)}
  • {fn REPEAT(string, integer)}
  • {fn RIGHT(string, integer)}
  • {fn SOUNDEX(string)}
  • {fn SPACE(integer)}

Date/time

Operator syntax Description
{fn CURDATE()} Equivalent to CURRENT_DATE
{fn CURTIME()} Equivalent to LOCALTIME
{fn NOW()} Equivalent to LOCALTIMESTAMP
{fn YEAR(date)} Equivalent to EXTRACT(YEAR FROM date). Returns an integer.
{fn QUARTER(date)} Equivalent to EXTRACT(QUARTER FROM date). Returns an integer between 1 and 4.
{fn MONTH(date)} Equivalent to EXTRACT(MONTH FROM date). Returns an integer between 1 and 12.
{fn WEEK(date)} Equivalent to EXTRACT(WEEK FROM date). Returns an integer between 1 and 53.
{fn DAYOFYEAR(date)} Equivalent to EXTRACT(DOY FROM date). Returns an integer between 1 and 366.
{fn DAYOFMONTH(date)} Equivalent to EXTRACT(DAY FROM date). Returns an integer between 1 and 31.
{fn DAYOFWEEK(date)} Equivalent to EXTRACT(DOW FROM date). Returns an integer between 1 and 7.
{fn HOUR(date)} Equivalent to EXTRACT(HOUR FROM date). Returns an integer between 0 and 23.
{fn MINUTE(date)} Equivalent to EXTRACT(MINUTE FROM date). Returns an integer between 0 and 59.
{fn SECOND(date)} Equivalent to EXTRACT(SECOND FROM date). Returns an integer between 0 and 59.
{fn TIMESTAMPADD(timeUnit, count, datetime)} Adds an interval of count timeUnits to a datetime
{fn TIMESTAMPDIFF(timeUnit, timestamp1, timestamp2)} Subtracts timestamp1 from timestamp2 and returns the result in timeUnits

Not implemented:

  • {fn DAYNAME(date)}
  • {fn MONTHNAME(date)}

System

Operator syntax Description
{fn DATABASE()} Equivalent to CURRENT_CATALOG
{fn IFNULL(value1, value2)} Returns value2 if value1 is null
{fn USER()} Equivalent to CURRENT_USER

Conversion

Operator syntax Description
{fn CONVERT(value, type)} Cast value into type

Aggregate functions

Syntax:

aggregateCall:
        agg( [ ALL | DISTINCT ] value [, value ]*)
        [ WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY orderItem [, orderItem ]*) ]
        [ FILTER (WHERE condition) ]
    |   agg(*) [ FILTER (WHERE condition) ]

If FILTER is present, the aggregate function only considers rows for which condition evaluates to TRUE.

If DISTINCT is present, duplicate argument values are eliminated before being passed to the aggregate function.

If WITHIN GROUP is present, the aggregate function sorts the input rows according to the ORDER BY clause inside WITHIN GROUP before aggregating values. WITHIN GROUP is only allowed for hypothetical set functions (RANK, DENSE_RANK, PERCENT_RANK and CUME_DIST), inverse distribution functions (PERCENTILE_CONT and PERCENTILE_DISC) and collection functions (COLLECT and LISTAGG).

Operator syntax Description
COLLECT( [ ALL | DISTINCT ] value) Returns a multiset of the values
COUNT( [ ALL | DISTINCT ] value [, value ]*) Returns the number of input rows for which value is not null (wholly not null if value is composite)
COUNT(*) Returns the number of input rows
FUSION( multiset ) Returns the multiset union of multiset across all input values
APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT(value [, value ]*) Returns the approximate number of distinct values of value; the database is allowed to use an approximation but is not required to
AVG( [ ALL | DISTINCT ] numeric) Returns the average (arithmetic mean) of numeric across all input values
SUM( [ ALL | DISTINCT ] numeric) Returns the sum of numeric across all input values
MAX( [ ALL | DISTINCT ] value) Returns the maximum value of value across all input values
MIN( [ ALL | DISTINCT ] value) Returns the minimum value of value across all input values
ANY_VALUE( [ ALL | DISTINCT ] value) Returns one of the values of value across all input values; this is NOT specified in the SQL standard
STDDEV_POP( [ ALL | DISTINCT ] numeric) Returns the population standard deviation of numeric across all input values
STDDEV_SAMP( [ ALL | DISTINCT ] numeric) Returns the sample standard deviation of numeric across all input values
VAR_POP( [ ALL | DISTINCT ] value) Returns the population variance (square of the population standard deviation) of numeric across all input values
VAR_SAMP( [ ALL | DISTINCT ] numeric) Returns the sample variance (square of the sample standard deviation) of numeric across all input values
COVAR_POP(numeric1, numeric2) Returns the population covariance of the pair (numeric1, numeric2) across all input values
COVAR_SAMP(numeric1, numeric2) Returns the sample covariance of the pair (numeric1, numeric2) across all input values
REGR_COUNT(numeric1, numeric2) Returns the number of rows where both dependent and independent expressions are not null
REGR_SXX(numeric1, numeric2) Returns the sum of squares of the dependent expression in a linear regression model
REGR_SYY(numeric1, numeric2) Returns the sum of squares of the independent expression in a linear regression model

Not implemented:

  • LISTAGG(string)
  • REGR_AVGX(numeric1, numeric2)
  • REGR_AVGY(numeric1, numeric2)
  • REGR_INTERCEPT(numeric1, numeric2)
  • REGR_R2(numeric1, numeric2)
  • REGR_SLOPE(numeric1, numeric2)
  • REGR_SXY(numeric1, numeric2)

Window functions

Operator syntax Description
COUNT(value [, value ]*) OVER window Returns the number of rows in window for which value is not null (wholly not null if value is composite)
COUNT(*) OVER window Returns the number of rows in window
AVG(numeric) OVER window Returns the average (arithmetic mean) of numeric across all values in window
SUM(numeric) OVER window Returns the sum of numeric across all values in window
MAX(value) OVER window Returns the maximum value of value across all values in window
MIN(value) OVER window Returns the minimum value of value across all values in window
RANK() OVER window Returns the rank of the current row with gaps; same as ROW_NUMBER of its first peer
DENSE_RANK() OVER window Returns the rank of the current row without gaps; this function counts peer groups
ROW_NUMBER() OVER window Returns the number of the current row within its partition, counting from 1
FIRST_VALUE(value) OVER window Returns value evaluated at the row that is the first row of the window frame
LAST_VALUE(value) OVER window Returns value evaluated at the row that is the last row of the window frame
LEAD(value, offset, default) OVER window Returns value evaluated at the row that is offset rows after the current row within the partition; if there is no such row, instead returns default. Both offset and default are evaluated with respect to the current row. If omitted, offset defaults to 1 and default to NULL
LAG(value, offset, default) OVER window Returns value evaluated at the row that is offset rows before the current row within the partition; if there is no such row, instead returns default. Both offset and default are evaluated with respect to the current row. If omitted, offset defaults to 1 and default to NULL
NTH_VALUE(value, nth) OVER window Returns value evaluated at the row that is the nth row of the window frame
NTILE(value) OVER window Returns an integer ranging from 1 to value, dividing the partition as equally as possible

Not implemented:

  • COUNT(DISTINCT value [, value ]*) OVER window
  • APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT(value [, value ]*) OVER window
  • FIRST_VALUE(value) IGNORE NULLS OVER window
  • LAST_VALUE(value) IGNORE NULLS OVER window
  • PERCENT_RANK(value) OVER window
  • CUME_DIST(value) OVER window
  • NTH_VALUE(value, nth) [ FROM { FIRST | LAST } ] IGNORE NULLS OVER window

Grouping functions

Operator syntax Description
GROUPING(expression [, expression ]*) Returns a bit vector of the given grouping expressions
GROUP_ID() Returns an integer that uniquely identifies the combination of grouping keys
GROUPING_ID(expression [, expression ]*) Synonym for GROUPING

Grouped window functions

Grouped window functions occur in the GROUP BY clause and define a key value that represents a window containing several rows.

In some window functions, a row may belong to more than one window. For example, if a query is grouped using HOP(t, INTERVAL '2' HOUR, INTERVAL '1' HOUR), a row with timestamp ‘10:15:00’ will occur in both the 10:00 - 11:00 and 11:00 - 12:00 totals.

Operator syntax Description
HOP(dateTime, slide, size [, time ]) Indicates a hopping window for dateTime, covering rows within the interval of size, shifting every slide, and optionally aligned at time
SESSION(dateTime, interval [, time ]) Indicates a session window of interval for dateTime, optionally aligned at time
TUMBLE(dateTime, interval [, time ]) Indicates a tumbling window of interval for dateTime, optionally aligned at time

Grouped auxiliary functions

Grouped auxiliary functions allow you to access properties of a window defined by a grouped window function.

Operator syntax Description
HOP_END(expression, slide, size [, time ]) Returns the value of expression at the end of the window defined by a HOP function call
HOP_START(expression, slide, size [, time ]) Returns the value of expression at the beginning of the window defined by a HOP function call
SESSION_END(expression, interval [, time]) Returns the value of expression at the end of the window defined by a SESSION function call
SESSION_START(expression, interval [, time]) Returns the value of expression at the beginning of the window defined by a SESSION function call
TUMBLE_END(expression, interval [, time ]) Returns the value of expression at the end of the window defined by a TUMBLE function call
TUMBLE_START(expression, interval [, time ]) Returns the value of expression at the beginning of the window defined by a TUMBLE function call

Spatial functions

In the following:

In the “C” (for “compatibility”) column, “o” indicates that the function implements the OpenGIS Simple Features Implementation Specification for SQL, version 1.2.1; “p” indicates that the function is a PostGIS extension to OpenGIS.

Geometry conversion functions (2D)

C Operator syntax Description
p ST_AsText(geom) Alias for ST_AsWKT
o ST_AsWKT(geom) Converts geom → WKT
o ST_GeomFromText(wkt [, srid ]) Returns a specified GEOMETRY value from WKT representation
o ST_LineFromText(wkt [, srid ]) Converts WKT → LINESTRING
o ST_MLineFromText(wkt [, srid ]) Converts WKT → MULTILINESTRING
o ST_MPointFromText(wkt [, srid ]) Converts WKT → MULTIPOINT
o ST_MPolyFromText(wkt [, srid ]) Converts WKT → MULTIPOLYGON  
o ST_PointFromText(wkt [, srid ]) Converts WKT → POINT
o ST_PolyFromText(wkt [, srid ]) Converts WKT → POLYGON

Not implemented:

  • ST_AsBinary(geom) GEOMETRY → WKB
  • ST_AsGML(geom) GEOMETRY → GML
  • ST_Force2D(geom) 3D GEOMETRY → 2D GEOMETRY
  • ST_GeomFromGML(gml [, srid ]) GML → GEOMETRY
  • ST_GeomFromWKB(wkb [, srid ]) WKB → GEOMETRY
  • ST_GoogleMapLink(geom [, layerType [, zoom ]]) GEOMETRY → Google map link
  • ST_LineFromWKB(wkb [, srid ]) WKB → LINESTRING
  • ST_OSMMapLink(geom [, marker ]) GEOMETRY → OSM map link
  • ST_PointFromWKB(wkb [, srid ]) WKB → POINT
  • ST_PolyFromWKB(wkb [, srid ]) WKB → POLYGON
  • ST_ToMultiLine(geom) Converts the coordinates of geom (which may be a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION) into a MULTILINESTRING
  • ST_ToMultiPoint(geom)) Converts the coordinates of geom (which may be a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION) into a MULTIPOINT
  • ST_ToMultiSegments(geom) Converts geom (which may be a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION) into a set of distinct segments stored in a MULTILINESTRING

Geometry conversion functions (3D)

Not implemented:

  • ST_Force3D(geom) 2D GEOMETRY → 3D GEOMETRY

Geometry creation functions (2D)

C Operator syntax Description
o ST_MakeLine(point1 [, point ]*) Creates a line-string from the given POINTs (or MULTIPOINTs)
p ST_MakePoint(x, y [, z ]) Alias for ST_Point
o ST_Point(x, y [, z ]) Constructs a point from two or three coordinates

Not implemented:

  • ST_BoundingCircle(geom) Returns the minimum bounding circle of geom
  • ST_Expand(geom, distance) Expands geom’s envelope
  • ST_Expand(geom, deltaX, deltaY) Expands geom’s envelope
  • ST_MakeEllipse(point, width, height) Constructs an ellipse
  • ST_MakeEnvelope(xMin, yMin, xMax, yMax [, srid ]) Creates a rectangular POLYGON
  • ST_MakeGrid(geom, deltaX, deltaY) Calculates a regular grid of POLYGONs based on geom
  • ST_MakeGridPoints(geom, deltaX, deltaY) Calculates a regular grid of points based on geom
  • ST_MakePolygon(lineString [, hole ]) Creates a POLYGON from *lineString with the given holes (which are required to be closed LINESTRINGs)
  • ST_MinimumDiameter(geom) Returns the minimum diameter of geom
  • ST_MinimumRectangle(geom) Returns the minimum rectangle enclosing geom
  • ST_OctogonalEnvelope(geom) Returns the octogonal envelope of geom
  • ST_RingBuffer(geom, distance, bufferCount [, endCapStyle [, doDifference]]) Returns a MULTIPOLYGON of buffers centered at geom and of increasing buffer size

Geometry creation functions (3D)

Not implemented:

  • ST_Extrude(geom, height [, flag]) Extrudes a GEOMETRY
  • ST_GeometryShadow(geom, point, height) Computes the shadow footprint of geom
  • ST_GeometryShadow(geom, azimuth, altitude, height [, unify ]) Computes the shadow footprint of geom

Geometry properties (2D)

C Operator syntax Description
o ST_Boundary(geom [, srid ]) Returns the boundary of geom
o ST_Distance(geom1, geom2) Returns the distance between geom1 and geom2
o ST_GeometryType(geom) Returns the type of geom
o ST_GeometryTypeCode(geom) Returns the OGC SFS type code of geom
o ST_Envelope(geom [, srid ]) Returns the envelope of geom (which may be a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION) as a GEOMETRY
o ST_X(geom) Returns the x-value of the first coordinate of geom
o ST_Y(geom) Returns the y-value of the first coordinate of geom

Not implemented:

  • ST_Centroid(geom) Returns the centroid of geom (which may be a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION)
  • ST_CompactnessRatio(polygon) Returns the square root of polygon’s area divided by the area of the circle with circumference equal to its perimeter
  • ST_CoordDim(geom) Returns the dimension of the coordinates of geom
  • ST_Dimension(geom) Returns the dimension of geom
  • ST_EndPoint(lineString) Returns the last coordinate of lineString
  • ST_Envelope(geom [, srid ]) Returns the envelope of geom (which may be a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION) as a GEOMETRY
  • ST_Explode(query [, fieldName]) Explodes the GEOMETRYCOLLECTIONs in the fieldName column of a query into multiple geometries
  • ST_Extent(geom) Returns the minimum bounding box of geom (which may be a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION)
  • ST_ExteriorRing(polygon) Returns the exterior ring of polygon as a linear-ring
  • ST_GeometryN(geomCollection, n) Returns the nth GEOMETRY of geomCollection
  • ST_InteriorRingN(polygon, n) Returns the nth interior ring of polygon
  • ST_IsClosed(geom) Returns whether geom is a closed LINESTRING or MULTILINESTRING
  • ST_IsEmpty(geom) Returns whether geom is empty
  • ST_IsRectangle(geom) Returns whether geom is a rectangle
  • ST_IsRing(geom) Returns whether geom is a closed and simple line-string or MULTILINESTRING
  • ST_IsSimple(geom) Returns whether geom is simple
  • ST_IsValid(geom) Returns whether geom is valid
  • ST_IsValidDetail(geom [, selfTouchValid ]) Returns a valid detail as an array of objects
  • ST_IsValidReason(geom [, selfTouchValid ]) Returns text stating whether geom is valid, and if not valid, a reason why
  • ST_NPoints(geom) Returns the number of points in geom
  • ST_NumGeometries(geom) Returns the number of geometries in geom (1 if it is not a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION)
  • ST_NumInteriorRing(geom) Alias for ST_NumInteriorRings
  • ST_NumInteriorRings(geom) Returns the number of interior rings of geom
  • ST_NumPoints(lineString) Returns the number of points in lineString
  • ST_PointN(geom, n) Returns the nth point of a lineString
  • ST_PointOnSurface(geom) Returns an interior or boundary point of geom
  • ST_SRID(geom) Returns SRID value of geom or 0 if it does not have one
  • ST_StartPoint(lineString) Returns the first coordinate of lineString
  • ST_XMax(geom) Returns the maximum x-value of geom
  • ST_XMin(geom) Returns the minimum x-value of geom
  • ST_YMax(geom) Returns the maximum y-value of geom
  • ST_YMin(geom) Returns the minimum y-value of geom

Geometry properties (3D)

C Operator syntax Description
p ST_Is3D(s) Returns whether geom has at least one z-coordinate
o ST_Z(geom) Returns the z-value of the first coordinate of geom

Not implemented:

  • ST_ZMax(geom) Returns the maximum z-value of geom
  • ST_ZMin(geom) Returns the minimum z-value of geom

Geometry predicates

C Operator syntax Description
o ST_Contains(geom1, geom2) Returns whether geom1 contains geom2
p ST_ContainsProperly(geom1, geom2) Returns whether geom1 contains geom2 but does not intersect its boundary
o ST_Crosses(geom1, geom2) Returns whether geom1 crosses geom2
o ST_Disjoint(geom1, geom2) Returns whether geom1 and geom2 are disjoint
p ST_DWithin(geom1, geom2, distance) Returns whether geom1 and geom are within distance of one another
o ST_EnvelopesIntersect(geom1, geom2) Returns whether the envelope of geom1 intersects the envelope of geom2
o ST_Equals(geom1, geom2) Returns whether geom1 equals geom2
o ST_Intersects(geom1, geom2) Returns whether geom1 intersects geom2
o ST_Overlaps(geom1, geom2) Returns whether geom1 overlaps geom2
o ST_Touches(geom1, geom2) Returns whether geom1 touches geom2
o ST_Within(geom1, geom2) Returns whether geom1 is within geom2

Not implemented:

  • ST_Covers(geom1, geom2) Returns whether no point in geom2 is outside geom1
  • ST_OrderingEquals(geom1, geom2) Returns whether geom1 equals geom2 and their coordinates and component Geometries are listed in the same order
  • ST_Relate(geom1, geom2) Returns the DE-9IM intersection matrix of geom1 and geom2
  • ST_Relate(geom1, geom2, iMatrix) Returns whether geom1 and geom2 are related by the given intersection matrix iMatrix

Geometry operators (2D)

The following functions combine 2D geometries.

C Operator syntax Description
o ST_Buffer(geom, distance [, quadSegs | style ]) Computes a buffer around geom
o ST_Union(geom1, geom2) Computes the union of geom1 and geom2
o ST_Union(geomCollection) Computes the union of the geometries in geomCollection

See also: the ST_Union aggregate function.

Not implemented:

  • ST_ConvexHull(geom) Computes the smallest convex polygon that contains all the points in geom
  • ST_Difference(geom1, geom2) Computes the difference between two geometries
  • ST_Intersection(geom1, geom2) Computes the intersection of two geometries
  • ST_SymDifference(geom1, geom2) Computes the symmetric difference between two geometries

Affine transformation functions (3D and 2D)

Not implemented:

  • ST_Rotate(geom, angle [, origin | x, y]) Rotates a geom counter-clockwise by angle (in radians) about origin (or the point (x, y))
  • ST_Scale(geom, xFactor, yFactor [, zFactor ]) Scales geom by multiplying the ordinates by the indicated scale factors
  • ST_Translate(geom, x, y, [, z]) Translates geom

Geometry editing functions (2D)

The following functions modify 2D geometries.

Not implemented:

  • ST_AddPoint(geom, point [, tolerance ]) Adds point to geom with a given tolerance (default 0)
  • ST_CollectionExtract(geom, dimension) Filters geom, returning a multi-geometry of those members with a given dimension (1 = point, 2 = line-string, 3 = polygon)
  • ST_Densify(geom, tolerance) Inserts extra vertices every tolerance along the line segments of geom
  • ST_FlipCoordinates(geom) Flips the X and Y coordinates of geom
  • ST_Holes(geom) Returns the holes in geom (which may be a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION)
  • ST_Normalize(geom) Converts geom to normal form
  • ST_RemoveDuplicatedCoordinates(geom) Removes duplicated coordinates from geom
  • ST_RemoveHoles(geom) Removes a geom’s holes
  • ST_RemovePoints(geom, poly) Removes all coordinates of geom located within poly; null if all coordinates are removed
  • ST_RemoveRepeatedPoints(geom, tolerance) Removes from geom all repeated points (or points within tolerance of another point)
  • ST_Reverse(geom) Reverses the vertex order of geom

Geometry editing functions (3D)

The following functions modify 3D geometries.

Not implemented:

  • ST_AddZ(geom, zToAdd) Adds zToAdd to the z-coordinate of geom
  • ST_Interpolate3DLine(geom) Returns geom with a interpolation of z values, or null if it is not a line-string or MULTILINESTRING
  • ST_MultiplyZ(geom, zFactor) Returns geom with its z-values multiplied by zFactor
  • ST_Reverse3DLine(geom [, sortOrder ]) Potentially reverses geom according to the z-values of its first and last coordinates
  • ST_UpdateZ(geom, newZ [, updateCondition ]) Updates the z-values of geom
  • ST_ZUpdateLineExtremities(geom, startZ, endZ [, interpolate ]) Updates the start and end z-values of geom

Geometry measurement functions (2D)

Not implemented:

  • ST_Area(geom) Returns the area of geom (which may be a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION)
  • ST_ClosestCoordinate(geom, point) Returns the coordinate(s) of geom closest to point
  • ST_ClosestPoint(geom1, geom2) Returns the point of geom1 closest to geom2
  • ST_FurthestCoordinate(geom, point) Returns the coordinate(s) of geom that are furthest from point
  • ST_Length(lineString) Returns the length of lineString
  • ST_LocateAlong(geom, segmentLengthFraction, offsetDistance) Returns a MULTIPOINT containing points along the line segments of geom at segmentLengthFraction and offsetDistance
  • ST_LongestLine(geom1, geom2) Returns the 2-dimensional longest line-string between the points of geom1 and geom2
  • ST_MaxDistance(geom1, geom2) Computes the maximum distance between geom1 and geom2
  • ST_Perimeter(polygon) Returns the length of the perimeter of polygon (which may be a MULTIPOLYGON)
  • ST_ProjectPoint(point, lineString) Projects point onto a lineString (which may be a MULTILINESTRING)

Geometry measurement functions (3D)

Not implemented:

  • ST_3DArea(geom) Return a polygon’s 3D area
  • ST_3DLength(geom) Returns the 3D length of a line-string
  • ST_3DPerimeter(geom) Returns the 3D perimeter of a polygon or MULTIPOLYGON
  • ST_SunPosition(point [, timestamp ]) Computes the sun position at point and timestamp (now by default)

Geometry processing functions (2D)

The following functions process geometries.

Not implemented:

  • ST_LineIntersector(geom1, geom2) Splits geom1 (a line-string) with geom2
  • ST_LineMerge(geom) Merges a collection of linear components to form a line-string of maximal length
  • ST_MakeValid(geom [, preserveGeomDim [, preserveDuplicateCoord [, preserveCoordDim]]]) Makes geom valid
  • ST_Polygonize(geom) Creates a MULTIPOLYGON from edges of geom
  • ST_PrecisionReducer(geom, n) Reduces geom’s precision to n decimal places
  • ST_RingSideBuffer(geom, distance, bufferCount [, endCapStyle [, doDifference]]) Computes a ring buffer on one side
  • ST_SideBuffer(geom, distance [, bufferStyle ]) Compute a single buffer on one side
  • ST_Simplify(geom, distance) Simplifies geom using the Douglas-Peuker algorithm with a distance tolerance
  • ST_SimplifyPreserveTopology(geom) Simplifies geom, preserving its topology
  • ST_Snap(geom1, geom2, tolerance) Snaps geom1 and geom2 together
  • ST_Split(geom1, geom2 [, tolerance]) Splits geom1 by geom2 using tolerance (default 1E-6) to determine where the point splits the line

Geometry projection functions

C Operator syntax Description
o ST_SetSRID(geom, srid) Returns a copy of geom with a new SRID
o ST_Transform(geom, srid) Transforms geom from one coordinate reference system (CRS) to the CRS specified by srid

Trigonometry functions

Not implemented:

  • ST_Azimuth(point1, point2) Return the azimuth of the segment from point1 to point2

Topography functions

Not implemented:

  • ST_TriangleAspect(geom) Returns the aspect of a triangle
  • ST_TriangleContouring(query [, z1, z2, z3 ][, varArgs]*) Splits triangles into smaller triangles according to classes
  • ST_TriangleDirection(geom) Computes the direction of steepest ascent of a triangle and returns it as a line-string
  • ST_TriangleSlope(geom) Computes the slope of a triangle as a percentage
  • ST_Voronoi(geom [, outDimension [, envelopePolygon ]]) Creates a Voronoi diagram

Triangulation functions

Not implemented:

  • ST_ConstrainedDelaunay(geom [, flag [, quality ]]) Computes a constrained Delaunay triangulation based on geom
  • ST_Delaunay(geom [, flag [, quality ]]) Computes a Delaunay triangulation based on points
  • ST_Tessellate(polygon) Tessellates polygon (may be MULTIPOLYGON) with adaptive triangles

Geometry aggregate functions

Not implemented:

  • ST_Accum(geom) Accumulates geom into a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION (or MULTIPOINT, MULTILINESTRING or MULTIPOLYGON if possible)
  • ST_Collect(geom) Alias for ST_Accum
  • ST_Union(geom) Computes the union of geometries

JSON Functions

Query Functions

Operator syntax Description
JSON_EXISTS(value, path [ { TRUE | FALSE | UNKNOWN | ERROR ) ON ERROR } ) Test whether a JSON value satisfies a search criterion described using JSON path expression path
JSON_VALUE(value, path [ RETURNING type ] [ { ERROR | NULL | DEFAULT expr } ON EMPTY ] [ { ERROR | NULL | DEFAULT expr } ON ERROR ] ) Extract an SQL scalar from a JSON value using JSON path expression path
JSON_QUERY(value, path [ { WITHOUT [ ARRAY ] | WITH [ CONDITIONAL | UNCONDITIONAL ] [ ARRAY ] } WRAPPER ] [ { ERROR | NULL | EMPTY ARRAY | EMPTY OBJECT } ON EMPTY ] [ { ERROR | NULL | EMPTY ARRAY | EMPTY OBJECT } ON ERROR ] ) Extract an JSON object or an JSON array from a JSON value using JSON path expression path

Note:

  • The common structure value, path is JSON API common syntax. value is a character string type json input, and path is a JSON path expression (in character string type too), mode flag strict or lax should be specified in the beginning of path.
  • ON ERROR clause, and ON EMPTY clause define the fallback behavior of the function when an error is thrown or a null value is about to be returned.
  • ARRAY WRAPPER clause defines how to represent JSON array result in JSON_QUERY function. Following is a comparision to demonstrate the difference among different wrapper behaviors.

Example Data:

{ "a": "[1,2]", "b": [1,2], "c": "hi"}

Comparison:

Operator $.a $.b $.c
JSON_VALUE [1, 2] error hi
JSON QUERY WITHOUT ARRAY WRAPPER error [1, 2] error
JSON QUERY WITH UNCONDITIONAL ARRAY WRAPPER [ “[1,2]” ] [ [1,2] ] [ “hi” ]
JSON QUERY WITH CONDITIONAL ARRAY WRAPPER [ “[1,2]” ] [1,2] [ “hi” ]

Not implemented:

  • JSON_TABLE

Constructor Functions

Operator syntax Description
JSON_OBJECT( { [ KEY ] name VALUE value [ FORMAT JSON ] | name : value [ FORMAT JSON ] } * [ { NULL | ABSENT } ON NULL ] ) Construct json object using a series of key (name) value (value) pairs
JSON_OBJECTAGG( { [ KEY ] name VALUE value [ FORMAT JSON ] | name : value [ FORMAT JSON ] } [ { NULL | ABSENT } ON NULL ] ) Aggregate function to construct json object using a key (name) value (value) pair
JSON_ARRAY( { value [ FORMAT JSON ] } * [ { NULL | ABSENT } ON NULL ] ) Construct json array using a series of values (value)
JSON_ARRAYAGG( value [ FORMAT JSON ] [ { NULL | ABSENT } ON NULL ] ) Aggregate function to construct json array using a value (value)

Note:

  • The flag FORMAT JSON indicates the value is formatted as JSON character string. When FORMAT JSON is used, value should be de-parse from JSON character string to SQL structured value.
  • ON NULL clause defines how the JSON output represents null value. The default null behavior of JSON_OBJECT and JSON_OBJECTAGG is NULL ON NULL, and for JSON_ARRAY and JSON_ARRAYAGG it is ABSENT ON NULL.

Comparison Operators

Operator syntax Description
value IS JSON [ VALUE ] Whether value is a json value, value is in character string type
value IS NOT JSON [ VALUE ] Whether value is not a json value, value is in character string type
value IS JSON SCALAR Whether value is a json scalar value, value is in character string type
value IS NOT JSON SCALAR Whether value is not a json scalar value, value is in character string type
value IS JSON OBJECT Whether value is a json object, value is in character string type
value IS NOT JSON OBJECT Whether value is not a json object, value is in character string type
value IS JSON ARRAY Whether value is a json array, value is in character string type
value IS NOT JSON ARRAY Whether value is not a json array, value is in character string type

User-defined functions

Calcite is extensible. You can define each kind of function using user code. For each kind of function there are often several ways to define a function, varying from convenient to efficient.

To implement a scalar function, there are 3 options:

  • Create a class with a public static eval method, and register the class;
  • Create a class with a public non-static eval method, and a public constructor with no arguments, and register the class;
  • Create a class with one or more public static methods, and register each class/method combination.

To implement an aggregate function, there are 2 options:

  • Create a class with public static init, add and result methods, and register the class;
  • Create a class with public non-static init, add and result methods, and a public constructor with no arguments, and register the class.

Optionally, add a public merge method to the class; this allows Calcite to generate code that merges sub-totals.

Optionally, make your class implement the SqlSplittableAggFunction interface; this allows Calcite to decompose the function across several stages of aggregation, roll up from summary tables, and push it through joins.

To implement a table function, there are 3 options:

To implement a table macro, there are 3 options:

  • Create a class with a static eval method that returns TranslatableTable, and register the class;
  • Create a class with a non-static eval method that returns TranslatableTable, and register the class;
  • Create a class with one or more public static methods that return TranslatableTable, and register each class/method combination.

Calcite deduces the parameter types and result type of a function from the parameter and return types of the Java method that implements it. Further, you can specify the name and optionality of each parameter using the Parameter annotation.

Calling functions with named and optional parameters

Usually when you call a function, you need to specify all of its parameters, in order. But that can be a problem if a function has a lot of parameters, and especially if you want to add more parameters over time.

To solve this problem, the SQL standard allows you to pass parameters by name, and to define parameters which are optional (that is, have a default value that is used if they are not specified).

Suppose you have a function f, declared as in the following pseudo syntax:

FUNCTION f(
  INTEGER a,
  INTEGER b DEFAULT NULL,
  INTEGER c,
  INTEGER d DEFAULT NULL,
  INTEGER e DEFAULT NULL) RETURNS INTEGER

All of the function’s parameters have names, and parameters b, d and e have a default value of NULL and are therefore optional. (In Calcite, NULL is the only allowable default value for optional parameters; this may change in future.)

When calling a function with optional parameters, you can omit optional arguments at the end of the list, or use the DEFAULT keyword for any optional arguments. Here are some examples:

  • f(1, 2, 3, 4, 5) provides a value to each parameter, in order;
  • f(1, 2, 3, 4) omits e, which gets its default value, NULL;
  • f(1, DEFAULT, 3) omits d and e, and specifies to use the default value of b;
  • f(1, DEFAULT, 3, DEFAULT, DEFAULT) has the same effect as the previous example;
  • f(1, 2) is not legal, because c is not optional;
  • f(1, 2, DEFAULT, 4) is not legal, because c is not optional.

You can specify arguments by name using the => syntax. If one argument is named, they all must be. Arguments may be in any other, but must not specify any argument more than once, and you need to provide a value for every parameter which is not optional. Here are some examples:

  • f(c => 3, d => 1, a => 0) is equivalent to f(0, NULL, 3, 1, NULL);
  • f(c => 3, d => 1) is not legal, because you have not specified a value for a and a is not optional.

MATCH_RECOGNIZE

MATCH_RECOGNIZE is a SQL extension for recognizing sequences of events in complex event processing (CEP).

It is experimental in Calcite, and yet not fully implemented.

Syntax

matchRecognize:
      MATCH_RECOGNIZE '('
      [ PARTITION BY expression [, expression ]* ]
      [ ORDER BY orderItem [, orderItem ]* ]
      [ MEASURES measureColumn [, measureColumn ]* ]
      [ ONE ROW PER MATCH | ALL ROWS PER MATCH ]
      [ AFTER MATCH
            ( SKIP TO NEXT ROW
            | SKIP PAST LAST ROW
            | SKIP TO FIRST variable
            | SKIP TO LAST variable
            | SKIP TO variable )
      ]
      PATTERN '(' pattern ')'
      [ WITHIN intervalLiteral ]
      [ SUBSET subsetItem [, subsetItem ]* ]
      DEFINE variable AS condition [, variable AS condition ]*
      ')'

subsetItem:
      variable = '(' variable [, variable ]* ')'

measureColumn:
      expression AS alias

pattern:
      patternTerm [ '|' patternTerm ]*

patternTerm:
      patternFactor [ patternFactor ]*

patternFactor:
      patternPrimary [ patternQuantifier ]

patternPrimary:
      variable
  |   '$'
  |   '^'
  |   '(' [ pattern ] ')'
  |   '{-' pattern '-}'
  |   PERMUTE '(' pattern [, pattern ]* ')'

patternQuantifier:
      '*'
  |   '*?'
  |   '+'
  |   '+?'
  |   '?'
  |   '??'
  |   '{' { [ minRepeat ], [ maxRepeat ] } '}' ['?']
  |   '{' repeat '}'

intervalLiteral:
      INTERVAL 'string' timeUnit [ TO timeUnit ]

In patternQuantifier, repeat is a positive integer, and minRepeat and maxRepeat are non-negative integers.

DDL Extensions

DDL extensions are only available in the calcite-server module. To enable, include calcite-server.jar in your class path, and add parserFactory=org.apache.calcite.sql.parser.ddl.SqlDdlParserImpl#FACTORY to the JDBC connect string (see connect string property parserFactory).

ddlStatement:
      createSchemaStatement
  |   createForeignSchemaStatement
  |   createTableStatement
  |   createViewStatement
  |   createMaterializedViewStatement
  |   createTypeStatement
  |   createFunctionStatement
  |   dropSchemaStatement
  |   dropForeignSchemaStatement
  |   dropTableStatement
  |   dropViewStatement
  |   dropMaterializedViewStatement
  |   dropTypeStatement
  |   dropFunctionStatement

createSchemaStatement:
      CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] SCHEMA [ IF NOT EXISTS ] name

createForeignSchemaStatement:
      CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] FOREIGN SCHEMA [ IF NOT EXISTS ] name
      (
          TYPE 'type'
      |   LIBRARY 'com.example.calcite.ExampleSchemaFactory'
      )
      [ OPTIONS '(' option [, option ]* ')' ]

option:
      name literal

createTableStatement:
      CREATE TABLE [ IF NOT EXISTS ] name
      [ '(' tableElement [, tableElement ]* ')' ]
      [ AS query ]

createTypeStatement:
      CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] TYPE name AS
      {
          baseType
      |   '(' attributeDef [, attributeDef ]* ')'
      }

attributeDef:
      attributeName type
      [ COLLATE collation ]
      [ NULL | NOT NULL ]
      [ DEFAULT expression ]

tableElement:
      columnName type [ columnGenerator ] [ columnConstraint ]
  |   columnName
  |   tableConstraint

columnGenerator:
      DEFAULT expression
  |   [ GENERATED ALWAYS ] AS '(' expression ')'
      { VIRTUAL | STORED }

columnConstraint:
      [ CONSTRAINT name ]
      [ NOT ] NULL

tableConstraint:
      [ CONSTRAINT name ]
      {
          CHECK '(' expression ')'
      |   PRIMARY KEY '(' columnName [, columnName ]* ')'
      |   UNIQUE '(' columnName [, columnName ]* ')'
      }

createViewStatement:
      CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] VIEW name
      [ '(' columnName [, columnName ]* ')' ]
      AS query

createMaterializedViewStatement:
      CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW [ IF NOT EXISTS ] name
      [ '(' columnName [, columnName ]* ')' ]
      AS query

createFunctionStatement:
      CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] FUNCTION [ IF NOT EXISTS ] name
      AS classNameLiteral
      [ USING  usingFile [, usingFile ]* ]

usingFile:
      ( JAR | FILE | ARCHIVE ) filePathLiteral

dropSchemaStatement:
      DROP SCHEMA [ IF EXISTS ] name

dropForeignSchemaStatement:
      DROP FOREIGN SCHEMA [ IF EXISTS ] name

dropTableStatement:
      DROP TABLE [ IF EXISTS ] name

dropViewStatement:
      DROP VIEW [ IF EXISTS ] name

dropMaterializedViewStatement:
      DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW [ IF EXISTS ] name

dropTypeStatement:
      DROP TYPE [ IF EXISTS ] name

dropFunctionStatement:
      DROP FUNCTION [ IF EXISTS ] name

In createTableStatement, if you specify AS query, you may omit the list of tableElements, or you can omit the data type of any tableElement, in which case it just renames the underlying column.

In columnGenerator, if you do not specify VIRTUAL or STORED for a generated column, VIRTUAL is the default.

In createFunctionStatement and usingFile, classNameLiteral and filePathLiteral are character literals.